Beyond Bandung: The Critical Nationalism of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950-1965

Radical History Review

Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 191-210

  Wilkins, Fanon Che ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47549093186     PISSN: 01636545     EISSN: 15341453     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/01636545-2006-95-191     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Lorraine Hansberry, "The Beauty of Things Black - Towards Total Liberation: An Interview with Mike Wallace, May 8, 1959," in Lorraine Hansberry Speaks Out: Art and the Black Revolution, cassette recordings (New York: Caedmon, [1972]).
2. Lorraine Hansberry, "Make New Sounds: Studs Terkel Interviews Lorraine Hansberry," American Theater (November 1984): 8.
3. Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-63 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1965). Horne's thesis became the theoretical framework for the second chapter of Manning Marable's synthetic treatment of the black freedom movement following the Second World War. See Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990 (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1991), 13-39.
4. Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 239.
5. Ibid..
6. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 187.
7. In terms of rethinking and recovering the voices of black radicalism during the early years of the Cold War, see Robin D. G. Kelley, "Stormy Weather: Reconstructing Black (Inter)Nationalism in the Cold War Era," in Is It Nation Time? Contemporary Essays on Black Power and Black Nationalism, ed. Eddie S. Glaude Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 67-69.
8. This essay is part of a growing body of scholarship concerned with how the international contours of the black freedom movement force historians to rethink the temporal coordinates that frame the long 1960s. For a sampling, see Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85 (1998): 540-70;
9. niel E. Joseph, "Waiting till the Midnight Hour: Reconceptualizing the Heroic Period of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965," Souls 2 (2000): 6-17;
10. ry L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000);
11. vin Gaines, "From Center to Margin: Internationalism and the Origins of Black Feminism," in Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics, ed. Russ Castronovo and Dana D. Nelson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 294-313;
12. bin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon, 2002);
13. khil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004);
14. ry Helen Washington, "Alice Childress, Lorraine Hansberry, and Claudia Jones: Black Women Write the Popular Front," in Left of the Color Line: Race, Radicalism, and Twentieth-Century Literature of the United States, ed. Bill V. Mullen and James Smethhurst (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 183-204;
15. ll V. Mullen, Afro-Orientalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004);
16. cquelyn Dowd Hall, "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past," Journal of American History 91 (2005): 1233-62;
17. th Feldstein, '"I Don't Trust You Anymore': Nina Simone, Culture, and Black Activism in the 1960s," Journal of American History 91 (2005): 1349-79.
18. Mullen, Afro-Orientalism, 78.
19. Steven R. Carter, Hansberry's Drama: Commitment amid Complexity (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 8.
20. Martin Baum Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York: Knopf, 1988), 393.
21. "In The Freedom Family," Freedom, September 1951, 1.
22. For a sampling of Hansberry's journalism in Freedom, see Lorraine Hansberry, "Women Voice Demands in Capital Sojourn," Freedom, October 1951, 6;
23. rraine Hansberry, "Negroes Cast in Same Old Roles in TV Shows," Freedom, June 1951, 7;
24. rraine Hansberry, "Old Timers' Eyes Grow Misty Recalling Florence Mills," Freedom, July 1952, 7;
25. rraine Hansberry, "Noted Lawyer Goes to Jail: Says Negroes Fight for Rights Menaced," Freedom, May 1952, 3;
26. rraine Hansberry, "Juvenile Delinquency? Child Labor Is Society's Crime against Youth," Freedom, February 1955, 2;
27. rraine Hansberry, "Student Killing Exposes NYU Bias," Freedom, June 1952, 5;
28. rraine Hansberry, "Harlem Children Face Mass Ignorance in Old, Overcrowded, Understaffed Schools," Freedom, November 1952, 3.
29. Lorraine Hansberry, To Be Young, Gifted, and Black, in Hansberry, Lorraine Hansberry Speaks Out.
30. John Oliver Killens, "Lorraine Hansberry: On Time!" in Freedomways Reader: Prophets in Their Own Country, ed. Esther Cooper Jackson (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000), 337.
31. Lorraine Hansberry, "Egyptian People Fight for Freedom," Freedom, March 1952, 3.
32. For a detailed account of Britain's amazingly brutal campaign to squelch the rebellion, see Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2005). According to Elkins, thirty-two whites were killed, while upwards of three hundred thousand Kenyans were slaughtered. In addition, 1.5 million Kikuyu were interned in forced-labor reserves and barbed-wire prison camps during the campaign.
33. For a detailed analysis of African American responses to the Mau Mau insurgency, see James H. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935-1961 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 133-49. Also see Plummer, Rising Wind, 240-43.
34. Lorraine Hansberry, "Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Wage Heroic Struggle against British," Freedom, December 1952, 3.
35. As the niece of a prominent scholar of African antiquity, Hansberry "gained an early admiration for Africans' contributions to world history and a keen appreciation for many links between Africans and African Americans." See Carter, Hansberry's Drama, 9.
36. Hansberry, "Kenya's Kikuyu," 3.
37. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans, 137.
38. Ibid., 143.
39. Hansberry, "The Beauty of Things Black."
40. Lorraine Hansberry and Stan Steiner, "Cry for Colonial Freedom Jolts Phony Youth Meet," Freedom, September 1951, 6.
41. Cedric Robinson defined the renegade black intelligentsia as a petit bourgeois strata that made the conscious decision to put their acquired skills and education in the service of fomenting revolutionary change for the masses of black people globally. See Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 181-84.
42. Killens, "Lorraine Hansberry," 337.
43. Duberman, Paul Robeson, 393.
44. Carter, Hansberry's Drama, 10.
45. Julius Lester, introduction to Les blancs: The Collected Last Plays of Lorraine Hansberry, by Lorraine Hansberry, ed. Robert Nemiroff (New York: Random House, 1972), 11.
46. Hansberry, "Make New Sounds," 8.
47. Ibid..
48. Ben Keppel, The Work of Democracy: Ralph Bunche, Kenneth B. Clark, Lorraine Hansberry, and the Cultural Politics of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). 177-78.
49. Hansberry, Les blancs, 41-43.
50. Ibid., 44-45.
51. Julius Lester, introduction to Hansberry, Les blancs, 25.
52. Carter, Hansberry's Drama, 102.
53. Philip Uko Effiong, "History, Myth, and Revolt in Lorraine Hansberry's Les blancs," African American Review 32 (1998): 32.
54. Hansberry, Les blancs, 98.
55. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove, 1963). 152.
56. Ibid..
57. Olufemi Taiwo, "On the Misadventures of National Consciousness: A Retrospect on Frantz Fanon's Gift of Prophecy," in Fanon: A Critical Reader, ed. Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, and Renee T. White (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 257.
58. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf, 1993), 262-64.
59. Julian Mayfield, "Lorraine Hansberry: A Woman for All Seasons," Freedomways 19 (1963): 263-64.
60. Lorraine Hansberry, The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle for Equality (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964).
61. For Esther Cooper Jackson's short history on the origin of Freedomways and its strong emphasis on international solidarity, see her introduction in Jackson, Freedomways Reader, xxvi-xxvii.
62. Ibid..