Trace-element budgets in the Ohio/Sunbury shales of Kentucky: Constraints on ocean circulation and primary productivity in the Devonian-Mississippian Appalachian Basin

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 265, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 14-29

  Perkins, R B ^a   Piper, D Z ^b   Mason, C E ^c  

^a PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c MOREHEAD STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Black shale; Oil shale; Paleoenvironment; Trace metals

Indexed keywords

BLACK SHALE; DEVONIAN; HYDROGRAPHY; MARINE SEDIMENT; MISSISSIPPIAN; NICKEL; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; OIL SHALE; ORGANIC CARBON; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SILICICLASTIC DEPOSIT; SULFATE; TRACE ELEMENT; TRACE METAL; WATER COLUMN;

APPALACHIAN BASIN; KENTUCKY; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 47249162777     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.012     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Alexander C.R., and Venherm C. Modern sedimentary processes in the Santa Monica, California continental margin: sediment accumulation, mixing and budget. Marine Environmental Research 56 (2003) 177-204
2. Algeo T.J. Can marine anoxic events draw down the trace element inventory of seawater?. Geology 32 12 (2004) 1057-1060
3. Algeo T.J., and Scheckler S.E. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 353 (1998) 113-130
4. Arthur M.A., Dean W.E., and Laarkamp K. Organic carbon accumulation and preservation in surface sediments on the Peru margin. Chemical Geology 152 (1998) 237-286
5. Bakun A. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science 247 (1990) 198-201
6. Berger W.H., Fischer K., Lai C., and Wu G. Ocean carbon flux - global maps of primary production and export production. In: Agegian C.R. (Ed). Biogeochemical cycling and fluxes between the deep euphotic zone and other oceanic realms. NOAA Under Sea Research Program Report (1988) 131-176
7. Blakey R.C. Global Paleogeographic Views of Earth History - Late Precambrian to Recent (2004)
8. Bodkin J.B. Determination of fluorine in silicates by use of an ion-selective electrode following fusion with lithium metaborate. The Analyst 102 1215 (1977) 409-413
9. Brewer P.G., and Spencer D.W. Distribution of some trace elements in the Black Sea and their flux between dissolved and particulate phases. In: Degens E.T. (Ed). The Black Sea - Geology, Chemistry and Biology (1974), American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa 137-143
10. Briggs P.H. Forty elements by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry. In: Arbogast B.F. (Ed). Analytical Methods Manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys Program. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 96-525 (1996) 45-62
11. Briggs P.H., and Meier A.L. The determination of forty-two elements in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for NAWQA. In: Taggart J.E. (Ed). Analytical Methods for Chemical Analysis of Geologic and Other Materials (2002), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-223, Denver J1-J14
12. Brown Z.A., and Curry K.J. Total carbon by combustion. In: Taggart J.E. (Ed). Analytical Methods for Chemical Analysis of Geologic and Other Materials (2002), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-223, Denver R1-R4
13. Brown Z.A., and Curry K.J. Total sulfur by combustion. In: Taggart J.E. (Ed). Analytical Methods for Chemical Analysis of Geologic and Other Materials (2002), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-223, Denver Q1-Q4
14. Brown Z.A., Papp C., Brandt E., and Aruscavage P. Carbonate carbon by coulometric titration. In: Taggart J.E. (Ed). Analytical Methods for Chemical Analysis of Geologic and Other Materials (2002), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-223, Denver S1-S6
15. Brumsack H.J. A note on black shales and recent sediments from oxygen deficient environments, paleoceanographic implications. In: Suess E., and Theide J. (Eds) (1983), Coastal Upwelling - Its Sediment Record. Plenum Press, New York 471-483
16. Brumsack H.J. The inorganic geochemistry of Cretaceous black shales (DSDP Leg 41) in comparison to modern upwelling sediments from the Gulf of California. In: Summerhayes C.P., and Shackleton N.J. (Eds). North Atlantic paleoceanography. Special Publication (1986), Geological Society of London, London 447-462
17. Budahn J.R., and Wandless G.A. Instrumental neutron activation by abbreviated count. In: Taggart J.E. (Ed). Analytical Methods for Chemical Analysis of Geologic and Other Materials (2002), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-223, Denver Y1-Y9
18. Calvert S.E. Geochemistry and origin of the Holocene sapropel in the Black Sea. In: Ittekkot, et al. (Ed). Facets of modern biogeochemistry (1990), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 326-352
19. Calvert S.E., et al. Low organic carbon accumulation rates in Black Sea sediments. Nature 350 (1991) 692-695
20. Calvert S.E., and Pedersen T.F. Organic carbon accumulation and preservation in marine sediments; how important is anoxia?. In: Whelan J.K., and Farrington J.W. (Eds). matter; productivity, accumulation, and preservation in Recent and ancient sediments (1992), Columbia University Press, New York 231-263
21. Chavez F.P., and Barber R.T. An estimate of new production in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 34 (1987) 1229-1244
22. Codispoti L.A., Brandes J.A., and Christensen J.P. The Oceanic Fixed Nitrogen and Nitrous Oxide Budgets: Moving Targets as we Enter the Anthropocene (2001)
23. Coleman U., and Clayton G. Palynostratigraphy and palynofacies of the uppermost Devonian and Lower Mississippian of eastern Kentucky (U.S.A.), and correlation with western Europe. Courier Forschungsinstitute Senckenberg 98 (1987) 75-93
24. Collier R.W. Particulate and dissolved vanadium in the North Pacific Ocean. Nature 309 (1984) 441-444
25. Collier R.W. Molybdenum in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 30 (1985) 1351-1354
26. Collier R.W., and Edmond J.M. Plankton composition and trace element fluxes from the surface ocean. In: Wong C.S., Boyle E., Bruland K.W., Burton J.D., and Goldberg E.D. (Eds). Trace Metals in Seawater (1983), Plenum Press, New York 789-809
27. Collier R.W., and Edmond J.M. The trace element chemistry of marine biogenic particulate matter. Progress in Oceanography 13 (1984) 113-119
28. Conant L.C., and Swanson V.E. Chattanooga Shale and Related Rocks of Central Tennessee and Nearby Areas, Professional Paper No. 357. U.S. Geological Survey (1961) 91 pp.
29. Condie K.C. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104 (1992) 1-37
30. Cowie G.L., and Hedges J.L. The role of anoxia in organic matter preservation in coastal sediments: relative stabilities of the major biochemicals under oxic and anoxic depositional conditions. Organic Geochemistry 19 (1992) 229-234
31. Cremer M.J., Klock P.R., Neil S.T., and Riviello J.M. Chemical Methods for Analysis of Rocks and Minerals. OFR 84-565, U.S (1984), Geological Survey
32. Crusius J., Pedersen T.F., Calvert S.E., Sage D., and Anonymous. Sedimentary Re and Mo Enrichments as Tracers of Low-oxygen Conditions; Observations and Modeling, AGU 1996 fall meeting [modified] (1996), American Geophysical Union, Washington 299
33. Curry K.J. Total carbon by combustion. In: Arbogast B.F. (Ed). Analytical Methods Manual of the Mineral Resource Surveys Program. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 96-525 (1996) 99-104
34. Curry K.J. Total S by combustion. In: Arbogast B.F. (Ed). Analytical Methods Manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys Program. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 96-525 (1996) 105-110
35. Dalsgaard T., Canfield D.E., Peterson J., Thamdrup B., and Acuna-Gonzalez J. N2 production by anammox reactions in the anoxic water column of Gulfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Nature 422 (2003) 606-608
36. de Baar H.J.W., German C.R., Elderfield H., and van Gaans P. Rare earth element distribution in anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 (1988) 1203-1219
37. de Witt W.J., Roen J.B., and Wallace L.G. Stratigraphy of Devonian black shales and associated rocks in the Appalachian Basin. In: Roen J.B., and Kepferle R.C. (Eds). Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Missississpian Black Shale of Eastern North America (1993), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston B1-B57
38. Demaison G.J., and Moore G.T. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 64 (1980) 1179-1209
39. DeMaster D.J., and Pope R.H. Nutrient dynamics in Amazon shelf waters: results from AMASSEDS. Continental Shelf Research 16 (1996) 263-289
40. Dennison, J.M., Catskill Delta shallow marine strata. In: Woodrow, D.L., and Sevon, W.D. (Eds.), The Catskill Delta. Geological Society of America Special Paper 201, pp. 91-106.
41. Dymond J., and Mitchell L. Particle fluxes in the ocean and implications for sources and preservation of ocean sediments. In: Council N.R. (Ed). Material Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth (1994), National Academies Press 125-142
42. Eisler R. Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment: Health Hazards to Humans, Plants and Animals (2000), Lewis Publishers, Washington
43. Elderfield H., Hawkesworth C.J., Greaves M.J., and Calvert S.E. Rare earth element geochemistry of oceanic ferromanganese nodules and associated sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 (1981) 513-528
44. Emerson S.R., Cranston R.E., and Liss P.S. Redox species in a reducing fjord - equilibrium and kinetic observations. Deep-Sea Research 25 (1979) 859-878
45. Emerson S.R., and Huested S.S. Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater. Marine Chemistry 34 (1991) 177-196
46. Ettensohn F.R. The Catskill Delta complex and the Acadian orogeny. In: Devon W.D. (Ed). The Catskill Delta: A Model (1985), Geological Society of America 39-49
47. Ettensohn F.R. Day 2, Stop 4A. Silurian-Devonian contact and transgressive black shales at the base of the Ohio Shale. In: Ettensohn F.R. (Ed). Changing Interpretations of Kentucky Geology: Layer-cake, Facies, Flexure, and Eustacy (1992), Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources 74-76
48. Ettensohn F.R. Global and regional controls on the origin and burial of organic matter in Devonian-Mississippian black shales of North America. Bulletin - Houston Geological Society 37 5 (1995) 12-17
49. Ettensohn F.R. Approximating Absolute Depths for Devonian-Mississippian Black Shales in the Northern Appalachian Basin, Eastern United States; Implications for Eustatic vs. Tectonic Control of Sea Level., Geological Society of America, SE Section (2002), Abstracts with Programs 38
50. Ettensohn F.R., and Barron L.S. Depositional Model for the Devonian-Mississippian Black-shale Sequence of North America: A Tectono-climatic Approach (1981), U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, WV DOE/METC/12040-2
51. Ettensohn F.R., Goodmann P.T., Norby R.D., and Shaw T.H. Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Devonian-Mississippian black shales in west-central Kentucky and adjacent parts of Indiana and Tennessee, Proceedings of the 1988 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium: Lexington, Kentucky, University of Kentucky Institute of Mining and Minerals Research (1989) 237-245
52. Froelich P.N., et al. Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru continental margin sediments: phosphorite precipitation. Marine Geology 80 (1988) 309-343
53. Gensel P.G., and Andrews H.N. Plant Life in the Devonian (1984), Praeger Publishers, New York 396 pp.
54. Geyer R.W., et al. Physical oceanography of the Amazon shelf. Continental Shelf Research 16 (1996) 575-616
55. Goldberg E.D. The oceans as a chemical system. In: Hill M.N. (Ed). The composition of seawater: comparative and descriptive oceanography (1963), Wiley-Interscience, New York 2-25
56. Goolsby D.A., and Battaglin W.A. Nitrogen in the Mississippi Basin - Estimating Sources and Predicting Flux to the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 135-00 (2000)
57. Grabowski Jr. G.J. Mississippian system. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1151-H (2001)
58. Gromet P.L., Dymek R.F., Haskin L.A., and Korotev R.L. The "North American shale composite" - its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 2469-2482
59. Hageman P.E., Brown F.W., and Welsch E. Arsenic and selenium by flow injection or continuous flow-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In: Taggart J.E. (Ed). Analytical Methods for Chemical Analysis of Geologic and Other Materials (2002), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-223, Denver L1-L7
60. Hageman P.E., and Welsch E. Arsenic, antimony, and selenium by flow injection or continuous flow - hydride generation - atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In: Arbogast B.F. (Ed). Analytical Methods Manual of the Mineral Resource Surveys Program. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 96-525 (1996) 18-24
61. Heckel P.H., and Witzke B.J. Devonian world paleogeography determined from distribution of carbonate and related lithic paleoclimatic indicators. Paleontology Special Papers 23 (1979) 99-123
62. Hedges J.L., et al. Evidence of non-selective preservation of organic matter in sinking marine particles. Nature 409 (2001) 801-804
63. Hosterman J.W. Illite crystallinity as an indicator of thermal maturity of Devonian black shales in the Appalachian Basin. In: Roen J.B., and Kepferle R.C. (Eds). Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Mississippian Black Shale of Eastern North America (1993), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston G1-G9
64. Jacobs L., Emerson S.R., and Huested S.S. Trace metal chemistry in the Cariaco Trench. Deep-Sea Research 34 965-981 (1987)
65. Jaminski J., Algeo T.J., Maynard J.B., Kuhn T., and Hower J.C. Tectono-climatic controls on broad-scale patterns of compositional variation in the Upper Devonian Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale, Central Appalachian Basin. In: Maynard J.B. (Ed). Cyclic Sedimentation of Appalachian Devonian and Midcontinent Pennsylvanian Black Shales: Analysis of ANcient Anoxic Marine SYstem - A Combined Core and FIeld Workshop (1997), American Association of Petroleum Geologists and The Society for Organic Petrography, Lexington, KY 63-77
66. Jewell P.W. Geologic consequences of globe-encircling equatorial currents. Geology 23 (1995) 117-120
67. Karl M.D., and Knauer G.A. Microbial production and particle flux in the upper 350 m of the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Research 36 (1991) 921-942
68. Kepferle R.C. Prodelta turbidite-fan apron in Borden Formation (Mississippian), Kentucky and Indiana. AAPG Bulletin 60 4 (1976) 687
69. Kepferle R.C. A depositional model and basin analysis for the gas-bearing black shale (Devonian and Mississippian) in the Appalachian Basin. In: Kepferle R.C. (Ed). Petroleum Geology of the Devonian and Mississippian Black Shale of Eastern North America (1993), U.S. Geological Survey F1-F23
70. Kepferle R.C. Devonian System. In: McDowell R.C. (Ed). The Geology of Kentucky - A Text to Accompany the Geologic Map of Kentucky (2001), U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1151-H, Denver
71. Koppenaal D.W., Bland A.E., Robl T.L., and Thomas G. Geochemistry of the oil shale and associated strata. In: Robl T.L. (Ed). The Commercial Feasibility of Mississippian and Devonian Oil Shales of Kentucky (1983), U.S. Dept of Energy 29-60
72. Kremling K. The behavior of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn in anoxic Baltic waters. Marine Chemistry 13 (1983) 87-108
73. Kuhlmann H., Freudenthal T., Helmke P., and Meggers H. Reconstruction of paleoceanography off NW Africa during the last 40,000 years: influence of local and regional factors on sediment accumulation. Marine Geology 207 (2004) 209-224
74. Kuypers K.M.M., Sliekers A.O., and Lavik G. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea. Nature 422 608-610 (2003)
75. Landing W.M., and Lewis B.L. Thermodynamic modeling of trace metal speciation in the Black Sea. In: Izdar E., and Murray J.W. (Eds). Black Sea Oceanography (1991), Kluwer Academy Publishers, Dordrecht 125-160
76. Lierman, R.T., 1995. Development of paleosols in the "lower" Slade Formation (Upper Mississippian) of north-eastern and east-central Kentucky. PhD Dissertation Thesis, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 312 pp.
77. Litchie F.E., Golightly D., and Lamothe P.J. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. In: Baedecker P.A. (Ed). Geochemical methods of analysis (1987), Bulletin. U.S. Geological Survey B1-B10
78. Manabe S., and Bryan K. CO2-induced change in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 (1985) 11689-11707
79. Martin J.H., and Maybeck M. Elemental mass balance of material carried by major world rivers. Marine Chemistry 7 (1979) 173-206
80. Murphy A.E., Sageman B.B., Hollander D.J., Lyons T.W., and Brett C.E. Black shale deposition and faunal overturn in the Devonian Appalachian basin: clastic starvation, seasonal water-column mixing, and efficient biolimiting nutrient cycling. Paleoceanography 15 3 (2000) 280-291
81. Murray J.W., Spell B., and Paul B. The contrasting geochemistry of manganese and chromium in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. In: Wong C.S. (Ed). Trace Metals in Seawater (1983), Plenium Press 643-669
82. Nixon S.W., et al. The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land-sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeochemistry 35 (1996) 141-180
83. Papp C., Brandt E., and Aruscavage P. Carbonate carbon by coulometric titration. In: Arbogast B.F. (Ed). Analytical Methods Manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys Program (1996) 38-44
84. Parrish J.T. Paleo-upwelling and the distribution of organic-rich rocks. Geological Society Special Publications 26 (1987) 199-205
85. Pedersen T.F., and Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs productivity; what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?. AAPG Bulletin 74 (1990) 454-466
86. Penman H.L. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society, A 193 (1948) 120-145
87. Pepper J.F., de Witt J., Wallace, and Demarest D.F. Geology of the Bedford Shale and Berea Sandstone in the Appalachian Basin. 259, U.S. Geological Survey (1954)
88. Peterson J.A. Overview: carbonate reservoir facies, Wyoming and parts of Montana. In: Longman M.W. (Ed). Occurrence and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Reservoirs in the Rocky Mountains (1988), Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver 74-96
89. Piper D.Z., and Dean W.E. Trace-element Deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, Under Sulfate-reducing Conditions - A History of Local Hydrography and Global Climate, 20 ka to the Present., U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1670 (2002)
90. Piper D.Z., and Link P.K. An upwelling model for the Phosphoria Sea - a Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 86 (2002) 1217-1235
91. Piper D.Z., and Medrano M.D. Geochemistry of the Phosphoria Formation at Montpelier Canyon, Idaho; Environment of Deposition. B 2023-B, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston (1994)
92. Piper D.Z., and Perkins R.B. A modern versus Permian black shale - the hydrography, primary productivity, and water-column chemistry of deposition. Chemical Geology 206 177-197 (2004)
93. Piper, D.Z., Perkins R.B., Rowe, H.D, 2007. Rare-earth elements and trace metals as evidence of paleo-redox and paleo-primary productivity for the Phosphoria Formation-A marine phosphate deposit of Permian age. Deep-Sea Research 54, 1396-1413.
94. Plattner G.K., Gruber N., Frenzel H., and McWilliams J.C. Decoupling export production from new production. Geophysical Research Letters 32 L11612 (2005) 4 pp
95. Provo L.J. Upper Devonian black shale; worldwide distribution and what it means. In: Overbey W.K.J. (Ed). Devonian Shale Production and Potential. Seventh Appalachian Petroleum Geology Symposium (1976), U.S. Dept of Energy, Morgantown 1-3
96. Provo L.J., Kepferle R.C., and Potter P.E. Division of black Ohio Shale in eastern Kentucky. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 62 (1978) 1703-1713
97. Redfield A.C., Ketchum B.H., and Richards F.A. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. In: Hill M.N. (Ed). The Composition of Seawater - comparative and descriptive oceanography (1963), Wiley-Interscience, New York 26-77
98. Richards F.A. Coastal Upwelling. Coastal and Estuarine Sciences, 1 (1981), American Geophysical Union
99. Rimmer S.M. Geochemical paleoredox indicators in Devonian-Mississippian black shales, Central Appalachian Basin (USA). Chemical Geology 206 (2004) 373-391
100. Rimmer S.M., Cantrell D.J., and Gooding P.J. Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance trends in the Ohio Shale, eastern Kentucky. Organic Geochemistry 20 (1993) 735-746
101. Rimmer S.M., Thompson J.A., Goodnight S.A., and Robl T.L. Multiple controls on the preservation of organic matter in Devonian-Mississippian marine black shales: geochemical and petrographic evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 215 (2004) 125-154
102. Roen J.B. Geology of the Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin. Organic Geochemistry 5 4 (1984) 241-254
103. Ryder R.T. National Oil and Gas Assessment Geologic Report, U.S (1995), Geological Survey
104. Sable E.G., and Dever G.R. Mississippian Rocks in Kentucky, U.S (1990), Geological Survey, Reston, VA
105. Sageman B.B., et al. A tale of shales: the relative role of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumualation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian Basin. Chemical Geology 195 (2003) 229-273
106. Sandberg C.A., Mason C.E., and Work D.M. Position of Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary in northeastern Kentucky and southern Ohio. Newsletter on Carboniferous Stratigraphy 19 (2001) 23
107. Sandberg C.A., Mason C.E., and Work D.M. Position of Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary in northeastern Kentucky and southern Ohio. Southeastern Section, 51st Annual Meeting; North-Central Section, 36th Annual Meeting (2002), Geological Society of America, Lexington, KY A-88
108. Schieber J. Developing a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Late Devonian Chattanooga Shale of the Southeastern U.S.A.; relevance for the Bakken Shale. Eigth International Williston Basin Symposium (1998), Saskatchewan Geological Society, Regina, SK 58-68
109. Scotese, C.R., 2001. Late Devonian Climate, http://www.scotese.com/ldevclim.htm.
110. Scotese C.R., and McKerrow W.S. Revised world maps and introduction. In: Scotese C.R. (Ed). Paleozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography (1990), The Geological Society, London Memoir No. 12
111. Selby D., and Creaser R.A. Direct radiometric dating of the Devonian-Mississippian time-scale boundary using the Re-Os black shale geochronometer. Geology 33 (2005) 545-548
112. Sommerfield C.K. Magnitude and variability of Holocene sediment accumulation in Santa Monica Bay, California. Environmental Research 56 (2003) 151-176
113. Suess E. Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans; surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature 288 (1980) 260-263
114. Suess E., Kulm L.D., and Killingly J.S. Coastal upwelling and a history of organic-rich mudstone deposition off Peru. In: Brooks J., and Fleet A.J. (Eds). Geological Society Special Publication 26: Marine Petroleum Source Rocks (1987), Blackwell Science Publishers, London 181-197
115. Sverdrup H.U., Johnson M.W., and Fleming R.H. The Oceans - Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology (1942), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey 1060 pp.
116. Thunell R.C., et al. Organic carbon fluxes, degradation, and accumulation in an anoxic basin - sediment trap results from the Cariaco Basin. Limnology and Oceanography 45 (2000) 300-308
117. Tribovillard N., Algeo T.J., Lyons T., and Riboulleau A. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an update. Chemical Geology 232 (2006) 12-32
118. Tribovillard N., Lyons T.W., Rigoulleau A., and Bout-Roumazeilles. A possible capture of molybdenum during early diagenesis of dysoxic sediments. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179 (2008) 3-12
119. Tuttle M.L.W., Breit G.N., and Goldhaber M.B. Geochemical Data from New Albany Shale, Kentucky: A Study in Metal Mobility During Weathering of Black Shales (2003), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 03-207, Denver
120. Vine J.D., and Tourtelot E.B. Geochemistry of black shale deposits; a summary report. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists 65 3 (1970) 253-272
121. Volkolv I.I., and Formina L.S. The role of iron sulfides in the accumulation of minor elements in Black Sea sediments. Litologiya i Poleznyye Iskopayemyye 2 (1972) 18-64
122. Volkolv I.I., and Formina L.S. Influence of organic matter and processes of sulfide formation on distributions of some trace elements in deep-water sediments of the Black Sea. In: Ross D.A., and Degens E.T. (Eds). The Black Sea - Geology, Chemistry and Biology (1974), American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa 456-476
123. Walls R.A. Late Devonian-Early Mississippian subaqueous deltaic facies in a portion of the southeastern Appalachian Basin. In: Broussard M.L. (Ed). Deltas: Models for Exploration (1975), Houston Geological Society, Houston 359-367
124. Wedepohl K.H. Handbook of Geochemistry (1969-78), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 4 Volumes
125. Weir G.W., Gualtieri J.L., and Schlanger S.O. Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south- and southeast-central Kentucky (1966), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
126. Weiss R.F. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Research 17 (1970) 721-735
127. Werne J.P., Sageman B.B., Lyons T.W., and Hollander D.J. An integrated assessment of a "type euxinic" deposit: evidence of multiple controls on black shale deposition in the Middle Devonian Oatka Creek Formation. American Journal of Science 302 (2002) 110-143
128. Whitfield M. Interactions between phytoplankton and trace metals in the ocean. Advanced Marine Biology 41 (2001) 1-128
129. Woodrow D.L. Paleogeography, paleoclimate, and sedimentary processes of the Late Devonian Catskill Delta. In: Woodrow D.L., and Sevon W.D. (Eds). The Catskill Delta (1985), Geological Society of America, Boulder 51-63 Special Paper 201
130. Zheng Y., Anderson R.F., van Green A., and Kuwabara J. Authigenic molybdenum formation in marine sediments: a link to pore water sulfide in the Santa Barbara Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 (2000) 4165-4178