Anti-Americanism and electoral politics in Korea

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 123, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 301-318

  Jhee, Byong Kuen ^a  

^a Chosun University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 47249097550     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00626.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Trends 2005 (Washington DC: The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2005).
2. Andrew Kohut, "Anti-Americanism: Causes and Characteristics," 23 December 2003, accessed on the website of the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press at http://people-press.org/commentary, 4 May 2007.
3. Chong-Soo Tai, Erick J. Peterson, and Ted Robert Gurr, "Internal Versus External Sources of Anti-Americanism: Two Comparative Studies," Journal of Conflict Resolution 17 (September 1973): 455-488;
4. Vladimir Shlapentokh and Joshua Woods, "The Threat of International Terrorism and the Image of the United States Abroad," The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (Winter/Spring 2004): 167-180.
5. Tai, Peterson, and Gurr, "Internal Versus External Sources"; Shlapentokh and Woods, "The Threat of International Terrorism"; Jean-Francois Revel, Anti-Americanism (San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books, 2000).
6. Paul Hollander, Anti-Americanism: Critiques at Home and Abroad 1965-1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
7. Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, "Anti-Americanism Re-Examined," The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (Summer/Fall 2004): 17-24.
8. Gerrit-Jan Berendse, "German Anti-Americanism in Context," Journal of European Studies 33 (December 2003): 333-350; Tai, Peterson, and Gurr, "Internal Versus External Sources"; Rubin and Rubin, "Anti-Americanism Re-Examined."
9. Richard Pells, Not Like US: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 156.
10. Shlapentokh and Woods, "The Threat of International Terrorism," 167.
11. Tai, Peterson, and Gurr, "Internal Versus External Sources"; Shlapentokh and Woods, "The Threat of International Terrorism"; Revel, Anti-Americanism.
12. Pells, Not Like US.
13. Revel, Anti-Americanism, 143.
14. Joseph R. Biden, "Unholy Symbiosis: Isolationism and Anti-Americanism," The Washington Quarterly 23 (Autumn 2000): 7-14.
15. Eric Shiraev and Vladislav Zubok, Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 53.
16. Hubert Vedrine, "On Anti-Americanism," The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (Winter/Spring 2004): 117-121.
17. Steven Schwartzberg, "Romulo Betancourt: From a Communist Anti-Imperialist to a Social Democrat with US Support," Journal of Latin American Studies 29 (October 1997): 613-665;
18. Sergio Fabbrini, "The Domestic Sources of European Anti-Americanism," Government and Opposition 37 (January 2002): 3-14;
19. Bruce C. Daniels, "Learning to Live with 'Britain's Eldest Daughter': Anti-Americanism in Canada and Australia," Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 25 (Spring/Summer 2002): 172-180.
20. Christopher Connery, "On the Continuing Necessity of Anti-Americanism," Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2 (December 2001): 399-405.
21. Shlapentokh and Woods, "The Threat of International Terrorism," 169.
22. Alvin Z. Rubinstein and Donald E. Smith, eds., Anti-Americanism: Anatomy of a Phenomenon (New York: Praeger, 1985), 20, 24; Rubinstein and Smith differentiate the ideological anti-Americanism, a "sustained, rationally argued antagonism toward the government and society of the United States," from the instrumental anti-Americanism, a manipulated hostility toward the United States "(1) to elicit mass support by playing on nationalism, (2) to neutralize domestic opposition on the left, (3) to provide a plausible scapegoat for governmental failures, or (4) to justify and strengthen a desired alignment as a client of the Soviet Union."
23. Domenico Losurdo, "Preemptive War, Americanism, and Anti-Americanism," Metaphilosophy 35 (April 2004): 365-385.
24. Yongshik Bong, "Yongmi: Pragmatic Anti-Americanism in South Korea," The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (Winter/Spring 2004): 153-165.
25. Bong, "Yongmi: Pragmatic Anti-Americanism." More-recent polls reported that the negative feeling toward the United States has continued to increase. Bong reported that the percentage of unfavorable respondents increased to 53 percent in 2003.
26. Bong, "Yongmi: Pragmatic Anti-Americanism," 154.
27. Manwoo Lee, "Anti-Americanism and South Korea's Changing Perception of America" in Manwoo Lee, Ronald D. McLaurin, and Chung-In Moon, eds., Alliance under Tension: The Evolution of South Korean-U.S. Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988), 7-28;
28. Ronald D. McLaurin, "Security Relations: Burden-Sharing in a Changing Strategic Environment" in Lee, McLaurin, and Moon, eds., Alliance under Tension, 157-190;
29. Jinwung Kim, "Recent Anti-Americanism in South Korea," Asian Survey 24 (1989): 749-763;
30. Seung-Hwan Kim, "Anti-Americanism in Korea," The Washington Quarterly 26 (2002): 109-122;
31. Woo-Cumings, "Unilateralism and its Discontents: The Passing of the Cold War Alliance and Changing Public Opinion in the Republic of Korea" in David I. Steinberg, ed., Korean Attitudes toward the United States: Changing Dynamics (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005), 56-79.
32. Gi-wook Shin, "South Korean Anti-Americanism," Asian Survey 36 (August 1996): 787-803.
33. Kim, "Recent Anti-Americanism in South Korea."
34. Lee, "Anti-Americanism and South Korea's Changing Perception," 11. Lee argued that U.S. approval of General Chun's government, responsible for the Kwangju massacre of 1980, altered the fundamental views of Koreans.
35. Center for Eradicating Crimes of USFK, "Crimes Committed by USFK and Their Settlements," 2003, accessed on the website of Center for Eradicating Crimes of USFK at http://www.usacrime.or.kr, 5 May 2007.
36. Korea has restricted exercise of criminal jurisdiction over American felonies, including murder, robbery, and rape, under the current SOFA. The tragic accidental killing of two school girls by a U.S. army vehicle in 2002, followed by "candlelight vigils and demonstrations," gives us an example of the impact of the USFK-related crimes in Korea. See Dong Shin Kim, "The ROK-U.S. Alliance: Where Is It Headed?" Strategic Forum 197 (April 2003), accessed on the website of RAND Research Institute at http://www.rand.org, 19 May 2007; Eric V. Larson, Norman D. Levin, Seonhae Baik, and Bogdan Savych. Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes toward the U.S. (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2004).
37. Kim, "Anti-Americanism in Korea."
38. Lee, "Anti-Americanism and South Korea's Changing Perception"; Kim, "Recent Anti-Americanism in South Korea"; Kim, "Anti-Americanism in Korea"; Bong, "Yongmi: Pragmatic Anti-Americanism in South Korea."
39. Kim, "Recent Anti-Americanism in South Korea."
40. Kim, "Anti-Americanism in Korea."
41. Lee, "Anti-Americanism and South Korea's Changing Perception," 25.
42. Kim, "Recent Anti-Americanism in South Korea."
43. Kim, "Anti-Americanism in Korea," 115.
44. Tai, Peterson, and Gurr, "Internal Versus External Sources," 458.
45. These variables are comparable to Tai et al.'s (1973) measures of "internal stress," economic deprivation and frustration index, and those of "U.S. penetration," U.S. overseas loans and grants, U.S. military assistance and aid, and U.S. military bases. Tai, Peterson, and Gurr, "Internal Versus External Sources," 463-464.
46. Scapegoating anti-Americanism commonly refers to manipulated hatred by political leaders who use public hostility toward the United States as a way to escape domestic problems that threaten their popularity. However, it is also reasonable to say that voters assign responsibility for bad domestic conditions to the hegemonic United States regardless of their political leaders' intentions. That the anti-American sentiment resides only in elite circles is a myth. See also Alan McPherson, "Myths of Anti-Americanism: The Case of Latin America," The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (Winter/Spring 2004): 141-152.
47. Georgi Derluguian, "Anti-Americanism on the Rise? Suggestions Toward a Rational Program of Study," PONARS Policy Memo No. 266, October 2002, accessed on the website of Center for Strategic & International Studies at http://www.csis.org, 4 June 2007.
48. Shlapentokh and Woods, "The Threat of International Terrorism"; Jean-Francois Revel, "Are We Being Run over by Global Capitalism," June 2004, accessed on the website of The American Enterprise Online at http://www.taemag.com/issues/articleid.18005/article_detail.asp, 4 June 2007.
49. Kwang-tae Kim, "Roh Sees Inevitable Changes in ROK-U.S. Ties," Korea Times, 12 April 2002; Chung Min Lee, "Revamping the Korean-American Alliance: New Political Forces, Paradigms, and Roles and Missions" in David I. Steinberg, ed., Korean Attitudes toward the United States: Changing Dynamics (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2005), 155-179.
50. Yearn-hong Choi, "Bush's Trip to Seoul," Korea Times, 3 February 2002.
51. "People Chose Progressive Reform," Korea Times, 20 December 2002.
52. Woo-Cumings, "Unilateralism and its Discontents"; Victor D. Cha, "Anti-Americanism and the U.S. Role in Inter-Korean Relations" in Steinberg, ed., Korean Attitudes toward the United States, 116-138;
53. Chung-in Moon, "Between Banmi [anti-Americanism] and Sungmi [worship of the United States]: Dynamics of Changing U.S. Images in South Korea" in Steinberg, ed., Korean Attitudes toward the United States, 139-152.
54. Woo-Cumings, "Unilateralism and its Discontents," 61.
55. Gregory F. Treverton and Spencer Kim, "Cause for Felicitation in Korea," 25 December 2002, accessed on the website of RAND Research Institute at http://www.rand.org, 19 May 2007.