Salmon calcitonin: A review of current and future therapeutic indications

Osteoporosis International

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 479-491

  Chesnut III, C H ^a   Azria, M ^b   Silverman, S ^c   Engelhardt, M ^b   Olson, M ^b   Mindeholm, L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NOVARTIS PHARMA AG   (Switzerland)

^c CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; CORTICOSTEROID; ERGOCALCIFEROL; IBANDRONIC ACID; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PLACEBO; RALOXIFENE; RISEDRONIC ACID; SALCATONIN; STRONTIUM RANELATE; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENT; PARATHYROID HORMONE;

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; BLEEDING; BONE DENSITY; CHONDROPROTECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ERYTHEMA; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; LUMBAR SPINE; NASAL MUCOSA ERYTHEMA; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAGET BONE DISEASE; PAIN; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RHINITIS; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN TINGLING; SNEEZING; SPINE FRACTURE; ADULT; AGED; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; AGED; BONE DENSITY; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; BONE RESORPTION; CALCITONIN; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; PARATHYROID HORMONE; SPINAL FRACTURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 47249091822     PISSN: 0937941X     EISSN: 14332965     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0490-1     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Copp DH, Cameron EC (1961) Demonstration of a hypocalcemic factor (calcitonin) in commercial parathyroid extract. Science 134:2038
2. Azria M, Copp D, Zanelli J (1995) 25 years of salmon calcitonin: from synthesis to therapeutic use. Calcif Tissue Int 57:405-408
3. Woodrow JP, Noseworthy CS, Fudge NJ, Hoff AO, Gagel RF, Kovacs CS (2003) Calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide protect the maternal skeleton from excessive resorption during lactation [abstract]. J Bone Miner Res 18(Suppl 2):S37
4. Hoff A, Thomas M, Cote G (1998) Generation of a calcitonin knockout mouse model [abstract]. Bone 23:1062
5. Hoff AO, Catala-Lehnen P, Thomas PM, Priemel M, Rueger JM, Nasonkin I, Bradley A, Hughes MR, Ordonez N, Cote GJ, Amling M, Gagel RF (2002) Increased bone mass is an unexpected phenotype associated with deletion of the calcitonin gene. J Clin Invest 110:1849-1857 (Pubitemid 36076492)
6. Hirsch PF, Baruch H (2003) Is calcitonin an important physiological substance? Endocrine 21:201-208
7. Thamsborg G (1999) Effect of nasal salmon calcitonin on calcium and bone metabolism. Dan Med Bull 46:118-126
8. Buclin T, Randin J, Jacquet A, Azria M, Attinger M, Gomez F, Burckhardt P (1987) The effect of rectal and nasal administration of salmon calcitonin in normal subjects. Calcif Tissue Int 41:252-258 (Pubitemid 18101636)
9. Wisneski L (1990) Salmon calcitonin in the acute management of hypercalcemia. Calcif Tissue Int 46(Suppl):S26-S30
10. Zaidi M, Inzerillo A, Troen B et al (2002) Molecular and clinical pharmacology of calcitonin. In: Bilezikian J, Raisz L, Rodan G (eds) Principles of bone biology. Academic press, San Diego, pp 1423-1440
11. Ralston SH, Coleman R, Fraser WD, Gallagher SJ, Hosking DJ, Iqbal JS, McCloskey E, Sampson D (2004) Medical management of hypercalcemia. Calcif Tissue Int 74:1-11
12. Hoskin D, Gilson D (1984) Comparison of the renal and skeletal actions of calcitonin in the treatment of severe hypercalcemia of malignancy. Quart J Med 211:359-368
13. Nicholson G, Moseley J, Sexton P, Mendelsohn F, Martin T (1986) Abundant calcitonin receptors in isolate rat osteoclasts, biochemical, and autoradiographic characterization. J Clin Invest 78:355-360 (Pubitemid 16074070)
14. Holtrop N, Raisz L, Simmons H (1974) The effects of parathyroid hormone, colchicines and calcitonin on the ultrastructure and the activity of osteoclasts in organ culture. J Cell Biol 60:346-355
15. Yumita S, Nicholson G, Rowe D, Kent G, Martin T (1991) Biphasic effect of calcitonin on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in isolated rat osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 6:591-597
16. Zaidi M, Inzerillo A, Moonga B, Bevis P, Huang C (2002) Forty years of calcitonin-where are we now? A tribute to the work of Iain Macintyre, FRS. Bone 30:655-663 (Pubitemid 34467985)
17. Chambers T, Moore A (1983) The sensitivity of isolated osteoclasts to morphological transformation by calcitonin. J Clin Endo Metab 57:819-824
18. Chambers T, Magnus C (1982) Calcitonin alters behaviour of isolated osteoclasts. J Pathol 136:27-39 (Pubitemid 12213616)
19. Vaananen K (2005) Mechanism of osteoclast mediated bone resorption-rationale for the design of new therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57:959-971
20. Selander KS, Harkonen PL, Valve E, Monkkonen J, Hannuniemi R, Vaananen HK (1996) Calcitonin promotes osteoclast survival in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 122:119-129 (Pubitemid 126351942)
21. Plotkin L, Weinstein R, Parfitt A, Robertson P, Manolagas S, Bellido T (1999) Prevention of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphosphonates and calcitonin. J Clin Invest 104:1363-1374
22. Farley JR, Tarbaux NM, Hall SL, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ (1988) The anti-bone-resorptive agent calcitonin also acts in vitro to directly increase bone formation and bone cell proliferation. Endocrinology 123:159-167
23. Wallach S, Farley JR, Baylink DJ, Brenner-Gati L (1993) Effects of calcitonin on bone quality and osteoblastic function. Calcif Tissue Int 52:335-339 (Pubitemid 23124827)
24. Furuichi H, Fukuyama R, Izumo N, Fujita T, Kohno T, Nakamuta H, Koida M (2000) Bone-anabolic effect of salmon calcitonin on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 23:946-951 (Pubitemid 30662831)
25. Voss A, Liese S, Priemel M, Catala-Lehnen P, Schilling AF, Mueldner C, Haberland M, Rueger JM, Emeson RB, Gagel RF, Schinke T, Amling M (2005) Uncovering the physiologic function of calcitonin using genetically modified mouse models [abstract]. J Bone Min Res (Suppl.):1162
26. Takahashi S, Goldring S, Katz M, Hilsenbeck S, Williams R, Roodman GD (1995) Downregulation of calcitonin receptor mRNA expression by calcitonin during human osteoclast-like cell differentiation. J Clin Invest 95:167-171
27. Singer FR, Aldred JP, Neer RM, Krane SM, Potts JT Jr, Bloch KJ (1972) An evaluation of antibodies and clinical resistance to salmon calcitonin. J Clin Invest 51:2331-2338
28. Chesnut CH 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, Kiel D, LeBoff M, Maricic M, Miller P, Moniz C, Peacock M, Richardson P, Watts N, Baylink D (2000) A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med. 109:267-276
29. Kittur S, Hoppener J, Anatonarakis S, Daniels J, Meyers D, Maestry N, Jaansen M, Korneluk R, Nelkin B, Kazaziam H (1985) Linkage map of the short arm of human chromosome 11: location of the genes for catalase, calcitonin, and insulin-like growth factor II. Proc Natl Acad Sci 83:5064-5067 (Pubitemid 15249944)
30. Nakamura M, Morimoto S, Zhang Z, Utusnomiya H, Inagami T, Ogihara T, Kakudo K (2001) Calcitonin receptor gene polymorphism in Japanese women; correlation with body mass and bone density. Calcif Tissue Int 68:211-215 (Pubitemid 32423105)
31. Masi L, Cimaz R, Simonini G, Bindi G, Stagi S, Gozzini A, Malentacchi C, Brandi ML, Falcini F (2002) Association of low bone mass with vitamin D receptor gene and calcitonin receptor gene polymorphisms in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 29:2225-2231
32. Taboulet J, Frenkian M, Frendo JL, Feingold N, Jullienne A, de Vernejoul MC (1998) Calcitonin receptor polymorphism is associated with a decreased fracture risk in post-menopausal women. Hum Mol Genet 7:2129-2133 (Pubitemid 28546423)
33. Emisphere Technologies, Inc. is located in Tarrytown, NY and can be found at http://www.emisphere.com
34. Rico H, Hernandez ER, Revilla M, Gomez-Castresana F (1992) Salmon calcitonin reduces vertebral fracture rate in postmenopausal crush fracture syndrome. Bone Miner 16:131-138
35. Mazzuoli GF, Passeri M, Gennari C, Minisola S, Antonelli R, Valtorta C, Palummeri E, Cervellin GF, Gonnelli S, Francini G (1986) Effects of salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a controlled double-blind clinical study. Calcif Tissue Int 38:3-8 (Pubitemid 16187006)
36. Meschia M, Brincat M, Barbacini P, Maini MC, Marri R, Crosignani PG (1992) Effect of hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin on bone mass in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 47:53-57
37. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Gullberg B, Allander E, Dilsen G, Gennari C, Lopes Vaz AA, Lyritis GP, Mazzuoli G, Miravet L et al (1992) Evidence for efficacy of drugs affecting bone metabolism in preventing hip fracture. BMJ 305:1124-1128
38. Chesnut CH 3rd, Majumdar S, Newitt DC, Shields A, Van Pelt J, Laschansky E, Azria M, Kriegman A, Olson M, Eriksen EF, Mindeholm L (2005) Effects of Salmon calcitonin on trabecular microarchitecture as determined by magnetic resonance imaging: Results From the QUEST study. J Bone Miner Res 20:1548-1561
39. Zikan V, Stepan J (2002) Plasma type 1 collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide: a sensitive marker of acute effects of salmon calcitonin on bone resorption. Clin Chim Acta 316:63-69 (Pubitemid 34028189)
40. Srivastava AK, Libanati C, Hohmann O, Kriegman A, Baylink DJ (2004) Acute effects of calcitonin nasal spray on serum C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTx) levels in elderly osteopenic women with increased bone turnover. Calcif Tissue Int 75:477-481 (Pubitemid 40174505)
41. Overgaard K, Hansen MA, Nielson VA, Riis BJ, Christiansen C (1990) Discontinuous calcitonin treatment of established osteoporosis-effects of withdrawal of treatment. Am J Med 89:1-6 (Pubitemid 20196705)
42. Civitelli R, Gonnelli S, Zacchei F, Bigazzi S, Vattimo A, Avioli LV, Gennari C (1988) Bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Effect of calcitonin treatment. J Clin Invest 82:1268-1274 (Pubitemid 18258477)
43. Chesnut CH 3rd (2005) Personal communication
44. Overgaard K, Riis BJ, Christiansen C, Podenphant J, Johansen JS (1989) Nasal calcitonin for treatment of established osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 30:435-442 (Pubitemid 19110017)
45. Overgaard K, Hansen MA, Jensen SB, Christiansen C (1992) Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study. BMJ 305:556-561
46. Overgaard K, Riis BJ, Christiansen C, Hansen MA (1989) Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on early postmenopausal bone loss. BMJ 299:477-479 (Pubitemid 19204921)
47. Reginster JY, Denis D, Deroisy R, Lecart MP, De Longueville M, Zegels B, Sarlet N, Noirfalisse P, Franchimont P (1994) Long-term (3 years) prevention of trabecular postmenopausal bone loss with low-dose intermittent nasal salmon calcitonin. J Bone Miner Res 9:69-73 (Pubitemid 24010841)
48. Silverman SL (2005) Quality-of-life issues in osteoporosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 7:39-45
49. Chesnut CH, Richardson P, Mindeholm L (2002) Salmon calcitonin nasal spray (SCNS): effect on hip fractures in postmenopausal women [abstract]. Osteoporos Int 13(Suppl 1):128
50. Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, Stock JL, Wong M, Siris E, Adachi JD (2003) Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone 33:522-532 (Pubitemid 37222378)
51. Chesnut C, Skag A, Christiansen C, Recker R, Stakkestad J, Hoiseth A, Felsenberg D, Huss H, Gilbride J, Schimmer R, Delmas P (2004) Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 19:1241-1249 (Pubitemid 41094364)
52. Chesnut CH III, Rosen CJ (2001) Perspective: Reconsidering the effects of antiresorptive therapies in reducing osteoporotic fracture. J Bone Miner Res 16:2163-2172
53. Cefalu C (2004) Is bone mineral density predictive of fracture risk reduction ? Curr Med Res Opin 20:341-349
54. Sarkar S, Mitlak BH, Wong M, Stock JL, Black DM, Harper KD (2002) Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy. J Bone Miner Res 17:1-10 (Pubitemid 33150990)
55. Olson M, Mindeholm L, Eriksen EF, Majumdar S, Azria M, Chesnut C (2006) Trabecular number as risk factor in osteoporosis and the role of nasal spray calcitonin (NS-CT) in its modification [abstract]. Osteoporos Int 17(Suppl 1):S12-S13
56. Jiang Y, Zhao J, Geusens P, Liao EY, Adriaensens P, Gelan J, Azria M, Boonen S, Caulin F, Lynch JA, Ouyang X, Genant HK (2005) Femoral neck trabecular microstructure in ovariectomized ewes treated with calcitonin: MRI microscopic evaluation. J Bone Miner Res 20:125-130 (Pubitemid 41716227)
57. Lufkin E, Sarkar S, Kulkarni M, Ciaccia A, Siddhanti S, Stock J, Plouffe L (2004) Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: review of randomized clinical studies and rationale for the Evista alendronate comparison (EVA) trial. Curr Med Res Opin 20:351-357 (Pubitemid 38339175)
58. Marcus R, Wong M, Heath H, Stock J (2002) Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: comparison of study designs and outcomes in clinical trials with fracture as endpoint. Endocr Rev 23:16-37 (Pubitemid 34185305)
59. Boonen S, Body J, Boutsen Y, Devogelaer J, Goemaere S, Kaufman J, Rozenberg S, Reginster J (2005) Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos Int 16:239-254 (Pubitemid 40379423)
60. Altkorn D, Vokes T (2001) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. JAMA 285:1415-1418
61. Hamdy R, Chesnut CH 3rd, Holick M, Leib E, Lewiecki M, Maricic M, Watts N (2005) Review of treatment modalities for postmenopausal osteoporosis. South Med J 98:1000-1014
62. Borah B, Dufresne TE, Chmielewski PA, Johnson TD, Chines A, Manhart MD (2004) Risedronate preserves bone architecture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis as measured by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography. Bone 34:736-746 (Pubitemid 38393811)
63. Trovas GP, Lyritis GP, Galanos A, Raptou P, Constantelou E (2002) A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in men with idiopathic osteoporosis: effects on bone mineral density and bone markers. J Bone Miner Res 17:521-527 (Pubitemid 34171767)
64. Toth E, Csupor E, Meszaros S, Ferencz V, Nemeth L, McCloskey EV, Horvath C (2005) The effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin therapy on bone mineral density in idiopathic male osteoporosis without vertebral fractures-an open label study. Bone 36:47-51 (Pubitemid 40128273)
65. Pun KK, Chan LW (1989) Analgesic effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Clin Ther 11:205-209 (Pubitemid 19143364)
66. Lyritis GP, Paspati I, Karachalios T, Ioakimidis D, Skarantavos G, Lyritis PG (1997) Pain relief from nasal salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures. A double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 275:112-114
67. Cranney A, Welch V, Adachi JD, Homik J, Shea B, Suarez-Almazor ME, Tugwell P, Wells G (2000) Calcitonin for the treatment and prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001983
68. Bell NH, Avery S, Johnston CC (1970) Effects of calcitonin in Paget's disease and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. J Clin Endocrinol 31:283-290
69. Goldfield EB, Braiker BM, Prendergast JJ, Kolb FO (1972) Synthetic salmon calcitonin: treatment of Paget's disease and osteogenesis imperfecta. JAMA 221:1127-1129
70. Kanis JA, Horn DB, Scott RDM, Strong JA (1974) Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with synthetic salmon calcitonin. BMJ 3:727-731
71. Gennari C, Agnusdei D (1988) Calcitonin in bone pain management. Curr Ther Res 44:712-722
72. Rico H, Hernandez ER, Younes M, Hernandez D, Espinos D (1988) Biochemical assessment of actue and chronic treatment of Paget's bone disease with calcitonin and calcium with and without bisphosphonate. Bone 9:63-66 (Pubitemid 18112210)
73. Woodhouse NJY, Chalmers AH, Wells IP, Dewbury KC, Mohamedally SM (1977) Paget's disease. Radiological changes occuring in untreated patients and those on therapy with salmon calcitonin during two years' observation. Br J Radiol 50:699-705
74. Delling GR, Schultz A, Siegler R (1977) Changes of bone remodelling surfaces and bone structure in Paget's disease following long-term treatment with calcitonin. Calcif Tissue Res 22:359-361 (Pubitemid 8171119)
75. Fornasier VL, Stapleton K, Williams CC (1978) Histologic changes in Paget's disease treated with calcitonin. Human Path 9:455-461 (Pubitemid 8398500)
76. Evans GA, Slee GC (1977) Calcitonin for multiple fractures in Paget's disease. Br Med J 1:357 (Pubitemid 8023451)
77. Siris E (1999) Goals of treatment for Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res 14(Suppl 2):49-52 (Pubitemid 29455799)
78. Sexton PM (1992) Central nervous system binding sites for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Mol Neurobiol 5:251-273
79. Fischer JA, Tobler PH, Kaufmann M, Born W, Henke H, Cooper PE, Sagar SM, Martin JB (1981) Calcitonin: regional distribution of the hormone and its binding sites in the human brain and pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci 78:7801-7805 (Pubitemid 12186651)
80. Laurian L, Oberman Z, Graff E, Gilard S, Hoerer E, Simantov R (1986) Calcitonin-induced increase in ACTH, β-endorphin and cortisol secretion. Hormone Metab Res 18:268-271
81. Colado M, Ormazabal M, Goicoechea C, Lopez F, Alfaro M, Martin M (1994) Involvement of central serotonergic pathways in analgesia elicited by salmon calcitonin in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 252:291-297 (Pubitemid 24053697)
82. Clementi G, Prato A, Conforto G, Scapagnini U (1984) Role of serotonin in the analgesic activity of calcitonin. Eur J Pharmacol 98:449-451 (Pubitemid 14168116)
83. Silverman SL, Azria M (2002) The analgesic role of calcitonin following osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 13:858-867
84. Lyritis GP, Tsakalakos N, Magiasis B, Karachalios T, Yiatzides, Tsekoura M (1991) Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral fractures: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Calcif Tissue Int 49:369-372
85. Gennari C, Chierichetti SM, Piolini M, Vibelli C, Agnusdei D, Civitelli R, Gonelli S (1985) Analgesic activity of salmon and human calcitonin against cancer pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Curr Ther Res 38:298-308 (Pubitemid 16064546)
86. Lussier D, Huskey AG, Portenoy RK (2004) Adjuvant analgesics in cancer pain management. Oncologist 9:571-591 (Pubitemid 39332322)
87. Perez RS, Kwakkel G, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ (2001) Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS type 1): a research synthesis of 21 randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 21:511-526 (Pubitemid 32492938)
88. Grunstein HS, Clifton-Bligh P, Posen S (1981) Paget's disease of bone: experiences with 100 patients treated with salmon calcitonin. Med J Aus 2:278-280 (Pubitemid 12214308)
89. Kuhlencordt F, Ringe JD, Kruse HP (1981) Behandlung der Osteodystrophia deformans Paget mit Lachs-Calcitonin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 106:1620-1623 (Pubitemid 11031780)
90. Peichl P, Marteau R, Griesmacher A, Kumpan W, Schedl R, Prosquil E, Fasol P, Broll H (2005) Salmon calcitonin nasal spray treatment for postmenopausal women after hip fracture with total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Miner Metab 23:243-252 (Pubitemid 40603208)
91. Huusko TM, Karppi P, Kautiainen H, Suominen H, Avikainen V, Sulkava R (2002) Randomized, double-blind, clinically controlled trial of intranasal calcitonin treatment in patients with hip fracture. Calcif Tissue Int 71:478-484 (Pubitemid 36935464)
92. Combe B, Cohen C, Aubin F (1997) Equivalence of nasal spray and subcutaneous formulations of salmon calcitonin. Calcif Tissue Int 61:10-15 (Pubitemid 27262393)
93. Maksymowych WP (1998) Managing acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures with calcitonin. Can Fam Physician 44:2160-2166 (Pubitemid 28517047)
94. Blau LA, Hoehns JD (2003) Analgesic efficacy of calcitonin for vertebral fracture pain. Ann Pharmacother 37:564-570
95. Knopp JA, Diner BM, Blitz M, Lyritis GP, Rowe BH (2005) Calcitonin for treating acute pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Osteoporosis Int 16:1281-1290 (Pubitemid 41396958)
96. Arinoviche R, Arriagada M, Jacobelli S, Massardo L, Rivero S, Aris H, Valenzuela M, Rojas C, Carvallo A, Gatica H et al (1987) [Calcitonin in acute pain due to vertebral fracture in osteoporosis. Cooperative study] Rev Med Chil 115(11):1039-1043
97. Lyritis GP, Ioannidis GV, Karachalios T, Roidis N, Kataxaki E, Papaioannou N, Kaloudis J, Galanos A (1999) Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin suppositories in patients with acute pain due to recent osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures: a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Clin J Pain 15:284-289 (Pubitemid 30004887)
98. Plosker GL, McTavish D (1991) Intranasal salcatonin (salmon calcitonin): a review of its pharmacological properties and role in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs Aging 8:378-400 (Pubitemid 26148437)
99. Clissold S, Fitton A, Chrisp P (1991) Intranasal salmon calcitonin. A review of its pharmacological properties and potential utility in metabolic bone disorders associated with aging. Drugs Aging 1:405-423
100. Foti R, Martorana U, Broggini M (1995) Long-term tolerability of nasal spray formulation of salmon calcitonin. Curr Ther Res 56:429-435
101. Buclin T, Cosma Rochat M, Burckhardt P, Azria M, Attinger M (2002) Bioavailability and biological efficacy of a new oral formulation of salmon calcitonin in healthy volunteers. J Bone Miner Res 17:1478-1485 (Pubitemid 34803831)
102. Tanko LB, Bagger YZ, Alesandersen P, Devogelaer JP, Reginster JY, Chick R, Olson M, Benmammar H, Mindeholm L, Azria M, Christiansen C (2004) Safety and efficacy of a novel salmon calcitonin (sCT) technology-based oral formulation in healthy postmenopausal women: acute and 3-month effects on biomarkers of bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res 19:1531-1538 (Pubitemid 41094356)
103. Bagger YZ, Tanko LB, Alexandersen P, Karsdal MA, Olson M, Mindeholm L, Azria M, Christiansen C (2005) Oral salmon calcitonin induced suppression of urinary collagen type II degradation in postmenopausal women: a new potential treatment of osteoarthritis. Bone 37:425-430 (Pubitemid 41160502)
104. Manicourt DH, Devogelaer JP, Azria M, Silverman S (2005) Rationale for the potential use of calcitonin in osteoarthritis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5:285-293 (Pubitemid 41684177)
105. Manicourt DH, Altman RD, Williams JM, Devogelaer JP, Druetz-Van Egeren A, Lenz ME, Pietryla D, Thonar EJ (1999) Treatment with calcitonin suppresses the responses of bone, cartilage, and synovium in the early stages of canine experimental osteoarthritis and significantly reduces the severity of the cartilage lesions. Arthritis Rheum 42:1159-1167 (Pubitemid 29268952)
106. Karsdal MA, Tanko LB, Riis BJ, Sondergard BC, Henriksen K, Altman RD, Qvist P, Christiansen C (2006) Calcitonin is involved in cartilage homeostasis: Is calcitonin a treatment for OA ? Osteoarth Cartil 14:617-624
107. Black D, Cummings S, Karpf D, Cauley J, Thompson D, Nevitt M, Bauer D, Genant H, Haskell W, Marcus R, Ott S, Torner J, Quandt S, Reiss T, Ensrud K (1996) Randomized trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet 348:1533-1541 (Pubitemid 26411651)
108. Ettinger B, Black D, Mitlak B, Knickerbocker R, Nickelson T, Genant H, Christiansen C, Delmas P, Zanchetta J, Stakkestad J, Gluer C, Krueger K, Cohen F, Eckert S, Alvioloi L, Lips P, Cummings S (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA 282: 637-645 (Pubitemid 29384151)
109. Maricic M, Adachi JD, Sarkar S, Wu W, Wong M, Harper KD (2002) Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med 162:1140-1143 (Pubitemid 34522401)
110. Harris S, Watts N, Genant H, McKeever C, Hantgartner T, Keller, M, Chesnut C, Brown J, Eriksen E, Hoseyni M, Axelrod D, Miller P (1999) Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA 282:1344-1352 (Pubitemid 29483192)
111. Reginster JY, Minne H, Sorenson O, Hooper M, Roux C, Brandi M, Lund B, Ethgen D, Pack S, Roumagnac I, Eastell R (2000) Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int 11:83-91 (Pubitemid 30099515)
112. Meunier P, Roux C, Seeman E, Ortolanis, Badurski J, Spector T, Cannata J, Balogh A, Lemmel E, Pors-Nielsen S, Rizzoli R, Genant H, Reginster J (2004) The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 350:459-468 (Pubitemid 38133766)
113. EMEA: Scientific discussion http://www.emea.eu.int/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/ protelos/121604en6.pdf