The genetic basis of inherited anomalies of the teeth. Part 1: Clinical and molecular aspects of non-syndromic dental disorders

European Journal of Medical Genetics

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 273-291

  Bailleul Forestier, Isabelle ^a   Molla, Muriel ^a,b   Verloes, Alain ^c   Berdal, Ariane ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

^c Clinique de Genetique Medicale   (France)

Author keywords

Amelogenesis imperfecta; Dentinogenesis imperfecta; Genetics; Oligodontia; Review

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MSX1;

AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA; CLINICAL FEATURE; DENTIN; ENAMEL; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPODONTIA; OLIGODONTIA; PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY; SHORT SURVEY; TOOTH DEVELOPMENT; TOOTH DISEASE; TOOTH MALFORMATION;

AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA; ANIMALS; HUMANS; SYNDROME; TOOTH ABNORMALITIES;

EID: 47749109092     PISSN: 17697212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.02.009     Document Type: Short Survey

References (104)

1. Thesleff I. Epithelial-mesenchymal signalling regulating tooth morphogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 116 (2003) 1647-1648
2. Diekwisch T.G. Pathways and fate of migratory cells during late tooth organogenesis. Connect. Tissue Res. 43 (2002) 245-256
3. Sharpe P.T. Neural crest and tooth morphogenesis. Adv. Dent. Res. 15 (2001) 4-7
4. Mitsiadis T.A., Mucchielli M.L., Raffo S., Proust J.P., Koopman P., and Goridis C. Expression of the transcription factors Otlx2, Barx1 and Sox9 during mouse odontogenesis. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 106 Suppl. 1 (1998) 112-116
5. Lisi S., Peterkova R., Peterka M., Vonesch J.L., Ruch J.V., and Lesot H. Tooth morphogenesis and pattern of odontoblast differentiation. Connect. Tissue Res. 44 Suppl. 1 (2003) 167-170
6. Sarkar S., Cobourne M., Naylor S., Smalley M., Dale T., and Sharpe P.T. Wnt/Shh interactions regulate ectodermal boundary formation during mammalian tooth development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 4520-4524
7. Thesleff I. The genetic basis of tooth development and dental defects. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 140 (2006) 2530-2535
8. Thesleff I. Genetic basis of tooth development and dental defects. Acta Odontol. Scand. 58 (2000) 191-194
9. Goldberg M., Septier D., Lecolle S., Chardin H., Quintana M.A., Acevedo A.C., Gafni G., Dillouya D., Vermelin L., Thonemann B., et al. Dental mineralization. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39 (1995) 93-110
10. Backman B., and Holm A.K. Amelogenesis imperfecta: prevalence and incidence in a northern Swedish county, Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 14 (1986) 43-47
11. Sundell S., and Koch G. Hereditary amelogenesis imperfecta. I. Epidemiology and clinical classification in a Swedish child population. Swed. Dent. J. 9 (1985) 157-169
12. Backman B., and Holmgren G. Amelogenesis imperfecta: a genetic study. Hum. Hered. 38 (1988) 189-206
13. Chosack A., Eidelman E., Wisotski I., and Cohen T. Amelogenesis imperfecta among Israeli Jews and the description of a new type of local hypoplastic autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 47 (1979) 148-156
14. Witkop Jr. C.J. Amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in classification. J. Oral Pathol. 17 (1988) 547-553
15. Nusier M., Yassin O., Hart T.C., Samimi A., and Wright J.T. Phenotypic diversity and revision of the nomenclature for autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 97 (2004) 220-230
16. Backman B. Amelogenesis imperfecta-clinical manifestations in 51 families in a northern Swedish country. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 96 (1988) 505-516
17. Hart P.S., Aldred M.J., Crawford P.J., Wright N.J., Hart T.C., and Wright J.T. Amelogenesis imperfecta phenotype-genotype correlations with two amelogenin gene mutations. Arch. Oral Biol. 47 (2002) 261-265
18. Crawford P.J., Aldred M., and Bloch-Zupan A. Amelogenesis imperfecta. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2 (2007) 17
19. Ozdemir D., Hart P.S., Firatli E., Aren G., Ryu O.H., and Hart T.C. Phenotype of ENAM mutations is dosage-dependent. J. Dent. Res. 84 (2005) 1036-1041
20. Collins M.A., Mauriello S.M., Tyndall D.A., and Wright J.T. Dental anomalies associated with amelogenesis imperfecta: a radiographic assessment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 88 (1999) 358-364
21. Ravassipour D.B., Powell C.M., Phillips C.L., Hart P.S., Hart T.C., Boyd C., and Wright J.T. Variation in dental and skeletal open bite malocclusion in humans with amelogenesis imperfecta. Arch. Oral Biol. 50 (2005) 611-623
22. Feller L., Jadwat Y., Bouckaert M., Buskin A., and Raubenheimer E.J. Enamel dysplasia with odontogenic fibroma-like hamartomas: review of the literature and report of a case. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 101 (2006) 620-624
23. Kim J.W., Simmer J.P., Lin B.P., Seymen F., Bartlett J.D., and Hu J.C. Mutational analysis of candidate genes in 24 amelogenesis imperfecta families. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 114 Suppl. 1 (2006) 3-12
24. Dong J., Gu T., Simmons D., and MacDougall M. Enamelin maps to human chromosome 4q21 within the autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta locus. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 108 (2000) 353-358
25. Rajpar M.H., Harley K., Laing C., Davies R.M., and Dixon M.J. Mutation of the gene encoding the enamel-specific protein, enamelin, causes autosomal-dominant amelogenesis imperfecta. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (2001) 1673-1677
26. Dong J., Amor D., Aldred M.J., Gu T., Escamilla M., and MacDougall M. DLX3 mutation associated with autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 133 (2005) 138-141
27. Wright J.T., Kula K., Hall K., Simmons J.H., and Hart T.C. Analysis of the tricho-dento-osseous syndrome genotype and phenotype. Am. J. Med. Genet. (1997) 197-204
28. Deutsch D., Palmon A., Young M.F., Selig S., Kearns W.G., and Fisher L.W. Mapping of the human tuftelin (TUFT1) gene to chromosome 1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mamm. Genome. 5 (1994) 461-462
29. MacDougall M., DuPont B.R., Simmons D., Reus B., Krebsbach P., Karrman C., Holmgren G., Leach R.J., and Forsman K. Ameloblastin gene (AMBN) maps within the critical region for autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta at chromosome 4q21. Genomics 41 (1997) 115-118
30. Iwasaki K., Bajenova E., Somogyi-Ganss E., Miller M., Nguyen V., Nourkeyhani H., Gao Y., Wendel M., and Ganss B. Amelotin-a novel secreted, ameloblast-specific protein. J. Dent. Res. 84 (2005) 1127-1132
31. Mendoza G., Pemberton T.J., Lee K., Scarel-Caminaga R., Mehrian-Shai R., Gonzalez-Quevedo C., Ninis V., Hartiala J., Allayee H., Snead M.L., Leal S.M., Line S.R., and Patel P.I. A new locus for autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta on chromosome 8q24.3. Hum. Genet. 120 (2007) 653-662
32. Hart P.S., Wright J.T., Savage M., Kang G., Bensen J.T., Gorry M.C., and Hart T.C. Exclusion of candidate genes in two families with autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 111 (2003) 326-331
33. Santos M.C., Hart P.S., Ramaswami M., Kanno C.M., Hart T.C., and Line S.R. Exclusion of known gene for enamel development in two Brazilian families with amelogenesis imperfecta. Head Face Med. 3 (2007) 8
34. Hart T.C., Hart P.S., Gorry M.C., Michalec M.D., Ryu O.H., Uygur C., Ozdemir D., Firatli S., Aren G., and Firatli E. Novel ENAM mutation responsible for autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta and localised enamel defects. J. Med. Genet. 40 (2003) 900-906
35. Hart P.S., Hart T.C., Michalec M.D., Ryu O.H., Simmons D., Hong S., and Wright J.T. Mutation in kallikrein 4 causes autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J. Med. Genet. 41 (2004) 545-549
36. Llano E., Pendas A.M., Knauper V., Sorsa T., Salo T., Salido E., Murphy G., Simmer J.P., Bartlett J.D., and Lopez-Otin C. Identification and structural and functional characterization of human enamelysin (MMP-20). Biochemistry 36 (1997) 15101-15108
37. Kim J.W., Simmer J.P., Hart T.C., Hart P.S., Ramaswami M.D., Bartlett J.D., and Hu J.C. MMP-20 mutation in autosomal recessive pigmented hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J. Med. Genet. 42 (2005) 271-275
38. Salido E.C., Yen P.H., Koprivnikar K., Yu L.C., and Shapiro L.J. The human enamel protein gene amelogenin is expressed from both the X and the Y chromosomes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50 (1992) 303-316
39. Crawford J.P., and Aldred M.J. Clinical features of a family with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta mapping to a new locus (AIH3) on the long arm of the X chromosome. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 76 (1993) 187-191
40. Wright J.T., Hart P.S., Aldred M.J., Seow K., Crawford P.J., Hong S.P., Gibson C.W., and Hart T.C. Relationship of phenotype and genotype in X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. Connect Tissue Res. 44 Suppl. 1 (2003) 72-78
41. Hamerton J.L. Lyonisation of the X Chromosome. Lancet 1 (1964) 1222-1223
42. Butler W.T., Brunn J.C., and Qin C. Dentin extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins: comparison to bone ECM and contribution to dynamics of dentinogenesis. Connect Tissue Res. 44 Suppl 1 (2003) 171-178
43. Shields E.D., Bixler D., and el-Kafrawy A.M. A proposed classification for heritable human dentine defects with a description of a new entity. Arch. Oral Biol. 18 (1973) 543-553
44. Shields E.D. A new classification of heritable human enamel defects and a discussion of dentin defects. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 19 (1983) 107-127
45. Aplin H.M., Hirst K.L., and Dixon M.J. Refinement of the dentinogenesis imperfecta type II locus to an interval of less than 2 centi- Morgans at chromosome 4q21 and the creation of a yeast artificial chromosome contig of the critical region. J. Dent. Res. 78 (1999) 1270-1276
46. MacDougall M., Jeffords L.G., Gu T.T., Knight C.B., Frei G., Reus B.E., et al. Genetic linkage of the dentinogenesis. J. Dent. Res. 78 (1999) 1277-1282
47. Dean J.A., Hartsfield Jr. J.K., Wright J.T., and Hart T.C. Dentin dysplasia type II linkage to chromosome 4q. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. 17 (1997) 172-177
48. MacDougall M., Simmons D., Luan X., Nydegger J., Feng J., and Gu T.T. Dentin phosphoprotein and dentin sialoprotein are cleavage products expressed from a single transcript coded by a gene on human chromosome 4: dentin phosphoprotein DNA sequence determination. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 835-842
49. Beattie M.L., Kim J.W., Gong S.G., Murdoch-Kinch C.A., Simmer J.P., and Hu J.C. Phenotypic variation in dentinogenesis imperfecta/dentin dysplasia linked to 4q21. J. Dent. Res. 85 (2006) 329-333
50. Salvolini E., Di Giorgio R., Caselli E., and De Florio L. Dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Radiol. Med. (Torino). 96 (1998) 518-520
51. Rosenberg L.R., and Phelan J.A. Dentin dysplasia type II: review of the literature and report of a family. ASDC J. Dent. Child 50 (1983) 372-375
52. Burkes Jr. E.J., Aquilino S.A., and Bost M.E. Dentin dysplasia II. J. Endod. 5 (1979) 277-281
53. Pettiette M.T., Wright J.T., and Trope M. Dentinogenesis imperfecta: endodontic implications. Case report, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 86 (1998) 733-737
54. Malmgren B., Lindskog S., Elgadi A., and Norgren S. Clinical, histopathologic, and genetic investigation in two large families with dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Hum. Genet. 114 (2004) 491-498
55. Silva T.A., Lara V.S., Silva J.S., Garlet G.P., Butler W.T., and Cunha F.Q. Dentin sialoprotein and phosphoprotein induce neutrophil recruitment: a mechanism dependent on IL-1beta, TNF-beta, and CXC chemokines. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 74 (2004) 532-541
56. Silva T.A., Rosa A.L., and Lara V.S. Dentin matrix proteins and soluble factors: intrinsic regulatory signals for healing and resorption of dental and periodontal tissues?. Oral Dis. 10 (2004) 63-74
57. Rios D., Vieira A.L., Tenuta L.M., and Machado M.A. Osteogenesis imperfecta and dentinogenesis imperfecta: associated disorders. Quintessence Int. 36 (2005) 695-701
58. Zhang X., Zhao J., Li C., Gao S., Qiu C., Liu P., Wu G., Qiang B., Lo W.L., and Shen Y. DSPP mutation in dentinogenesis imperfecta Shields type II. Nat. Genet. 27 (2001) 151-152
59. Kim J.W., Nam S.H., Jang K.T., Lee S.H., Kim C.C., Hahn S.H., Hu J.C., and Simmer J.P. A novel splice acceptor mutation in the DSPP gene causing dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Hum. Genet. 115 (2004) 248-254
60. Kim J.W., Hu J.C., Lee J.L., Moon S.K., Kim Y.J., Jang K.T., Lee S.H., Kim C.C., Hahn S.H., and Simmer J.P. Mutational hot spot in the DSPP gene causing dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Hum. Genet. 116 (2005) 186-191
61. Dong J., Gu T., Jeffords L., and MacDougall M. Dentin phosphoprotein compound mutation in dentin sialophosphoprotein causes dentinogenesis imperfecta type III. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 132 (2005) 305-309
62. Rajpar M.H., Koch M.J., Davies R.M., Mellody K.T., Kielty C.M., and Dixon M.J. Mutation of the signal peptide region of the bicistronic gene DSPP affects translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum and results in defective dentine biomineralization. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (2002) 2559-2565
63. Xiao S., Yu C., Chou X., Yuan W., Wang Y., Bu L., Fu G., Qian M., Yang J., Shi Y., et al. Dentinogenesis imperfecta 1 with or without progressive hearing loss is associated with distinct mutations in DSPP. Nat. Genet. 27 (2001) 201-204
64. Clergeau-Guerithault S., and Jasmin J.R. Dentinogenesis imperfecta type III with enamel and cementum defects. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 59 (1985) 505-510
65. Levin L.S., Leaf S.H., Jelmini J.R., Rose J.J., and Rosenbaum K.N. Dentinogenesis imperfecta in the Brandywine isolate (DI type III): clinical, radiologic, and scanning electron microscopic studies of the dentition. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 56 (1983) 267-274
66. Heimler A., Sciubba J., Lieber E., and Kamen S. An unusual presentation of opalescent dentin and Brandywine isolate hereditary opalescent dentin in an Ashkenazic Jewish family. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 59 (1985) 608-615
67. Hursey Jr. J.R., Witkop Jr. C.J., Miklashek D., and Sackett L.M. Dentinogenesis imperfecta in a racial isolate with multiple hereditary defects. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 9 (1956) 641-658
68. Ozer L., Karasu H., Aras K., Tokman B., and Ersoy E. Dentin dysplasia type I: report of atypical cases in the permanent and mixed dentitions. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 98 (2004) 85-90
69. O Carroll M.K., Duncan W.K., and Perkins T.M. Dentin dysplasia: review of the literature and a proposed subclassification based on radiographic findings. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 72 (1991) 119-125
70. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/hamma/vk/arte/
71. http://www.orpha.net/data/patho/Pro/en/Hypodontia-FRenPro2101.pdf
72. Polder B.J., Van't Hof M.A., Van der Linden V.P., and Kuijpers-Jagtman A.M. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of dental agenesis of permanent teeth. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 32 (2004) 217-226
73. Rozkovcova E., Markova M., Lanik J., and Zvarova J. Development of third molar in the Czech population. Prague Med. Rep. 105 (2004) 391-422
74. Mok Y.Y., and Ho K.K. Congenitally absent third molars in 12 to 16 year old Singaporean Chinese patients: a retrospective radiographic study. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 25 (1996) 828-830
75. Hoo J.H. Anodontia of permanent teeth (OMIM # 206780) and pegged/missing maxillary lateral incisors (OMIM # 150400) in the same family. Am. J. Med. Genet. 90 (2000) 326-327
76. Witkop Jr. J.C. Agenesis of succedaneous teeth: an expression of the homozygous state of the gene for the pegged or missing maxillary lateral incisor trait. Am. J. Med. Genet. 26 (1987) 431-436
77. Näsman M., Forsberg C.M., and Dahllöf G. Long-term dental development in children after treatment for malignant disease. Eur. J. Orthod. 19 (1997) 151-159
78. Alaluusua S., Calderara P., Gerthoux P.M., Lukinmaa P.L., Kovero O., Needham L., Patterson Jr. D.G., Tuomisto J., and Mocarelli P. Developmental dental aberrations after the dioxin accident in Seveso. Environ. Health Perspect. 112 (2004) 1313-1318
79. Burzynski N.J., and Escobar V.H. Classification and genetics of numeric anomalies of dentition. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. 19 (1983) 95-106
80. Baccetti T. A clinical and statistical study of etiologic aspects related to associated tooth anomalies in number, size, and position. Minerva Stomatol. 47 (1998) 655-663
81. Alvesalo L., and Portin P. The inheritance pattern of missing, peg-shaped, and strongly mesio-distally reduced upper lateral incisors. Acta Odontol. Scand. 27 (1969) 563-575
82. Brook A.H., Elcock C., al-Sharood M.H., McKeown H.F., Khalaf K., and Smith R.N. Further studies of a model for the etiology of anomalies of tooth number and size in humans. Connect. Tissue Res. 43 (2002) 289-295
83. Ahmad W., Brancolini V., ul Faiyaz M.F., Lam H., ul Haque S., Haider M., Maimon A., Aita V.M., Owen J., Brown D., et al. A locus for autosomal recessive hypodontia with associated dental anomalies maps to chromosome 16q12.1. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62 (1998) 987-991
84. Sharpe P. Homeobox genes and orofacial development. Connect. Tissue Res. 32 (1995) 17-25
85. Mostowska A., Kobielak A., and Trzeciak W.H. Molecular basis of non-syndromic tooth agenesis: mutations of MSX1 and PAX9 reflect their role in patterning human dentition. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 111 (2003) 365-370
86. Vastardis H., Karimbux N., Guthua S.W., Seidman J.D., and Seidman C.E. A human MSX1 homeodomain missense mutation causes selective tooth agenesis. Nat. Genet. 13 (1996) 417-421
87. Lidral A.C., and Reising B.C. The role of MSX1 in human tooth agenesis. J. Dent. Res. 81 (2002) 274-278
88. Kim J.W., Simmer J.P., Lin B.P., and Hu J.C. Novel MSX1 frameshift causes autosomal-dominant oligodontia. J. Dent. Res. 85 (2006) 267-271
89. van den Boogaard M.J., Dorland M., Beemer F.A., and van Amstel H.K. MSX1 mutation is associated with orofacial clefting and tooth agenesis in humans. Nat. Genet. 24 (2000) 342-343
90. Stockton D.W., Das P., Goldenberg M., D'Souza N.R., and Patel P.I. Mutation of PAX9 is associated with oligodontia. Nat. Genet. 24 (2000) 18-19
91. Goldenberg M., Das P., Messersmith M., Stockton D.W., Patel P.I., and D'Souza R.N. Clinical, radiographic, and genetic evaluation of a novel form of autosomal-dominant oligodontia. J. Dent. Res. 79 (2000) 1469-1475
92. Lammi L., Arte S., Somer M., Jarvinen H., Lahermo P., Thesleff I., Pirinen S., and Nieminen P. Mutations in AXIN2 cause familial tooth agenesis and predispose to colorectal cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (2004) 1043-1050
93. Liu W., Wang H., Zhao S., Zhao W., Bai S., Zhao Y., Xu S., Wu C., Huang W., Chen Z., et al. The novel gene locus for agenesis of permanent teeth (He-Zhao deficiency) maps to chromosome 10q11.2. J. Dent. Res. 80 (2001) 1716-1720
94. Gao Y., Kobayashi H., and Ganss B. The human KROX-26/ZNF22 gene is expressed at sites of tooth formation and maps to the locus for permanent tooth agenesis (He-Zhao deficiency). J. Dent. Res. 82 (2003) 1002-1007
95. Saini T., Keene Jr. J.J., and Whetten J. Radiographic diagnosis of supernumerary premolars: case reviews. ASDC J. Dent. Child. 69 (2002) 184-190 125
96. Primosch R.E. Anterior supernumerary teeth-assessment and surgical intervention in children. Pediatr. Dent. 3 (1981) 204-215
97. Zhu J.F., Marcushamer M., King D.L., and Henry R.J. Supernumerary and congenitally absent teeth: a literature review. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 20 (1996) 87-95
98. Kalra N., Chaudhary S., and Sanghi S. Non-syndrome multiple supplemental supernumerary teeth. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 23 (2005) 46-48
99. Marya C.M., and Kumar B.R. Familial occurrence of mesiodentes with unusual findings: case reports. Quintessence Int. 29 (1998) 49-51
100. Gallas M.M., and Garcia A. Retention of permanent incisors by mesiodens: a family affair. Br. Dent. J. 188 (2000) 63-64
101. Van Buggenhout G., and Bailleul-Forestier I. Mesiodens. Eur. J. Med. Genet. 51 (2008) 178-181
102. Sedano H.O., and Gorlin R.J. Familial occurrence of mesiodens. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. (1969) 360-361
103. Brook A.H. A unifying aetiological explanation for anomalies of human tooth number and size. Arch. Oral Biol. 29 (1984) 373-378
104. Rubin M.M., Nevins A., Berg M., and Borden B. A comparison of identical twins in relation to three dental anomalies: multiple supernumerary teeth, juvenile periodontosis, and zero caries incidence. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 52 (1981) 391-394