Pathogenesis and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients: The role of paricalcitol

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 148-153

  Cozzolino, Mario ^a   Galassi, Andrea ^a   Gallieni, Maurizio ^a   Brancaccio, Diego ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Calcium; Dialysis; Parathyroid hormone; Paricalcitol; Phosphorus

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARICALCITOL; PHOSPHATE; PLACEBO; SEVELAMER; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENT; DRUG DERIVATIVE; ERGOCALCIFEROL;

BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DIETARY INTAKE; DRUG MECHANISM; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; KIDNEY FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMALACIA; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY; REVIEW; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY;

BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; ERGOCALCIFEROLS; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, SECONDARY; RENAL DIALYSIS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; VITAMIN D;

EID: 47249144741     PISSN: 15701611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157016108783955310     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Reinhart TA, Ramberg CF, Horst RL. Comparison of receptor binding, biological activity, and in vivo tracer kinetics for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, and its 24 epimer. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 273: 64-71.
2. Lin R, White JH. The pleiotropic actions of vitamin D. Bioessays 2004; 26: 21-28.
3. Watson KE, Abrolat ML, Malone LL, Hoeg JM, Doherty T, Detrano R, et al. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation 1997; 96: 1755-1760.
4. Parfitt AM. The hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure: A disorder of growth. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 3-9.
5. Silver J, Bar Sela S, Naveh-Many T. Regulation of parathyroid cell proliferation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1997; 6: 321-326.
6. Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D, Gallieni M, Galassi A, Slatopolsky E, Dusso A. Pathogenesis of parathyroid hyperplasia in renal failure. J Nephrol 2005; 18: 5-8.
7. Denda M, Finch J, Slatopolsky E. Phosphorus accelerated the development of parathyroid hyperplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in rats with renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 596-602.
8. Tominaga Y, Tsuzuki T, Uchida K, Haba T, Otsuka S, Ichimori T, et al. Expression of Prad1/cyclin D1, retinoblastoma gene product, and Ki67 in parathyroid hyperplasia caused by chronic renal failure vs. primary adenoma. Kidney Int 1999, 55: 1375-1383.
9. Delmez JA, Slatopolsky E. Hyperphosphatemia: its consequences and treatment in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19:303-317.
10. Rodriguez M, Almaden Y, Hernandez A, Torres A. Effect of phosphate on the parathyroid gland: direct and indirect? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1996; 5: 321-328.
11. Portale AA, Halloran BP, Morris RC Jr. Physiologic regulation of the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by phosphorus in normal men. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1494-1499.
12. Moallem E, Kilav R, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. RNA-Protein binding and post-b-anscriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by calcium and phosphate. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 5253-5259.
13. Wang Q, Palnitkar S, Parfitt AM. Parathyroid cell proliferation in normal human parathyroid tissue: implications for the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol 1997; 46: 343-349.
14. WAFI and TGF-alpha mediate parathyroid growth arrest by vitamin D and high calcium. Kidney hit 2001; 60: 2109-2117.
15. Brown EM. Calcium receptor and regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2000; 1: 307-315.
16. Ho C, Conner DA, Pollak MR, Ladd DJ, Kifor O, Warren HB, et al. A mouse model of human familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Nat Genet 1995; 11: 389-394.
17. Li YC, Amling M, Pirro AE, Priemel M, Meuse J, Baron R, et al. Normalization of mineral on homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4391-4396.
18. Kremer I, Bolivar I, Golztman D, Hendly GN. Influence of calcium and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on proliferation and proto-oncogene expression in primary cultures of bovine parathyroid cells. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 935-941.
19. Szabo A, Merke J, Beier E, Mall G, Ritz E. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 1989; 35: 1049-1056.
20. Naveh-Many T, Silver J, Regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, and vitamin D in the rat. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1313-1319.
21. Tokumoto M, Tsuruya K, Fukuda K, Kanai H, Kuroki S, Hirakata H. Reduced p21, p27 and vitamin D receptor in the nodular hyperplasia in patients with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1196-1207.
22. Dusso A, Cozzolino M, Lu Y, Sato T, Slatopolsky E. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D downregulation of TGFα/EGFR expression and growth signaling: a mechanism for the antiproliferative actions of the sterol in parathyroid hyperplasia of renal failure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90: 507-511.
23. Cordero JB, Cozzolino M, Lu. Y, Vidal M, Slatopolsky E, Stahl PD, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D downregulates cell membrane growth- and nuclear growth-promoting signals by the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 38965-38971.
24. Martinez I, Saracho R, Montenegro J, Llach F. A deficit of calcitriol synthesis may not be the initial factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11 Suppl 3: 22-28.
25. Reichel H, Deibert B, Schmidt-Gayk H, Ritz E. Calcium metabolism in early chronic renal failure, implications for the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6: 162-169
26. Eastwood JB, Harris E, Stamp TCB, De Wardener HE. Vitamin D deficiency in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. Lancet 1976; 2: 1209-1221.
27. Van der Wielen RP, Lowik MR, Van den Berg H, de Groot LC, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet 1995; 346:207-210.
28. Scharla SH. Prevalence of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in different European countries. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8: s7-s12.
29. Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Inaba M, Matsumoto N, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, et al. Serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in non dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1019-1027.
30. Messa P, Vallone C, Meoni G, Geatti O, Turrin D, Passoni N, et al. Direct in vivo assessment of parathyroid hormone calcium relationship curve in renal patients. Kidney Int 1994; 46; 1713-1720.
31. Slovik DM, Adams JS, Neer RS. Deficient production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in elderly osteoporotic patients. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 372-374.
32. Papapoulos SE, Clemens TL, Fraher LJ, Gleed J, O'Riordan JL. Metabolites of vitamin D in human vitamin D deficiency. Effect of vitamin d or 1,25-dihydroxycolecalciferol. Lancet 1980; 2: 612-615.
33. Bataille P, Achard JM, Fournier A, Boudailliez B, Westeel PF, el Esper N, et al. Diet, vitamin D and vertebral mineral density in hypercalciuric calcium stone formers. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 1193-1205.
34. Cogan MG, Covey CM, Arieff AI, Wisniewski A, Clark OH, Lazarowitz V, et al. Central nervous system manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 1978; 963-970.
35. Mak RH, Bettinelli A, Turner C, Haycock GB, Chantler C. The influence of hyperparathyroidism on glucose metabolism in uremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 229-233.
36. Elder G. Pathophysiology and recent advances in the management of renal osteodystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17: 2094-2105.
37. Ganesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK. Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephol 2001; 12: 2131-2138.
38. Cozzolino M, Dusso A, Slatopolsky E. Role of calcium x phosphate product and bone associated proteins on vascular calcification in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2511-2516.
39. London GM. Cardiovascular calcifications in uremic patients: clinical impact on cardiovascular function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: S305-309.
40. Blacher J, Safar ME, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Aortic pulse wave velocity index and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1852-1860.
41. Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D, Gallieni M, Slatopolsky E. Pathogenesis of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 68(2): 429-436.
42. Jakoby MGt, Semenkovich CF. The role of osteoprogenitors in vascular calcification. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2000; 9: 11-15.
43. Brancaccio D, Cozzolino M. The mechanism of calcium deposition in soft tissues. Contrib Nephrol 2005; 149: 279-286.
44. Block GA, Port FK. Re-evaluation of risks associated with hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients: recommendations for a change in management. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 1226-1237.
45. London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1731-1740.
46. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales B, Sider D, et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1478-1483.
47. Cozzolino M, Dusso AS, Liapis H, Finch J, Lu Y, Burke SK, et al. The effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on kidney calcification in uremic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 2299-2308.
48. Cozzolino M, Staniforth ME, Liapis H, Finch J, Burke SK, Dusso AS, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride attenuates kidney and cardiovascular calcifications in long-term experimental uremia. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 1653-1661.
49. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Treat to Goal Working Group. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 245-252.
50. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42 (suppl. 3): 63-200.
51. Massry SG, Coburn JW, Lee DB, Jowsey J, Kleeman CR. Skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone in renal failure. Studies in 105 human subjects. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78: 357-364.
52. Disthabanchong S, Hassan H, McConkey CL, Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA. Regulation of PTH1 receptor expression by uremic ultrafiltrate in UMR 106-101 osteoblast-like cells. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 897-903.
53. Hercz G, Pei Y, Greenwood C, Manuel A, Saiphoo C, Goodman WG, et al. Aplastic osteodystrophy without aluminum: The role of "suppressed" parathyroid function. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 860-866.
54. Coco M, Rush H. Increased incidence of hip fractures in dialysis patients with low serum parathyroid hormone. Am J Kidney Dis, 2000; 36: 1115-1121.
55. Cournot-Witmer G, Zingraff J, Plachot JJ, Escaig F, Lefevre R, Boumati P, et al. Aluminum localization in bone from hemodialyzed patients: Relationship to matrix mineralization. Kidney Int 1981; 20: 375-378.
56. Lach F, Yudd M. Paricalcitol in dialysis patients with calcitriol resistant secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38(s5): 45-50.
57. Martin KJ, Gonzales E, Lindberg JS, Taccetta C, Amdahl M, Malhotra K, et al. Paricalcitol dosing according to body weight or severity of hyperparathyroidism: a vitamin D analogs for secondary hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind multicenter randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: s57-s63.
58. Lindberg J, Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA, Acchiardo SR, Valdin JR, Soltanek C. A long-term, multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of paricalcitol in end-stage renal disease. Clin Nephrol 2001; 56: 315-323.
59. Sprague SM, Llach F, Amdhal M, Taccetta C, Batlle D. Paricalcitol vs. calcitriol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1483-1490.
60. Teng M, Wolf M, Lowrie E, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R. Survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis with paricalcitol or calcitriol therapy. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 446-456.
61. Dobrez DG, Mathes A, Amdahl M, Marx SE, Melnick JZ, Sprague SM. Paricalcitol-treated patients experience improved hospitalization outcomes compared with calcitriol-treated patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1174-1181.
62. 3 on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport. J Lab Clin Med 2002; 139: 279-284.
63. Finch J, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Differential effects of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D2 on calcium and phosphorus resorption in bone. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 980-985.
64. Cardus A, Panizo S, Parisi E, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. Differential effects of vitamin D analogs on vascular calcification. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22: 860-6.
65. Mizobuchi M, Finch JL, Martin DR, Slatopolsky E. Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on vascular calcification in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2007 Jun 27 [Epub ahead of print].