Neuroendocrine Regulation and Physical and Relational Aggression: The Moderating Roles of Child Maltreatment and Gender

Developmental Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1160-1176

  Murray Close, Dianna ^a   Han, Georges ^b   Cicchetti, Dante ^b   Crick, Nicki R ^b   Rogosch, Fred A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

aggression; cortisol; gender; maltreatment

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CAMPING; CHEMISTRY; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEER GROUP; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REFERENCE VALUE; SALIVA; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOMETRIC STATUS;

AGGRESSION; CAMPING; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; PEER GROUP; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; REFERENCE VALUES; SALIVA; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES;

EID: 47249163838     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0012564     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Akil H., Haskett R.F., Young E.A., Grunhaus L., Kotun J., Weinberg V., et al. Multiple HPA profiles in endogenous depression: Effect of age and sex on cortisol and beta-endorphin. Biological Psychiatry 33 (1993) 73-85
2. Azar R., Zoccolillo M., Paquette D., Quiros E., Baltzer F., and Tremblay R.E. Cortisol levels and conduct disorder in adolescent mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (2004) 461-468
3. Barnett D., Manly J.T., and Cicchetti D. Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In: Cicchetti D., and Toth S.L. (Eds). Advances in applied developmental psychology: Vol. 8. Child abuse, child development and social policy (1993), Ablex, Norwood, NJ 7-73
4. Bergman L.R., and Magnusson D. A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 9 (1997) 291-319
5. Bjorkqvist K. Different names, same issue. Social Development 10 (2001) 272-275
6. Bjorkqvist K., Lagerspetz K., and Kaukianen A. Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior 18 (1992) 117-127
7. Blades, K. T., & Susman, E. J. (2007, March). The effect of relational aggression on the diurnal rhythm of cortisol in young adolescents. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development.
8. Buhs E.S., Ladd G.W., and Herald S.L. Peer exclusion and victimization: Processes that mediate the relation between peer group rejection and children's classroom engagement and achievement?. Journal of Educational Psychology 98 (2006) 1-13
9. Cashdan E. Hormones and competitive aggression in women. Aggressive Behavior 29 (2003) 107-115
10. Cicchetti D., and Manly J.T. A personal perspective on conducting research with maltreating families: Problems and solutions. In: Brody E., and Sigel I. (Eds). Family research: Vol. 2. Families at risk (1990), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 87-133
11. Cicchetti D., and Rogosch F.A. Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 8 (1996) 597-600
12. Cicchetti D., and Rogosch F.A. Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology 13 (2001) 677-693
13. Cicchetti D., and Rogosch F.A. The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning. Development and Psychopathology 13 (2001) 783-804
14. Cicchetti D., and Tucker D. Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Development and Psychopathology 6 (1994) 533-549
15. Coren S. Arousal predisposition as a predictor of antisocial and delinquent behavior. Personality and Individual Differences 27 (1999) 815-820
16. Crick N.R. The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment. Child Development 67 (1996) 2317-2327
17. Crick N.R. Engagement in gender normative versus non-normative forms of aggression: Links to social-psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology 33 (1997) 610-617
18. Crick N.R., and Dodge K.A. Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development 67 (1996) 993-1002
19. Crick N.R., and Grotpeter J.K. Relational aggression, gender, and social- psychological adjustment. Child Development 66 (1995) 710-722
20. Crick N.R., Werner N.E., Casas J.F., O'Brien K.M., Nelson D.A., Grotpeter J.K., and Markon K. Childhood aggression and gender: A new look at an old problem. In: Bernstein D. (Ed). Gender and motivation: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 45 (1999), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 75-141
21. Crick N.R., and Zahn-Waxler C. The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology 15 (2003) 719-742
22. Cullerton-Sen, C., Cassidy, A. R., Murray-Close, D., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. A. (in press). Childhood maltreatment and the development of relational and physical aggression: The importance of a gender-informed approach. Child Development
23. Davies P.T., Sturge-Apple M.L., Cicchetti D., and Cummings E.M. The role of child adrenocortical functioning in pathways between interparental conflict and child maladjustment. Developmental Psychology 43 (2007) 918-930
24. Davis C.S. Statistical methods for the analysis of repeated measurements (2002), Springer, New York
25. Dettling A.C., Gunnar M.R., and Donzella B. Cortisol levels of young children in full-day childcare centers: Relations with age and temperament. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (1999) 519-536
26. Farmer T.W., Estell D.B., Leung M., Trott H., Bishop J., and Cairns B.D. Individual characteristics, early adolescent peer affiliations, and school dropout: An examination of aggressive and popular group types. Journal of School Psychology 41 (2003) 217-232
27. Frick P.J., and Morris A.S. Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 33 (2004) 54-68
28. Galen B.R., and Underwood M. A developmental investigation of social aggression among girls. Developmental Psychology 33 (1997) 589-599
29. Gerra G., Zaimovic A., Avanzini P., Chittolini B., Giucastro G., Caccavari R., et al. Neurotransmitter-neuroendocrine responses to experimentally induced aggression in humans: Influence of personality variable. Psychiatry Research 66 (1997) 33-43
30. Gunnar M., and Donzella B. Social regulation of the LHPA axis in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27 (2001) 199-220
31. Gunnar M.R., and Vazquez D.M. Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development. Development and Psychopathology 13 (2001) 515-538
32. Gustafsson P.E., Gustafsson P.A., and Nelson N. Cortisol levels and psychosocial factors in preadolescent children. Stress and Health 22 (2006) 3-9
33. Halász J., Liposits Z., Kruk M.R., and Haller J. Neural background of glucocorticoid dysfunction-induced abnormal aggression in rats: Involvement of fear- and stress-related structures. European Journal of Neuroscience 15 (2002) 561-569
34. Haller J., Halász J., Mikics E., and Kruk M.R. Chronic glucocorticoid deficiency-induced abnormal aggression, autonomic hypoarousal, and social deficit in rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 16 (2004) 550-557
35. Haller J., van de Schraaf J., and Kruk M.R. Deviant forms of aggression in glucocorticoid hyporeactive rats: A model for 'pathological' aggression?. Neuroendocrinology 13 (2001) 102-107
36. Halligan S., Herbert J., Goodyer I.M., and Murray L. Exposure to postnatal depression predicts elevated cortisol in adolescent offspring. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 376-381
37. Hart J., Gunnar M., and Cicchetti D. Altered neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children related to depression. Development & Psychopathology 8 (1996) 201-214
38. Hawley P.H. Strategies of control, aggression, and morality in preschoolers: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 85 (2003) 213-235
39. Heim C., Ehlert U., and Hellhammer D.H. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 (2000) 1-35
40. Hellhammer D., and Wade S. Endocrine correlates of stress vulnerability. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 60 (1993) 8-17
41. Henington C., Hughes J.N., Cavell T.A., and Thompson B. The role of relational aggression in identifying aggressive boys and girls. Journal of School Psychology 36 (1998) 457-477
42. Hubbard J.A., Smithmyer C.M., Ramsden S.R., Parker E.H., Flanagan K.D., Dearing K.F., et al. Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children's anger: Relations to reactive versus proactive aggression. Child Development 73 (2002) 1101-1118
43. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., and Snidman N. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 240 (1988, April 8) 167-171
44. Kibler J.L., Prosser V.L., and Ma M. Cardiovascular correlates of misconduct in children and adolescents. Journal of Psychophysiology 18 (2004) 184-189
45. Kindlon D.J., Tremblay R.E., Mezzacappa E., Earls F., Laurent D., and Schaal B. Longitudinal patterns of heart rate and fighting in 9- through 12-year-old boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (1995) 371-377
46. Klimes-Dougan B., Hastings P.D., Granger D.A., Usher B.A., and Zahn-Waxler C. Adrenocortical activity in at-risk and normally developing adolescents: Individual differences in salivary cortisol basal levels, diurnal variation, and responses to social challenges. Development and Psychopathology 13 (2001) 695-719
47. Kovacs M. The Children's Depression Inventory. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21 (1985) 995-998
48. Levenson R.W. The intrapersonal functions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion 13 (1999) 481-504
49. Liang K.Y., and Zeger S.L. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73 (1986) 13-22
50. Loney B.R., Butler M.A., Lima E.N., Counts C.A., and Eckel L.A. The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47 (2006) 30-36
51. Lorber M.F. Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004) 531-552
52. Luine V. Sex differences in chronic stress effects on memory in rats. Stress 5 (2002) 205-216
53. Manly J.T., Cicchetti D., and Barnett D. The impact of subtype, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems. Development & Psychopathology 6 (1994) 121-143
54. McBurnett K., Lahey B.B., Rathouz P.J., and Loeber R. Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000) 38-43
55. McBurnett K., Raine A., Stouthamer-Loeber M., Loeber R., Kumar A.M., Kumar M., and Lahey B.B. Mood and hormone responses to psychological challenge in adolescent males with conduct problems. Biological Psychiatry 57 (2005) 1109-1116
56. McCulloch C.E., and Searle S.R. Generalized, linear, and mixed models (2001), Wiley, New York
57. McEwen B. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998) 171-179
58. Moffitt T.E. Adolescent-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100 (1993) 674-701
59. Murray-Close D., and Crick N.R. Gender differences in the association between cardiovascular reactivity and aggressive conduct. International Journal of Psychophysiology 65 (2007) 103-113
60. Murray-Close D., Ostrov J.M., and Crick N.R. A short-term study of growth of relational aggression during middle childhood: Associations with gender, friendship intimacy, and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology 19 (2007) 187-203
61. Netherton C.M., Goodyer I.M., Tamplin A., and Herbert J. Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to puberty and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29 (2004) 125-140
62. Oosterlaan J., Geurts H.M., Knol D.L., and Sergeant J.A. Low basal salivary cortisol is associated with teacher-reported symptoms of conduct disorder. Psychiatry Research 134 (2005) 1-10
63. Ostrov J.M., and Keating C.F. Gender differences in preschool aggression during free play and structured interactions: An observational study. Social Development 13 (2004) 255-277
64. Pajer K., Gardner W., Rubin R.T., Perel J., and Neal S. Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Archive of General Psychiatry 58 (2001) 297-302
65. Pajer K., Tabbah R., Gardner W., Rubin R.T., Czambel R.K., and Wang Y. Adrenal androgen and gonadal hormone levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31 (2006) 1245-1256
66. Popma A., Vermeiren R., Geluk C.A.M.L., Rinne T., van den Brink W., Knol D.L., et al. Cortisol moderates the relationship between testosterone and aggression in delinquent male adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 61 (2007) 405-411
67. Quay H.C. Psychopathic personality as pathological stimulation seeking. American Journal of Psychiatry 122 (1965) 180-183
68. Raine A. Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30 (2002) 311-326
69. Raine A., Reynolds C., Venables P.H., and Mednick S.A. Biosocial bases of aggressive behavior in childhood. In: Raine A., Brennan P.A., Farrington D.P., and Mednick S.A. (Eds). Biosocial bases of violence (1997), Plenum, New York 107-126
70. Raine A., and Venables P.H. Classical conditioning and socialization: A biosocial interaction. Personality and Individual Differences 2 (1981) 273-283
71. Raine A., and Venables P.H. Tonic heart rate level, social class and antisocial behavior in adolescents. Biological Psychology 18 (1984) 123-132
72. Rivier C., and Rivest S. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: Peripheral and central mechanisms. Biological Reproduction 45 (1991) 523-532
73. Rosen J.B., and Schulkin J. From normal fear to pathological anxiety. Psychological Review 105 (1998) 325-350
74. Rosenblitt J.C., Soler H., Johnson S., and Quadagno D.M. Sensation seeking and hormones in men and women: Exploring the link. Hormones and Behavior 40 (2002) 396-402
75. Scarpa A., Fikretoglu D., and Luscher K.A. Community violence exposure in a young adult sample: Psychophysiology and aggressive behavior. Journal of Community Psychology 28 (2000) 417-426
76. Scarpa A., and Ollendick T.H. Community violence exposure in a young adult sample: III. Psychophysiology and victimization interact to affect risk for aggression. Journal of Community Psychology 31 (2003) 321-338
77. Scarpa A., and Raine A. Anger, aggression, and violence: Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 20 (1997) 375-394
78. Scerbo A.S., and Kolko D.J. Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: Relationship to aggressive, hyperactive, and internalizing behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33 (1994) 1174-1184
79. Schulz K.P., Halperin J.M., Newcorn J.H., Sharma V., and Gabriel S. Plasma cortisol and aggression in boys with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 (1997) 605-609
80. Shields A., and Cicchetti D. Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27 (1998) 381-395
81. Shields A., and Cicchetti D. Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 30 (2001) 349-363
82. Shoal G.D., Giancola P.R., and Kirillova G.P. Salivary cortisol, personality, and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: A 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42 (2003) 1101-1107
83. Sroufe L.A. Psychopathology as an outcome of development. Development and Psychopathology 9 (1997) 251-268
84. Stansbury K., and Gunnar M.R. Adrenocortical activity and emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59 (1994) 108-134
85. Susman E.J. Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior: Stress, early vulnerabilities and the attenuation hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (2006) 376-389
86. Teisl M., and Cicchetti D. Physical abuse, cognitive and emotional processes, and aggressive/disruptive behavior problems. Social Development 16 (2008) 1-23
87. Tomada G., and Schneider B.H. Relational aggression, gender, and peer acceptance: Invariance across culture, stability over time, and concordance among informants. Developmental Psychology 33 (1997) 601-609
88. Van de Wiel N.M.H., van Goozen S.H.M., Matthys W., Snoek H., and van Engeland H. Cortisol and treatment effect in children with disruptive behavior disorders: A preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (2004) 1011-1018
89. Van Goozen S.H., Fairchild G., Snoek H., and Harold G.T. The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin 133 (2007) 149-182
90. Van Goozen S.H.M., Matthys W., Cohen-Hettenis P.T., Wied C.G., Wiegant V.M., and van Engeland H. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity during stress in oppositional defiant disorder boys and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry 43 (1998) 531-539
91. Viau V. Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14 (2002) 506-513
92. Virkkunen M. Urinary free cortisol secretion in habitually violent offenders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 72 (1985) 40-44
93. Weiss J.M. Effects of coping behavior with and without a feedback signal on stress pathology in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 77 (1971) 22-30
94. Woodman D.D., Hinton J.W., and O'Neill M.T. Cortisol secretion and stress in maximum security hospital patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 22 (1978) 133-136
95. Xie H., Cairns B.D., and Cairns R.B. The development of aggressive behaviors among girls: Measurement issues, social functions, and differential trajectories. In: Pepler D.J., Madsen K.C., Webster C., and Levene K.S. (Eds). The development and treatment of girlhood aggression (2005), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 105-136
96. Xie H., Farmer T.W., and Cairns B.D. Different forms of aggression among inner-city African-American children: Gender, configurations, and school social networks. Journal of School Psychology 41 (2003) 355-375
97. Yehuda R., Bierer L.M., Schmeidler J., Aferiat D.H., Breslau I., and Dolan S. Low cortisol and risk for PTSD in adult offspring of holocaust survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000) 1252-1259