Towards human-like spoken dialogue systems

Speech Communication

Volumn 50, Issue 8-9, 2008, Pages 630-645

  Edlund, Jens ^a   Gustafson, Joakim ^a   Heldner, Mattias ^a   Hjalmarsson, Anna ^a  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Conversational interfaces; Human gold standard; Human like interaction

Indexed keywords

SPEECH PROCESSING;

ELSEVIER (CO); HUMAN COMPUTER; HUMAN DATA; MICRO-DOMAINS; SPOKEN DIALOGUE SYSTEMS; SPOKEN DIALOGUE SYSTEMS (SDS); USER RESPONSES; WIZARD OF OZ;

SPEECH;

EID: 47349114149     PISSN: 01676393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.specom.2008.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Agelfors E., Beskow J., Karlsson I., Kewley J., Salvi G., and Thomas N. User evaluation of the SYNFACE talking head telephone. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 4061 (2006) 579-586
2. Allen J., Schubert L., Ferguson G., Heeman P., Hwang C., Kato T., Light M., Martin N., Miller B., Poesio M., and Traum D. The TRAINS project: a case study in defining a conversational planning agent. J. Exp. Technol. Artif. Intell. 7 (1995) 7-47
3. Allen J.F., Byron D., Dzikovska M., Ferguson G., Galescu L., and Stent A. Towards conversational human-computer interaction. AI Magaz. 22 4 (2001) 27-37
4. Allwood, J., Haglund, B., 1992. Communicative activity analysis of a wizard of Oz experiment. Technical Report, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
5. Amalberti R., Carbonell N., and Falzon P. User representations of computer systems in human-computer speech interaction. Internat. J. Man-Machine Studies 38 4 (1993) 547-566
6. Aust H., Oerder M., Seide F., and Steinbiss V. The Philips automatic train timetable information system. Speech Comm. 17 (1995) 249-262
7. Balentine B., and Morgan D.P. How to Build a Speech Recognition Application: A Style Guide for Telephony Dialogues (2001), Enterprise Integration Group, San Ramon CA
8. Bechet, F., Riccardi, G., Hakkani-Tur, D., 2004. Mining spoken dialogue corpora for system evaluation and modeling. In: The 2004 Conf. on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Barcelona, Spain, pp. 134-141.
9. Bernsen N., Dybkjaer H., and Dybkjaer L. Designing Interactive Speech Systems (1998), Springer, London
10. Berry, G.A., Pavlovic, V.I., Huang, T.S., 1998. A multimodal human-computer interface for the control of a virtual environment. In: AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Environments. Stanford, CA, US: Stanford University.
11. Bertenstam, J., Beskow, J., Blomberg, M., Carlson, R., Elenius, K., Granström, B., Gustafson, J., Hunnicutt, S., Högberg, J., Lindell, R., Neovius, L., Nord, L., de Serpa-Leitao, A., Ström, N., 1995. The Waxholm system - a progress report. In Dalsgaard, P. (Ed.), Proc. of the ESCA Workshop on Spoken Dialogue Systems. Vigs¿, Denmark, pp. 281-284.
12. Blomberg, M., Carlson, R., Elenius, K., Gustafson, J., Granström, B., Hunnicutt, S., Lindell, R., Neovius, L., 1993. An experimental dialogue system: WAXHOLM. In: Proc. Eurospeech'93. Berlin, pp. 1867-1870.
13. Bohus, D., Rudnicky, A., 2002. LARRI: a language-based maintenance and repair assistant. In: Proc. ISCA Workshop Multi-Modal Dialogue in Mobile Environments, Kloster Irsee, Germany.
14. Bolt R. Put that there: voice and gesture at the graphics interface. Comp. Graph 14 (1980) 262-270
15. Boyce S.J. Spoken natural language dialogue systems: user interface issues for the future. In: Gardner-Bonneau D. (Ed). Human Factors and Voice Interactive Systems (1999), Kluwer Academic Publishers 37-61
16. Boyce S.J. Natural spoken dialogue systems for telephony applications. Comm. ACM 43 9 (2000) 29-34
17. Boye, J., Wirén, M., 2007. Multi-slot semantics for natural-language call routing systems. In: Proc. Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies, pp. 68-75.
18. Boye, J., Wiren, M., Rayner, M., Lewin, I., Carter, D., Becket, R., 1999. Language-processing strategies and mixed-initiative dialogues. In: Proc. IJCAI-99 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, Stockholm.
19. Brady P.T. A statistical analysis of on-off patterns in 16 conversations. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 47 (1968) 73-91
20. Brennan, S.E., 1996. Lexical entrainment in spontaneous dialog. In: Proc. ISSD, pp. 41-44.
21. Brennan S., and Hulteen E. Interaction and feedback in a spoken language system: a theoretical framework. Knowledge-Based Syst. 8 (1995) 143-151
22. Brockett, C., Dolan, W., 2005. Echo chamber: a game for eliciting a colloquial paraphrase corpus. In: AAAI 2005 Spring Symp., Knowledge.
23. Cassell J. Body language: lessons from the near-human. In: Riskin J. (Ed). Genesis Redux: essays on the history and philosophy of artificial life (2007), University of Chicago Press 346-374
24. Cassell J., and Bickmore T. Negotiated collusion: modeling social language and its relationship effects in intelligent agents. User Model. Adapt. Interf. 12 (2002) 1-44
25. Cassell, J., Bickmore, T., Billinghurst, M., Campbell, L., Chang, K., Vilhjálmsson, H., Yan, H., 1999. Embodiment in conversational interfaces: rea. In: CHI'99. Pittsburgh, PA, US, pp. 520-527.
26. Cassell, J., Ananny, M., Basu, A., Bickmore, T., Chong, P., Mellis, D., Ryokai, K., Vilhjalmsson, H., Smith, J., Yan, H., 2000. Shared reality: physical collaboration with a virtual peer. In: Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp. 259-260.
27. Cassell, J., Stocky, T., Bickmore, T., Gao, Y., Nakano, Y., Ryokai, K., 2002. MACK: media lab autonomous conversational kiosk. In: Proc. Imagina02. Monte Carlo.
28. Chapanis A. Interactive human communication: some lessons learned from laboratory experiments. In: Shackel B. (Ed). Man-Computer Interaction: Human Factors Aspects of Computers and People (1981), Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Rockville, Maryland, US
29. Clark H.H. Managing problems in speaking. Speech Comm. 15 (1994) 243-250
30. Dahlbäck, N., Jönsson, A., Ahrenberg, L., 1993. Wizard of Oz studies - why and how. In: Proc. 1993 International Workshop on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 193-200.
31. Damper R. Voice-input aids for the physically handicapped. Internat. J. Man-Machine Stud. 21 (1984) 541-553
32. Dautenhahn, K., Woods, S., Kaouri, C., Walters, M., Koay, K., Werry, I., 2005. What is a robot companion - friend, assistant or butler? In: Proc. Internat. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2005), pp. 1192-1197.
33. Dybkjaer, H., Bernsen, N., Dybkjaer, L., 1993. Wizard-of-Oz and the trade-off between naturalness and recognizer constraints. In: Proc. 3rd Eur. Conf. on Speech Communication and Technology, Berlin.
34. Dybkjær L., Bernsen N.O., and Minker W. Evaluation and usability of multimodal spoken dialogue systems. Speech Comm. 43 (2004) 33-54
35. Edlund, J., Beskow, J., 2007. Pushy versus meek - using avatars to influence turn-taking behaviour. In: Proc. Interspeech 2007, Antwerp, Belgium.
36. Edlund, J., Hjalmarsson, A., 2005. Applications of distributed dialogue systems: the KTH Connector. In: Proc. ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Applied Spoken Language Interaction in Distributed Environments (ASIDE 2005), Aalborg, Denmark.
37. Edlund, J., Heldner, M., Gustafson, J., 2006. Two faces of spoken dialogue systems. In: Interspeech 2006 - ICSLP Satellite Workshop Dialogue on Dialogues: Multidisciplinary Evaluation of Advanced Speech-based Interactive Systems, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
38. Eklund, R., 2004. Disfluency in Swedish human-human and human-machine travel booking dialogues. Doctoral dissertation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
39. Fischer, K., 2006a. The role of users' preconceptions in talking to computers and robots. In: Proc. Workshop on'How People Talk to Computers, Robots, and Other Artificial Communication Partners', Hansewissenschaftskolleg, Delmenhorst. pp. 112-130.
40. Fischer, K., 2006b. What Computer Talk Is and Is not: Human-Computer Conversation as Intercultural Communication. Saarbrücken: AQ.
41. Fraser N.M., and Gilbert G.N. Simulating speech systems. Comput. Speech Lang. 5 1 (1991) 81-99
42. Georgila, K., Henderson, J., Lemon, O., 2006. User simulation for spoken dialogue systems: learning and evaluation. In: Ninth Internat. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing (Interspeech - ICSLP). Pittsburgh, PA, US.
43. Glass, J., Polifroni, J., Seneff, S., Zue, V., 2000. Data collection and performance evaluation of spoken dialogue systems: the MIT experience. In: ICSLP-2000, pp. 931-934.
44. Goodwin C. Conversational Organization: Interaction Between Speakers and Hearers (1981), Academic Press, New York
45. Granström B., House D., and Swerts M.G. Multimodal feedback cues in human-machine interactions. In: Bel B., and Marlien I. (Eds). Proc. Speech Prosody 2002 Conf (2002), Laboratoire Parole et Language, Aix-en-Provence 347-350
46. Gratch, J., Okhmatovskaia, A., Lamothe, F., Marsella, S., Morales, M., van der Werf, R.J., Morency, L-P., 2006. Virtual rapport. In: Proc. Sixth Internat. Conf. on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Marina del Rey, CA, US.
47. Gustafson, J., Bell, L., 2000. Speech Technology on Trial: Experiences from the August System. Natural Language Engineering, vol. 6 (Special issue on Best Practice in Spoken Dialogue Systems).
48. Gustafson, J., Sjölander, K., 2002. Voice transformations for improving children's speech recognition in a publicly available dialogue system. In: Proc. ICSLP 2002, Denver, Colorado, USA, pp. 297-300.
49. Gustafson, J., Bell, L., Beskow, J., Boye, J., Carlson, R., Edlund, J., Granström, B., House, D., Wirén, M., 2000. AdApt - a multimodal conversational dialogue system in an apartment domain. In: Proc. ICSLP 2000, 6th Internat. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing, Beijing, pp. 134-137.
50. Gustafson, J., Boye, J., Fredriksson, M., Johannesson, L., Königsmann, J., 2005. Providing computer game characters with conversational abilities. In: Proc. Intelligent Virtual Agent (IVA05). Kos, Greece.
51. Gustafson, J., Heldner, M., Edlund, J., 2008. Potential benefits of human-like dialogue behaviour in the call routing domain. In: Proc. 4th IEEE Workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based Systems. Kloster Irsee, Germany.
52. Hayes-Roth B. What makes characters seem life-like?. In: Prendinger H., and Ishizuka M. (Eds). Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications (2004), Springer, Germany 447-462
53. Healey, P.G.T., Mills, G., 2006. Clarifying spatial descriptions:Local and global effects on semantic coordination. In: Brandial'06, the 10th Internat. Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial10).
54. Hemphill, C., Godfrey, J., Doddington, G., 1990. The ATIS spoken language systems, pilot corpus. In: Proc. Third DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language, Hidden Valley, PA, pp. 102-108.
55. Hjalmarsson, A., Edlund, J., 2008. Human-likeness in utterance generation: effects of variability. In: Proc. Fourth IEEE Workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based Systems. Kloster Irsee, Germany.
56. Hjalmarsson, A., Wik, P., Brusk, J., 2007. Dealing with DEAL: a dialogue system for conversation training. In: Proc. SigDial, Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 132-135.
57. Isbister K. Better Game Characters by Design: A Psychological Approach (2006), Elsevier
58. Johnson W., Rickel J., and Lester J. Animated pedagogical agents: face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments. Internat. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 11 (2000) 47-78
59. Jokinen, K., 2003. Natural interaction in spoken dialogue systems. In: Proc. Workshop "Ontologies and Multilinguality in User Interfaces" at HCI Internat. 2003, Crete, Greece, pp. 730-734.
60. Jönsson, A., Dahlbäck, N., 2000. Distilling dialogues - a method using natural dialogue corpora for dialogue systems development. In: Proc. Sixth Applied Natural Language Processing Conf., Seattle, pp. 44-51.
61. Julia, L., Cheyer, A., 1998. Cooperative Agents and Recognition Systems (CARS) for Drivers and Passengers. In: OzCHI'98. Adelaide, Australia, pp. 32-38.
62. Julia, L., Cheyer, A., Dowding, J., Bratt, H., Gawron, J.M., Bratt, E., Moore, R., 1998. How natural inputs aid interaction in graphical simulations? In: VSMM'98, Gifu, Japan, pp. 466-468.
63. Kawamoto S.-i., Shimodaira H., Nitta T., Nishimoto T., Nakamura S., Itou K., Morishima S., Yotsukura T., Kai A., Lee A., Yamashita Y., Kobayashi T., Tokuda K., Hirose K., Minematsu N., Yamada A., Den Y., Utsuro T., and Sagayama S. Galatea: open-source software for developing anthropomorphic spoken dialog agents. In: Prendinger H., and Ishizuka M. (Eds). Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications (2004), Springer, Germany 187-212
64. Kitawaki N., and Itoh K. Pure delay effects on speech quality in telecommunications. IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm. 9 4 (1991) 586-593
65. Larsson, S., 2005. Dialogue systems: simulations or interfaces? In: Gardent, C., Gaiffe, B. (Eds.), Proc. Ninth Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue.
66. Lathrop, B., Cheng, H., Weng, F., Mishra, R., Chen, J., Bratt, H., Cavedon, L., Bergmann, C., Hand-Bender, T., Pon-Barry, H., Bei, B., Raya, M., Shriberg, L., 2004. A Wizard of Oz framework for collecting spoken human-computer dialogs: an experiment procedure for the design and testing of natural language in-vehicle technology systems. In: Proc. 12th Internat. Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, San Francisco CA, USA.
67. Laurel B. Interface agents: metaphors with character. In: Laurel B. (Ed). The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design (1990), Addison Wesley 355-365
68. Leijten, M., van Waes, L., 2001. The influence of voice recognition on the writing process: cognitive and stylistic effects of speech technology on writing business texts. In: Proc. Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT'01. Tokyo, Japan.
69. Lester, J., Stone, B., 1997. Increasing believability in animated pedagogical agents. In: Johnson, W.L., Hayes-Roth, B. (Eds.), Proc. First Internat. Conf. on Autonomous Agents. Marina del Rey, CA, US, pp. 16-21.
70. Lester J., Voerman J., Towns S., and Callaway C. Deictic believability: coordinated gesture, locomotion, and speech in lifelike pedagogical agents. Appl. Artif. Intell. 13 (1999) 383-414
71. Life, A., Salter, I., Temem, J., Bernard, F., Rosset, S., Bennacef, S., Lamel, L., 1996. Data collection for the MASK Kiosk: WOZ vs. prototype system. In: Proc. ICSLP'96, 3-6 October, Philadelphia, PA.
72. Martin T.B. Practical applications of voice input to machines. IEEE 64 (1976) 487-501
73. Martinovsky, B., Traum, D., 2003. The error is the clue: breakdown in human-machine interaction. In: Proc. ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop Error Handling in Spoken Dialogue Systems. Château d'Oex, Vaud, Switzerland.
74. Möbius B. Rare events and closed domains: two delicate concepts in speech synthesis. Internat. J. Speech Technol. 6 1 (2005) 57-71
75. Möller S., Smeele P., Boland H., and Krebber J. Evaluating spoken dialogue systems according to de-facto standards: a case study. Comput. Speech Lang. 21 1 (2007) 26-53
76. Moody, T., 1988. The Effects of Restricted Vocabulary Size on Voice Interactive Discourse Structure. Doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University.
77. Mori M. The uncanny valley. Energy 7 4 (1970) 33-35
78. Mutlu, B., Hodgins, J., Forlizzi, J., 2006. A storytelling robot: modeling and evaluation of human-like gaze behavior. In: Proc. 2006 IEEE-RAS Internat. Conf. on Humanoid Robots (HUMANOIDS'06). Genova, Italy.
79. Nakatani C., and Hirschberg J. A corpus-based study of repair cues in spontaneous speech. JASA 95 (1994) 1603-1616
80. Nisbett R.E., and Wilson T.D. Telling more than we know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol. Rev. 84 3 (1977) 231-259
81. Norman D.A. Some observations on mental models. In: Gentner D., and Stevens A.L. (Eds). Mental Models (1983), Lawrence Erlbaum 7-14
82. Norman D.A. The Design of Everyday Things (1998), MIT Press
83. Nye J. Human factors analysis of speech recognition systems. Speech Technol. 1 (1982) 50-57
84. Oviatt, S., 2000. Talking to thimble jellies: children's conversational speech with animated characters. In: Proc. ICSLP'00, Beijing, China, pp. 877-880.
85. Paek, T., 2001. Empirical methods for evaluating dialog systems. In: ACL 2001 Workshop on Evaluation Methodologies for Language and Dialogue Systems.
86. Paek, T., Ju, Y.-C., Meek, C., 2007. People Watcher: a game for eliciting human-transcribed data for automated directory assistance. In: Proc. Interspeech 2007, Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 1322-1325.
87. Peckham, J., 1991. Speech understanding and dialogue over the telephone: an overview of the ESPRIT SUNDIAL project. In: Proc. DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, Pacific Grove, CA, US, pp. 14-27.
88. Peissner M., Heidmann F., and Ziegler J. Simulating recognition errors in speech user interface prototyping. Usability Evaluation and Interface Design: Proc. HCI Internat (2001), Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, US 233-237
89. Piesk J., and Trogemann G. Animated interactive fiction: storytelling by a conversational virtual actor. Proc. VSMM'97 (1997), IEEE Computer Society Press, Geneva, Switzerland 100-108
90. Porzel, R., 2006. How computers (should) talk to humans. In: Proc. Workshop on'How People Talk to Computers, Robots, and Other Artificial Communication Partners', Hansewissenschaftskolleg, Delmenhorst, Germany.
91. Purver, M., Healey, P.G., King, J., Ginzburg, J., Mills, G.J., 2003. Answering clarification questions. In: Fourth SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Sapporo, Japan.
92. Qvarfordt, P., 2004. Eyes on multimodal interaction. Doctoral Dissertation, Linköping University.
93. Rayner, M., Lewin, I., Gorrell, G., Boye, J., 2001. Plug and Play Speech Understanding. In: Proc. Second SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Aalborg, Denmark.
94. Reeves B., and Nass C. The Media Equation (1996), CSLI Publications, Stanford, CA, US
95. Reeves L.M., Lai J., Larson J., Oviatt S., Balaji T.S., Buisine S., Collings P., Cohen P., Kraal B., Martin J.-C., McTear M., Raman T.V., Stanney K.M., Su H., and Wang Q.Y. Guidelines for multimodal user interface design. Comm. ACM 47 1 (2004) 57-59
96. Riccardi G., and Gorin A.L. Stochastic language adaptation over time and state in natural spoken dialogue systems. IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Proc. 8 (2000) 3-10
97. Rich C., Sidner C., and Lesh N. COLLAGEN: Applying collaborative discourse theory to human-computer interaction. Artif. Intell. Magaz. 22 (2001) 15-25
98. Rudnicky, A., 1996. Speech interface guidelines, unpublished manuscript.
99. Ruttkay, Z., Pelachaud, C., 2004. From Brows till Trust: Evaluating Embodied Conversational Agents.
100. Saini, P., de Ruyter, B., Markopoulos, P., van Breemen, A., 2005. Benefits of social intelligence in home dialogue systems. In: Proc. Interact 2005 - Communicating Naturally through Computers, Rome, Italy, 2005.
101. Salber D., and Coutaz J. Applying the wizard of Oz technique to the study of multimodal systems. In: Bass L., Gornostaev J., and Unger C. (Eds). Proc. Human-Computer Interaction, Third Internat. Conf. EWHCI'93 (1993), Springer, Verlag 219-230
102. Schatzmann, J., Georgila, K., Young, S., 2005. Quantitative evaluation of user simulation techniques for spoken dialogue systems. In: Sixth SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue. Lisbon, Portugal.
103. Schlangen, D., Fernádez, R., 2007. Speaking through a noisy channel: experiments on inducing clarification behaviour in human-human dialogue. In: Proc. Interspeech 2007, Antwerp, Belgium.
104. Seneff, S., Hurley, E., Lau, R., Pao, C., Schmid, P., Zue, V., 1998. Galaxy-II: a reference architecture for conversational system development. In: Proc. ICSLP'98, Sydney, Australia, pp. 931-934.
105. Shneiderman B., and Maes P. Direct manipulation vs. interface agents: Excerpts from debates at IUI'97 and CHI'97. Interactions 4 (1997) 42-61
106. Skantze, G., 2003. Exploring human error handling strategies: implications for spoken dialogue systems. In: Proc. ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Error Handling in Spoken Dialogue Systems. Chateau-d'Oex-Vaud, Switzerland, pp. 71-76.
107. Skantze, G., House, D., Edlund, J., 2006a. User responses to prosodic variation in fragmentary grounding utterances in dialogue. In: Proc Interspeech 2006, ICSLP, Pittsburgh PA, USA, pp. 2002-2005.
108. Skantze G., Edlund J., and Carlson R. Talking with Higgins: research challenges in a spoken dialogue system. In: André E., Dybkjaer L., Minker W., Neumann H., and Weber M. (Eds). Perception and Interactive Technologies (2006), Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 193-196
109. Smith, R.W., Hipp, D.R., Biermann, A.W., 1992. A dialog control algorithm and its performance. In: Proc. Third Conf. on Applied Natural Language Processing, Trento, Italy, pp. 9-16.
110. Stuttle, M., Williams, J.D., Young, S., 2004. A framework for dialogue data collection with a simulated ASR-channel. In: Proc. ICSLP. Jeju, South Korea.
111. Tenbrink, T., Hui, S., 2007. Negotiating spatial goals with a wheelchair. In: Proc. Eighth SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 103-110.
112. Traum, D., Rickel, J., 2001. Embodied agents for multi-party dialogue in immersive virtual worlds. In: Proc. IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue Systems, Seattle, WA, US, pp. 766-773.
113. Turing A.M. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59 (1950) 433-460
114. Vane E.T., Schafer L., and Gross S. Programming for TV, Radio, and Cable (1994), Focal Press
115. von Ahn, L., Dabbish, L., 2004. Labeling images with a computer game. In: ACM Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2004, Vienna, Austria, pp. 319-326.
116. von Ahn, L., Ginosar, S., Kedia. M., Liu, R., Blum, M., 2006. Improving accessibility of the web with a computer game. In: Proc, SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in computing systems, Montréal, Québec, Canada, pp. 79-82.
117. Wahlster W. Verbmobil: Foundations of Speech-to-Speech Translation (2000), Springer, Berlin
118. Wahlster, W., Reithinger, N., Blocher, A., 2001. SmartKom: towards multimodal dialogues with anthropomorphic interface agents. In: Proc. MTI Status Conference, Berlin, Germany, pp. 26-27.
119. Walker M., Kamm C., and Litman D. Towards developing general models of usability with PARADISE. Natural Lang. Eng. 6 (2000) 363-377
120. Ward N., and Tsukahara W. Prosodic features which cue back-channel responses in English and Japanese. J. Pragmatics 32 (2000) 1177-1207
121. Weizenbaum J. ELIZA - a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Comm. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 9 (1966) 36-45
122. Whittaker S., and Walker M. Evaluating dialogue strategies in multimodal dialogue systems. In: Minker W., Bühler D., and Dybkjær L. (Eds). Spoken Multimodal Human-Computer Dialogue in Mobile Environments (2006), Springer, Netherlands
123. Wirén, M., Eklund, R., Engberg, F., Westermark, J., 2007. Experiences of an in-service Wizard-of-Oz data collection for the deployment of a call-routing application. In: Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technology, HLT-NAACL Workshop, Rochester, New York, USA.
124. Wooffitt R., Fraser N.M., Gilber N., and McGlashan S. Humans, Computers and Wizards (1997), Routledge, London and New York
125. Zue V. On organic systems. Proc. Interspeech (2007), Antwerp, Belgium 1-8
126. Zue V., Seneff S., Glass J., Polifroni J., Pao C., Hazen T., and Hetherington L. Jupiter: a telephone-based conversational interface for weather information. IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Sign. Proc. 8 (2000) 85-96