Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 593-617

  Liñán, Francisco ^a   Chen, Yi Wen ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

^b NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47749118545     PISSN: 10422587     EISSN: 15406520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions-Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social-psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 1-63.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
3. Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.
4. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683.
5. Armitage, C.J. & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
6. Autio, E., Keeley, R.H., Klofsten, M., Parker, G.G.C., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160.
7. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The excercise of control. New York: Freeman.
8. Baron, R.A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 275-294.
9. Baron, R.A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic "why"questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 221-239.
10. Begley, T.M. & Tan, W.L. (2001). The socio-cultural environment for entrepreneurship: A comparison between East-Asia and Anglo-Saxon countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3), 537-553.
11. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-453.
12. Boyd, N.G. & Vozikis, G.S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 63-77.
13. Busenitz, L.W., Gómez, C., & Spencer, J.W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994-1003.
14. Busenitz, L.W. & Lau, C.M. (1996). A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), 25-39.
15. Carrier, C. (2005). Pedagogical challenges in entrepreneurship education. In P. Kyrö& C. Carrier (Eds.), The dynamics of learning entrepreneurship in a cross-cultural university context (pp. 136-158). Hämmeenlinna: University of Tampere.
16. Carter, N.M., Gartner, W.B., & Reynolds, P.D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 151-166.
17. Chandler, G.N. & Lyon, D.W. (2001). Issues of research design and construct measurement in entrepreneurship research: The past decade. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 101-113.
18. Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.
19. Chin, W.W. & Frye, T. (2003). PLS-graph, version 3.00 build 1126. Houston, TX: University of Houston.
20. Cooper, A.C. (1985). The role of incubator organizations in the founding of growth-oriented firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), 75-86.
21. Cooper, A.C. (1993). Challenges in predicting new firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 241-253.
22. Delmar, F. & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12(1), 1-23.
23. Erikson, T. (1999). A study of entrepreneurial career choices among MBAs-The extended Bird model. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 7(1), 1-17.
24. Etzioni, A. (1987). Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation: A macro-behavioral perspective. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 8, 175-189.
25. Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701-720.
26. Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. New York: Addison-Wesley.
27. Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., Gatewood, E.J., & Katz, J. (1994). Finding the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 5-10.
28. Gefen, D., Straub, D.W., & Boudreau, M.C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Society, 4(7), 1-77.
29. George, G. & Zahra, S.A. (2002). Culture and its consequence for entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 5-7.
30. Guzman, J. & Santos, F.J. (2001). The booster function and the entrepreneurial quality: An application to the province of Seville. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 13(3), 211-228.
31. Hayton, J.C., George, G., & Zahra, S.A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-52.
32. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
33. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
34. Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
35. Hofstede, G., Noorderhaven, N., Thurik, A.R., Uhlaner, L.M., Wennekers, A.R.M., & Wildeman, R.E. (2004). Culture's role in entrepreneurship: Self-employment out of dissatisfaction. In T.E. Brown & J.M. Ulijn (Eds.), Innovation, entrepreneurship and culture (pp. 162-203). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
36. Honig, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: Toward a model of contingency-based business planning. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3), 258-273.
37. IMF (2008). World Economic Outlook Database. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/ 2008/02/weodata/index.aspx. Last accessed: March 17th, 2009.
38. Kickul, J. & Zaper, J.A. (2000). Untying the knot: Do personal and organizational determinants influence entrepreneurial intentions? Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 15(3), 57-77.
39. Klein, S.B., Astrachan, J.H., & Smyrnios, K.X. (2005). The F-PEC scale of family influence: Construction, validation, and further implication for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3), 321-339.
40. Kolvereid, L. (1996a). Organizational employment versus self-employment: Reasons for career intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(3), 23-31.
41. Kolvereid, L. (1996b). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-57.
42. Kolvereid, L. & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885.
43. Kreiser, P.M., Marino, L.D., & Weaver, K.M. (2002). Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: A multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 71-94.
44. Kristiansen, S. & Indarti, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial intention among Indonesian and Norwegian students. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 12(1), 55-78.
45. Krueger, N.F. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-21.
46. Krueger, N.F. & Brazeal, D.V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(3), 91-104.
47. Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D., & Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
48. Kuratko, D.F. (2005). The emergence of entrepreneurship education: Development, trends, and challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 577-597.
49. Kyrö, P. & Carrier, C. (2005). Entrepreneurial learning in universities: Bridges across borders. In P. Kyrö& C. Carrier (Eds.), The dynamics of learning entrepreneurship in a cross-cultural university context (pp. 14-43). Hämmeenlinna: University of Tampere.
50. Lee, S.H. & Wong, P.K. (2004). An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: A career anchor perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1), 7-28.
51. Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 2004(3), 11-35.
52. Liñán, F. & Santos, F.J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443-453.
53. Matthews, C.H. & Moser, S.B. (1995). Family background and gender: Implications for interest in small firm ownership. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7(4), 365-377.
54. Mcgrath, R.G. & MacMillan, I.C. (1992). More like each other than anyone else-A cross-cultural-study of entrepreneurial perceptions. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(5), 419-429.
55. Mcgrath, R.G., MacMillan, I.C., & Scheinberg, S. (1992). Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists-An exploratory analysis of cultural-differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(2), 115-135.
56. Mcgrath, R.G., MacMillan, I.C., Yang, E.A., & Tsai, W. (1992). Does culture endure, or is it malleable-Issues for entrepreneurial economic-development. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(6), 441-458.
57. Messick, S. (1988). Validity. In R.L. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13-103). New York: American Council on Education/Orix Press.
58. Mitchell, R.K., Smith, B., Seawright, K.W., & Morse, E.A. (2000). Cross cultural cognition and venture creation decision. Academy of Management Review, 43(5), 974-993.
59. Moriano, J.A., Palací, F.J., & Morales, J.F. (2006). Adaptation and validation of the entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale in Spain. Revista de Psicología Social, 21(1), 51-64.
60. Mueller, S.L. & Thomas, A.S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
61. Mueller, S.L., Thomas, A.S., & Jaeger, A.M. (2002). National entrepreneurial potential: The role of culture, economic development and political history. In M.A. Hitt & J.L.C. Cheng (Eds.), Managing transnational firms: Resources, market entry and strategic alliances (Vol. 14, pp. 221-257). Amsterdam: JAI Press.
62. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
63. Peterman, N.E. & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students' perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129-144.
64. Reitan, B. (1998). Perspectives on new venture creation. The stimulation of entrepreneurial potential and new venture attempts among young people. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Social Sciences and Technology Management, Trondheim, Norway.
65. Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W., Autio, E., & Hay, M. (2002). Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2002 summary report. Kansas City: Ewin Marion Kauffman Foundation.
66. Rondstadt, R. (1990). The educated entrepreneur: A new era of entrepreneurial education is beginning. In C.A. Kent (Ed.), Entrepreneurship education: Current developments, future directions (pp. 69-88). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
67. Santos, F.J. & Liñán, F. (2007). Measuring entrepreneurial quality in southern Europe. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 3(1), 87-107.
68. Scherer, R.F., Brodzinsky, J.D., & Wiebe, F.A. (1991). Examining the relationship between personality and entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 3, 195-206.
69. Shane, S., Kolvereid, L., & Westhead, P. (1991). An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(6), 431-446.
70. Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton, & K.H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
71. Shaver, K.G. & Scott, L.R. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23-45.
72. Tkachev, A. & Kolvereid, L. (1999). Self-employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11(3), 269-280.
73. Tubbs, M.E. & Ekeberg, S.E. (1991). The role of intentions in work motivation: Implications for goal-setting theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 180-199.
74. Uhlaner, L. & Thurik, A.R. (2007). Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 161-185.
75. Uslay, C., Teach, R.D., & Schwartz, R.G. (2002). Promoting entrepreneurship for economic development: A cross-cultural analysis of attitudinal differences about entrepreneurship. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 101-118.
76. Veciana, J.M., Aponte, M., & Urbano, D. (2005). University students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165-182.
77. Zhao, H., Hills, G.E., & Siebert, S.E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.