Two worlds far apart: Black-white differences in beliefs about why African-American men are disproportionately imprisoned

Criminology

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 511-538

  Unnever, James D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA SARASOTA MANATEE   (United States)

Author keywords

Black male incarceration; Racial discrimination; Racial divide

Indexed keywords

EID: 47349115730     PISSN: 00111384     EISSN: 17459125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00117.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Barkan, Steven E., and Steven F. Cohn. 1994. Racial prejudice and support for the death penalty by whites. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31 : 202 9.
2. Bell, Derrick. 1992. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism New York : Basic Books.
3. Bobo, Lawrence D., and Devon Johnson. 2004. A taste for punishment: Black and white Americans' views on the death penalty and the war on drugs. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 1 : 151 81.
4. Bonczar, Thomas P., and Allen J. Beck. 1997. Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
5. Brunson, Rod K. 2007. "Police don't like black people": African-American young men's accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy 6 : 71 102.
6. Buckler, Kevin, Francis T. Cullen, and James D. Unnever. 2007. Perceptions of injustice revisited: A test of Hagan et al.'s comparative conflict theory. Journal of Crime and Justice 35 : 524 36.
7. Clark, Rodney, Norman B. Anderson, Vernessa R. Clark, and David R. Williams. 1999. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist 54 : 805 16.
8. Clear, Todd R., Dina R. Rose, Elin Waring, and Kristen Scully. 2003. Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization. Justice Quarterly 20 : 33 64.
9. Cochran, John K., and Mitchell B. Chamlin. 2006. The enduring racial divide in death penalty support. Journal of Criminal Justice 34 : 85 99.
10. Cose, Ellis. 1993. The Rage of the Privileged Class New York : Harper Collins.
11. Dawson, Michael, Melissa H. Lacewell, and Cathy Cohen. 2006. 2005 racial attitudes and the Katrina disaster study. University of Chicago Center for the Study of Race Politics and Culture. http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/06/ images/katrina_report.doc.
12. DiIulio, John J. Jr. 1994. The question of black crime. The Public Interest 117 : 3 32.
13. Feagin, Joe R., and Melvin P. Sikes. 1994. Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience Boston, MA : Beacon Press.
14. Hacker, Andrew. 1995. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
15. Hagan, John, Carla Shedd, and Monique R. Payne. 2005. Race, ethnicity, and youth perceptions of criminal injustice. American Sociological Review 70 : 381 407.
16. Harris-Lacewell, Melissa V. 2003. The heart of the politics of race centering black people in the study of white racial attitudes. Journal of Black Studies 34 : 222 49.
17. Harrison, Paige M., and Allen J. Beck. 2006. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2006 Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
18. Johnson, Devon. 2006. Crime salience, perceived racial bias, and blacks' punitive attitudes. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 4 : 1 18.
19. Kennedy, Randall. 1997. Race, Crime, and the Law New York : Vintage Books.
20. Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
21. Loury, Glenn C. 1994. Listen to the black community. The Public Interest 117 : 33 7.
22. McCall, Nathan. 1994. Makes Me Wanna Holler: A Young Black Man in America New York : Random House.
23. Mitchell, Ojmarrh. 2005. A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies. Justice Quarterly 21 : 439 66.
24. Myrdal, Gunnar. 1996. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction.
25. Nossiter, Adam. 2007. Black youth, conviction in beating voided, will stay jailed. The New York Times [online]. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage. html?res=9C05E7D9133AF931A1575AC0A9619C8B63.
26. Ogletree, Charles J., Jr. 2002. Black man's burden: Race and the death penalty in America. Oregon Law Review 81 : 15 38.
27. Oshinsky, David M. 1996. "Worse Than Slavery": Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York : Simon & Schuster.
28. Pettit, Becky, and Bruce Western. 2004. Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration. American Sociological Review 69 : 151 69.
29. Rose, Dina R., and Todd R. Clear. 1998. Incarceration, social capital, and crime: Implications for social disorganization theory. Criminology 36 : 441 79.
30. Sampson, Robert J. 1987. Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology 93 : 348 82.
31. Simons, Ronald L., Yi-Fu Chen, Eric A. Stewart, and Gene H. Brody. 2003. Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample. Justice Quarterly 20 : 827 54.
32. Soss, Joe, Laura Langbein, and Alan R. Metelko. 2003. Why do white Americans support the death penalty Journal of Politics 65 : 397 421.
33. Stewart, Eric A., Christopher J. Schreck, and Ronald L. Simons. 2006. Structure and culture in African American adolescent violence: A partial test of the 'code of the streets' thesis. Justice Quarterly 23 : 1 33.
34. Survey Snapshot: Views and Experiences of Young Black Men. 2007. http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/upload/7535.pdf.
35. The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University. 2006. African American Men Survey Menlo Park, CA : The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
36. Thernstrom, Stephen, and Abigail Thernstrom. 1997. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible - Race in Modern America New York : Simon & Schuster.
37. Tonry, Michael H. 1995. Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America New York : Oxford University Press.
38. Tonry, Michael H. 2004. Thinking About Crime: Sense and Sensibility in American Penal Culture New York : Oxford University Press.
39. Tuch, Steven A., and Ronald Weitzer. 1997. The poll-trends: Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. The Public Opinion Quarterly 61 : 642 63.
40. Unnever, James D., and Francis T. Cullen. 2006. Are Christian fundamentalists radical supporters of capital punishment Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 43 : 169 97.
41. Unnever, James D., and Francis T. Cullen. 2007a. Reassessing the racial divide in support for capital punishment: The continuing significance of race. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44 : 124 58.
42. Unnever, James D., and Francis T. Cullen. 2007b. The racial divide in support for the death penalty: Does white racism matter Social Forces 85 : 1 21.
43. Unnever, James D., and Larry A. Hembroff. 1988. The prediction of racial/ethnic sentencing disparities: An expectation states approach. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 25 : 53 82.
44. Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen, and James D. Jones. 2008. Public support for attacking the 'root causes' of crime: The impact of egalitarian and racial beliefs. Sociological Focus 41 : 1 33.
45. Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen, and Cheryl Lero. 2008. Race, racism, and support for capital punishment. Crime and Justice. In press.
46. Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen, Scott A. Mathers, Timothy E. McClure, and Marisa C. Allison. 2007. Racial discrimination and delinquent involvement: Revisiting Hirschi's criminological classic. Presented at the American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
47. Walker, Samuel, Cassia Spohn, and Miriam DeLone. 2004. The Color of Justice Belmont, CA : Wadsworth.
48. Weitzer, Ronald. 1999. Citizens' perceptions of police misconduct: Race and neighborhood context. Justice Quarterly 16 : 819 46.
49. Weitzer, Ronald. 2000. Racialized policing: Residents' perceptions in three neighborhoods. Law & Society Review 34 : 129 55.
50. Weitzer, Ronald. 2002. Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion. Journal of Criminal Justice 30 : 397 408.
51. Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. 1999. Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police. Crime and Delinquency 45 : 494 507.
52. Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. 2002. Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience. Criminology 40 : 435 56.
53. Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. 2004a. Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Social Problems 51 : 305 25.
54. Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. 2004b. Reforming the police: Racial differences in public support for change. Criminology 42 : 391 415.
55. Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. 2005. Racially biased policing: Determinants of citizen perceptions. Social Forces 83 : 1009 30.
56. Williams, David R., Harold W. Neighbors, and James S. Jackson. 2003. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health 93 : 200 8.