The effect of preemptive forgiveness and a transgressor's responsibility on shame, motivation to reconcile, and repentance

Basic and Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 130-141

  Struthers, C Ward ^a   Eaton, Judy ^a   Shirvani, Nicole ^a   Georghiou, Michael ^a   Edell, Eliott ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47249144368     PISSN: 01973533     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01973530802209178     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Aquino, K., & Douglas, S. (2003). Identity threat and antisocial behaviour in organizations: The moderating effects of individual differences, aggressive modeling, and hierarchical status. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 195-208.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspective (pp. 79-106). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
4. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
5. Berry, J. W., & Worthington, E. L. J. (2001). Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 447-455.
6. Darby, B. W., & Schlenker, B. R. (1982). Children's reactions to apologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 742-753.
7. Eaton, J., & Struthers, C. W. (2006). The reduction of psychological aggression across varied interpersonal contexts through repentance and forgiveness. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 195-206.
8. Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). The mediating role of perceptual validation in the repentance-forgiveness process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1389-1401.
9. Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697.
10. Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Expressing forgiveness and repentance: Benefits and barriers. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), The psychology of forgiveness (pp. 133-155). New York: Guilford.
11. Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 894-912.
12. Exline, J. J., Deshea, L., & Holeman, V. T. (2007). Is apology worth the risk? Predictors, outcomes, and ways to avoid regret. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 479-504.
13. Fincham, F. D. (2000). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1-23.
14. Fisher, M. L., & Exline, J. J. (2006). Self-forgiveness versus excusing: The role of remorse, effort, and acceptance of responsibility. Self and Identity, 5, 127-146.
15. Goffman, E. (1955). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 18, 213-231.
16. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
17. Hodgins, H. S., & Liebeskind, E. (2003). Apology versus defense: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 297-316.
18. Karremans, J. C., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2004). Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 207-227.
19. Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Holland, R. W. (2005). Forgiveness and its associations with prosocial thinking, feeling, and doing beyond the relationship with the offender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1315-1326.
20. Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Kluwer, E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1011-1026.
21. Kelln, B. R. C., & Ellard, J. H. (1999). An equity theory analysis of the impact of forgiveness and retribution on transgressor compliance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 864-872.
22. Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 111-132.
23. Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2004). Forgiveness and defense style. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 165, 99-110.
24. McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the big five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601-610.
25. McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J.-A. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: the temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. qJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540-557.
26. Nisbett, R. (1993). Violence and U.S. regional culture, American Psychologist, 48, 441-449.
27. Ohbuchi, K. I., Agarie, N., & Kameda, M. (1989). Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm. qJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 219-227.
28. Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1608-1619.
29. Schlenker, B. R., & Darby, B. W. (1981). The use of apologies in social predicaments. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 271-278.
30. Schlenker, B. R., Pontari, B. A., & Christopher, A. N. (2001). Excuses and character: Personal and social implications of excuses. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 15-32.
31. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
32. Tangney,J. P.(1999). The self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 541-568). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
33. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford.
34. Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., Hill-Barlow, P. E., Marschall, D. E., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 797-809.
35. Weiner, B. (1993). On sin versus sickness. American Psychologist, 48, 957-965.
36. Weiner, B. (2006). Social motivation, justice, and the moral emotions. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Weiner, B., Graham, S., Peter, O., & Zmuidinas, M. (1991). Public confession and forgiveness. Journal of Personality, 59, 281-312.
38. Williams, K. D. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York: Guilford.
39. Witvliet, C. V., Ludwig, T. E., & Vander Laan, K. L. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science, 12, 117-123.