메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 293-313

The Standardized Field Sobriety Tests: A review of scientific and legal issues

(1)  Rubenzer, Steven J a  

a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Driving safety; Driving while intoxicated; HGN; Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus; One Leg Stand; Sobriety test; Walk and Turn

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL BLOOD LEVEL; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; CONFOUNDING VARIABLE; DRIVING ABILITY; DRUNKEN DRIVING; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PSYCHOMETRY; PUBLICATION; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TEST; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 47149111772     PISSN: 01477307     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10979-007-9111-y     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (12)

References (142)
  • 1
    • 47149092147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SFSTs: A blessing or a curse?
    • 5
    • Abbott, W. C. (2005). SFSTs: A blessing or a curse? The Texas Prosecutor, 35(5), 8-10.
    • (2005) The Texas Prosecutor , vol.35 , pp. 8-10
    • Abbott, W.C.1
  • 2
    • 0742268659 scopus 로고
    • House of Delegates Resolution 6, Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus as a field sobriety test
    • American Optometric Association
    • American Optometric Association (1993). House of Delegates Resolution 6, Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus as a field sobriety test. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 64, 653.
    • (1993) Journal of the American Optometric Association , vol.64 , pp. 653
  • 4
    • 47149093436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Prosecutors Research Institute Retrieved August 2, 2006, from
    • American Prosecutors Research Institute (2003). Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus state law summary and chart. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/hgn_state_case_law_chart_2003.pdf.
    • (2003) Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus State Law Summary and Chart
  • 5
    • 0004871585 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington, DC DOT HS-806-475
    • Anderson, T., Schwerz, R., & Snyder, M. (1983). Field evaluation of a behavioral test battery for DWI. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT HS-806-475).
    • (1983) Field Evaluation of a Behavioral Test Battery for DWI
    • Anderson, T.1    Schwerz, R.2    Snyder, M.3
  • 6
    • 0006965954 scopus 로고
    • Different types of alcohol nystagmus
    • Aschan (1958). Different types of alcohol nystagmus. Acta oto-laryngologica, 140, 169-178.
    • (1958) Acta Oto-laryngologica , vol.140 , pp. 169-178
    • Aschan1
  • 7
    • 0019130962 scopus 로고
    • Smooth pursuit eye movement in response to unpredictable target waveforms
    • 11
    • Bahill, A. T., Iandolo, M. J., & Troost, B. T. (1980). Smooth pursuit eye movement in response to unpredictable target waveforms. Vision Research, 20(11), 923-931.
    • (1980) Vision Research , vol.20 , pp. 923-931
    • Bahill, A.T.1    Iandolo, M.J.2    Troost, B.T.3
  • 8
    • 0036945760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety
    • Balaban, C. D. (2002). Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety. Physiology & Behavior, 77, 469-475.
    • (2002) Physiology & Behavior , vol.77 , pp. 469-475
    • Balaban, C.D.1
  • 9
    • 47149089366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: The best field sobriety test
    • Alexandria, Virginia: American Prosecutors Research Institute. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from
    • Bobo, J. (2003). Introduction: The best field sobriety test. Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus evidence: Targeting hardcore impaired drivers. Alexandria, Virginia: American Prosecutors Research Institute. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/ admissibility%20of%20hgn_april_2003.pdf.
    • (2003) Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evidence: Targeting Hardcore Impaired Drivers
    • Bobo, J.1
  • 10
    • 31944452712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role and influence of moods including anxiety on motor control
    • Clark (Ed.), Nova Biomedical Books.
    • Bolmont, B. (2005). Role and influence of moods including anxiety on motor control. In Clark (Ed.), Causes, role and influence of mood states (pp. 57-73). Nova Biomedical Books.
    • (2005) Causes, Role and Influence of Mood States , pp. 57-73
    • Bolmont, B.1
  • 11
    • 0034981328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-position nystagmus as an indictor of ethanol intoxication
    • 2
    • Booker, J. L. (2001). End-position nystagmus as an indictor of ethanol intoxication. Science and Justice, 41(2), 113-116.
    • (2001) Science and Justice , vol.41 , pp. 113-116
    • Booker, J.L.1
  • 12
    • 3142750094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: Fraudulent science in the American courts
    • 3
    • Booker, J. L. (2004). The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: Fraudulent science in the American courts. Science and Justice, 44(3), 133-139.
    • (2004) Science and Justice , vol.44 , pp. 133-139
    • Booker, J.L.1
  • 13
    • 0344303634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for benzodiazepine inebriation-Relationship between benzodiazepine concentration and simple clinical tests for impairment in a sample of drugged drivers
    • 8-9
    • Bramness, J. G., Skurtveit, S., & Mørland, J. (2003). Testing for benzodiazepine inebriation-Relationship between benzodiazepine concentration and simple clinical tests for impairment in a sample of drugged drivers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 59(8-9), 593-601.
    • (2003) European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , vol.59 , pp. 593-601
    • Bramness, J.G.1    Skurtveit, S.2    Mørland, J.3
  • 15
    • 4143101411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of field sobriety test research
    • Burns, M. (2003). An overview of field sobriety test research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97, 1187-1199.
    • (2003) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.97 , pp. 1187-1199
    • Burns, M.1
  • 21
    • 85050839062 scopus 로고
    • Can your eyes be used against you? the use of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus in the courtroom
    • 1
    • Busloff, S. E. (1993). Can your eyes be used against you? The use of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus in the courtroom. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 84(1), 203-238.
    • (1993) The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology , vol.84 , pp. 203-238
    • Busloff, S.E.1
  • 22
    • 47149090826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HGN and the role of the optometrist
    • Alexandria, Virginia: American Prosecutors Research Institute. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from
    • Citek, K. (2003). HGN and the role of the optometrist. Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus evidence: Targeting hardcore impaired drivers. Alexandria, Virginia: American Prosecutors Research Institute. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/admissibility%20of%20hgn_april_2003.pdf.
    • (2003) Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evidence: Targeting Hardcore Impaired Drivers
    • Citek, K.1
  • 23
    • 0742270034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nystagmus testing in intoxicated individuals
    • Available:
    • *Citek, K., Ball, B., & Rutledge, D. A. (2003). Nystagmus testing in intoxicated individuals. Optometry, 74(11), 695-710. Available: http://www.ndaa-apri.org/pdf/nystagmus_testing.pdf.
    • (2003) Optometry , vol.74 , Issue.11 , pp. 695-710
    • Citek, K.1    Ball, B.2    Rutledge, D.A.3
  • 25
    • 47149118781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DWI: Modern day Salem witch hunts
    • 63. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from
    • Coffey, M. (2004). DWI: Modern day Salem witch hunts. The Champion, 28(9), 51-54, 63. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http://www.nacdl.org/public. nsf/01c1e7698280d20385256d0b00789923/0ce16f3b9551615c85256f6a00558f3a? OpenDocument.
    • (2004) The Champion , vol.28 , Issue.9 , pp. 51-54
    • Coffey, M.1
  • 27
    • 47149109885 scopus 로고
    • New proof that field sobriety tests are "failure-designed"
    • 2
    • Cole, R. M., & Cole, S. N. (1991). New proof that field sobriety tests are "failure-designed." DWI Journal: Law & Science, 6(2), 1-5.
    • (1991) DWI Journal: Law & Science , vol.6 , pp. 1-5
    • Cole, R.M.1    Cole, S.N.2
  • 28
    • 0028492967 scopus 로고
    • Field sobriety tests: Are they designed for failure?
    • Cole, S., & Nowaczyk, R. H. (1994). Field sobriety tests: Are they designed for failure? Perceptual & Motor Skills, 79, 99-104.
    • (1994) Perceptual & Motor Skills , vol.79 , pp. 99-104
    • Cole, S.1    Nowaczyk, R.H.2
  • 29
    • 47149107631 scopus 로고
    • The .10% solution
    • 7
    • Cole, S., & Nowaczyk, R. H. (1995). The.10% solution. The Champion, 19(7), 40-43.
    • (1995) The Champion , vol.19 , pp. 40-43
    • Cole, S.1    Nowaczyk, R.H.2
  • 31
    • 47149090238 scopus 로고
    • Proof and disproof of alcohol-induced driving impairment through evidence of observable intoxication and coordination testing
    • Cowen J. D., & Jaffee, S. G. (1989). Proof and disproof of alcohol-induced driving impairment through evidence of observable intoxication and coordination testing. American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts, 3d, 9, 459-596.
    • (1989) American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts, 3d , vol.9 , pp. 459-596
    • Cowen, J.D.1    Jaffee, S.G.2
  • 32
    • 47149111491 scopus 로고
    • Field sobriety tests: The flimsy scientific underpinnings
    • 12
    • Cowen, J. D., & Jaffee, S. G. (1990). Field sobriety tests: The flimsy scientific underpinnings. DWI Journal: Law & Science, 5(12), 1-7.
    • (1990) DWI Journal: Law & Science , vol.5 , pp. 1-7
    • Cowen, J.D.1    Jaffee, S.G.2
  • 33
    • 47149106899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993). 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed. 2d.469.
    • Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993). 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed. 2d.469.
  • 34
    • 0008584826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nystagmus and saccadic intrusions and oscillations
    • Lippencott, Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia Vol. 2, Rev. ed., Chap. 11
    • Dell'Osso, L. F., & Darloff, R. B. (2005). Nystagmus and saccadic intrusions and oscillations. In W. Tasman, & E. A. Jaeger (Eds.), Duane's clinical ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lippencott, Williams & Wilkins (Vol. 2, Rev. ed., Chap. 11).
    • (2005) Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology
    • Dell'Osso, L.F.1    Darloff, R.B.2    Tasman, W.3    Jaeger, E.A.4
  • 35
    • 47149084076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerson v. State (1994). 880 S.W.2d 759 (Tx. Crim. App.).
    • Emerson v. State (1994). 880 S.W.2d 759 (Tx. Crim. App.).
  • 36
    • 47149107098 scopus 로고
    • Roadside sobriety tests: Both "scientific" and unreliable
    • 11
    • Essen, R. J., & Levenstein, M. (1989). Roadside sobriety tests: Both "scientific" and unreliable. DWI Journal: Law & Science, 4(11), 6-10.
    • (1989) DWI Journal: Law & Science , vol.4 , pp. 6-10
    • Essen, R.J.1    Levenstein, M.2
  • 38
    • 14544288236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological evidence at the dawn of law's scientific age
    • Faigman, D. L., & Monahan, J. (2005). Psychological evidence at the dawn of law's scientific age. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 631-659.
    • (2005) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 631-659
    • Faigman, D.L.1    Monahan, J.2
  • 39
    • 47149104754 scopus 로고
    • Optometric expertise: The scientific basis for alcohol gaze nystagmus
    • 7
    • Forkiotis, C. J. (1987). Optometric expertise: The scientific basis for alcohol gaze nystagmus. Optometric Extension Program Foundation, 59(7), 1-15.
    • (1987) Optometric Extension Program Foundation , vol.59 , pp. 1-15
    • Forkiotis, C.J.1
  • 42
    • 47149111872 scopus 로고
    • Impairment caused by moderate blood alcohol levels in a closed course: Preliminary demonstration
    • S. Kaye & G. Meier (Eds.), Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety-T'95, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation.
    • *Giguire, W. (1983). Impairment caused by moderate blood alcohol levels in a closed course: Preliminary demonstration. In. S. Kaye & G. Meier (Eds.), Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety-T'95, Vol. 1. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, pp. 529-542. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation.
    • (1983) Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety , pp. 529-542
    • Giguire, W.1
  • 43
    • 47149114623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field sobriety test: Problem with Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus as an assumption of blood alcohol level of .08% or higher
    • Glass, G. (2003). Field sobriety test: Problem with Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus as an assumption of blood alcohol level of.08% or higher. Voice for the Defense, 16-21.
    • (2003) Voice for the Defense , pp. 16-21
    • Glass, G.1
  • 44
    • 0022532759 scopus 로고
    • Gaze nystagmus blood alcohol
    • *Goding, G. S., & Dobie, R. (1986). Gaze nystagmus blood alcohol. Laryngoscope, 96, 713-717.
    • (1986) Laryngoscope , vol.96 , pp. 713-717
    • Goding, G.S.1    Dobie, R.2
  • 45
    • 0022542114 scopus 로고
    • Use of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus as a part of roadside field sobriety testing
    • *Good, G. W., & Augsburger, C. R. (1986). Use of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus as a part of roadside field sobriety testing. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics, 63(6), 467-471.
    • (1986) American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics , vol.63 , Issue.6 , pp. 467-471
    • Good, G.W.1    Augsburger, C.R.2
  • 48
    • 0017876206 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of saccadic pursuit eye movement in screening for organic cerebral dysfunction
    • Hartje, W., Steinäuser, D., & Kerschensteiner, M. (1978). Diagnostic value of saccadic pursuit eye movement in screening for organic cerebral dysfunction, Journal of Neurology, 217, 253-260.
    • (1978) Journal of Neurology , vol.217 , pp. 253-260
    • Hartje, W.1    Steinäuser, D.2    Kerschensteiner, M.3
  • 49
    • 0026638182 scopus 로고
    • The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment
    • 3
    • Heilbrum, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16(3), 257-272.
    • (1992) Law and Human Behavior , vol.16 , pp. 257-272
    • Heilbrum, K.1
  • 51
    • 0037398794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divided attention in older but not younger adults is impaired by anxiety
    • 2
    • Hogan, M. J. (2003). Divided attention in older but not younger adults is impaired by anxiety. Experimental Aging Research, 29(2), 111-136.
    • (2003) Experimental Aging Research , vol.29 , pp. 111-136
    • Hogan, M.J.1
  • 52
    • 47149112072 scopus 로고
    • Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: The state of the science in 1995
    • Honts, C. R., & Amato-Henderson, S. L. (1995). Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: The state of the science in 1995. North Dakota Law Review, 71, 671-700.
    • (1995) North Dakota Law Review , vol.71 , pp. 671-700
    • Honts, C.R.1    Amato-Henderson, S.L.2
  • 53
    • 0031915856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The alcohol breath test-A review
    • 2
    • Hlastala, M. P. (1998). The alcohol breath test-A review. Journal of Applied Physiology, 84(2), 401-408.
    • (1998) Journal of Applied Physiology , vol.84 , pp. 401-408
    • Hlastala, M.P.1
  • 54
    • 33846304302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of breathing pattern and lung size on the alcohol breath test
    • 2
    • Hlastala, M. P., & Anderson, J. C. (2007). The impact of breathing pattern and lung size on the alcohol breath test. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 35(2), 264-272.
    • (2007) Annals of Biomedical Engineering , vol.35 , pp. 264-272
    • Hlastala, M.P.1    Anderson, J.C.2
  • 56
    • 47149115384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iowa v. Murphy (1990). 451 N.W.2d 154 (Iowa).
    • Iowa v. Murphy (1990). 451 N.W.2d 154 (Iowa).
  • 57
    • 0026704059 scopus 로고
    • Measuring ethanol in blood and breath for legal purposes: Variability between laboratories and between breath-test instruments
    • Jones, A. W., Beylich, K. M., Bjorneboe, A., Ingum J., & Morland, J. (1992). Measuring ethanol in blood and breath for legal purposes: Variability between laboratories and between breath-test instruments. Clinical Chemistry, 38, 743-747.
    • (1992) Clinical Chemistry , vol.38 , pp. 743-747
    • Jones, A.W.1    Beylich, K.M.2    Bjorneboe, A.3    Ingum, J.4    Morland, J.5
  • 58
    • 0038474162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficits in gain of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and affective disorder patients and their unaffected relatives
    • Kathmann, N., Hochrein, A., Uwer, R., & Bondy, B. (2003). Deficits in gain of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and affective disorder patients and their unaffected relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 696-702.
    • (2003) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 696-702
    • Kathmann, N.1    Hochrein, A.2    Uwer, R.3    Bondy, B.4
  • 60
    • 47149094342 scopus 로고
    • Calibration of a portable, automated, posture assessment system using graded blood alcohol level: Comparison with the standardized field sobriety and cognitive tests
    • C. N. Kloeden & A. J. McLean (Eds.), Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety-T'95, Adelaide, Australia: NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, Univ. of Adelaide 5005.
    • *Kennedy, R. S., Turnage, J. J., Dunlap, W. P., & Drexler, J. M. (1995). Calibration of a portable, automated, posture assessment system using graded blood alcohol level: Comparison with the standardized field sobriety and cognitive tests. In C. N. Kloeden & A. J. McLean (Eds.), Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety-T'95, Vol. 1. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, pp. 455-462. Adelaide, Australia: NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, Univ. of Adelaide 5005.
    • (1995) Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety , vol.1 , pp. 455-462
    • Kennedy, R.S.1    Turnage, J.J.2    Dunlap, W.P.3    Drexler, J.M.4
  • 61
    • 0028033556 scopus 로고
    • Indexing cognitive tests to alcohol dosage and comparison to standardized field sobriety tests
    • Kennedy, R. S., Turnage, J. J., Rugotzke, G. G., & Dunlap, W. P. (1994). Indexing cognitive tests to alcohol dosage and comparison to standardized field sobriety tests. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 615-628.
    • (1994) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.55 , pp. 615-628
    • Kennedy, R.S.1    Turnage, J.J.2    Rugotzke, G.G.3    Dunlap, W.P.4
  • 63
    • 0020842072 scopus 로고
    • Psychology, public policy, and the evidence for alcohol intoxication
    • 10
    • Langenbucher, J., & Nathan, P. E. (1983). Psychology, public policy, and the evidence for alcohol intoxication. American Psychologist, 38(10), 1070-1077.
    • (1983) American Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 1070-1077
    • Langenbucher, J.1    Nathan, P.E.2
  • 64
    • 84953680842 scopus 로고
    • Pathological science
    • Langmuir, I. (1969). Pathological science. Physics Today, 42, 36-48.
    • (1969) Physics Today , vol.42 , pp. 36-48
    • Langmuir, I.1
  • 66
    • 47149115577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driver behavior and impairment symptoms in cannabinoid positive subjects arrested for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). Poster Session Presented at the San Antonio, TX.
    • Leggett, A., McCloskey, S., Malfer, R., & Kerrigan, S. (2007). Driver behavior and impairment symptoms in cannabinoid positive subjects arrested for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). Poster Session Presented at the Annual American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting, San Antonio, TX.
    • (2007) Annual American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting
    • Leggett, A.1    McCloskey, S.2    Malfer, R.3    Kerrigan, S.4
  • 67
    • 0017130459 scopus 로고
    • The effect of blood alcohol concentration on the onset of gaze nystagmus
    • Lehti, H. M. J. (1976). The effect of blood alcohol concentration on the onset of gaze nystagmus. Blutalkohol, 13, 411-414.
    • (1976) Blutalkohol , vol.13 , pp. 411-414
    • Lehti, H.M.J.1
  • 70
    • 47149109503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving under the influence of methamphetamine: Comparison of driving behavior and impairment symptoms in subjects arrested for driving while intoxicated. Poster Session Presented at the San Antonio, TX.
    • McCloskey, S., Leggett, A, Malfer; R., & Kerrigan, S. (2007). Driving under the influence of methamphetamine: Comparison of driving behavior and impairment symptoms in subjects arrested for driving while intoxicated. Poster Session Presented at the Annual American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting, San Antonio, TX.
    • (2007) Annual American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting
    • McCloskey, S.1    Leggett, A.2    Malfer, R.3    Kerrigan, S.4
  • 75
    • 47149105132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: A closer look
    • Meaney, R. (1996). Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: A closer look. Jurimetrics Journal, 36, 383-407.
    • (1996) Jurimetrics Journal , vol.36 , pp. 383-407
    • Meaney, R.1
  • 77
    • 21644441345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of anxiety on motor performance: A test of the conscious processing hypothesis
    • 2
    • Mullen, R., Hardy, L., & Tattersall, A. (2005). The effects of anxiety on motor performance: A test of the conscious processing hypothesis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27(2), 212-225.
    • (2005) Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 212-225
    • Mullen, R.1    Hardy, L.2    Tattersall, A.3
  • 78
    • 0031049624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual difference in alcohol responsivity: Physiological, psychomotor, and subjective response domains
    • 2
    • Mundt, J. C., Perrine, M. W., & Searles, J. S. (1997). Individual difference in alcohol responsivity: Physiological, psychomotor, and subjective response domains. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(2), 130-140.
    • (1997) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.58 , pp. 130-140
    • Mundt, J.C.1    Perrine, M.W.2    Searles, J.S.3
  • 79
    • 0038162232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alerted control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movement in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
    • Munez, D. P., Armstrong, I. T., Hampton, K. A., & Moore, K. D. (2003). Alerted control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movement in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90, 503-514.
    • (2003) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.90 , pp. 503-514
    • Munez, D.P.1    Armstrong, I.T.2    Hampton, K.A.3    Moore, K.D.4
  • 80
    • 0742320937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT HS 178 R1/02).
    • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation (2002). DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing, Instructors Manual (DOT HS 178 R1/02).
    • (2002) DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Testing, Instructors Manual
  • 82
    • 84914932143 scopus 로고
    • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT HS 806 512).
    • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation (1984). Improved sobriety testing (DOT HS 806 512).
    • (1984) Improved Sobriety Testing
  • 84
    • 47149097537 scopus 로고
    • The correlation of angle of onset of nystagmus with blood alcohol level: Report of a field trial
    • Norris, J. (1985). The correlation of angle of onset of nystagmus with blood alcohol level: Report of a field trial. California Ass'n Criminalistics Newsletter, 21.
    • (1985) California Ass'n Criminalistics Newsletter , pp. 21
    • Norris, J.1
  • 85
  • 86
    • 47149084589 scopus 로고
    • Separating myth from fact: A review of research on the field sobriety tests
    • 7
    • Nowaczyk, R. H., & Cole, S. (1995). Separating myth from fact: A review of research on the field sobriety tests. The Champion, 19(7), 40-43.
    • (1995) The Champion , vol.19 , pp. 40-43
    • Nowaczyk, R.H.1    Cole, S.2
  • 88
    • 0034956241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardized field sobriety tests: A survey of police surgeons in Strathclyde
    • O'Keefe, M. (2001). Standardized field sobriety tests: A survey of police surgeons in Strathclyde. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 8, 57-65.
    • (2001) Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine , vol.8 , pp. 57-65
    • O'Keefe, M.1
  • 89
    • 84986347572 scopus 로고
    • Police perceptions of alcohol intoxication
    • 2
    • Pagano, M. R., & Taylor, S. P. (1979). Police perceptions of alcohol intoxication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 10(2), 166-174.
    • (1979) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 166-174
    • Pagano, M.R.1    Taylor, S.P.2
  • 90
    • 47149118764 scopus 로고
    • Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: Voodoo science
    • 3
    • Pangman, W. A. (1987). Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: Voodoo science. DWI Journal: Law & Science, 2(3), 1-6.
    • (1987) DWI Journal: Law & Science , vol.2 , pp. 1-6
    • Pangman, W.A.1
  • 91
    • 21244501729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the sensitivity of the Standardised Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) to detect impairment due to marijuana intoxication
    • 1
    • Papafotiou, K., Carter, J. D., & Stough, C. (2005). An evaluation of the sensitivity of the Standardised Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) to detect impairment due to marijuana intoxication. Psychopharmacology, 180(1), 107-114.
    • (2005) Psychopharmacology , vol.180 , pp. 107-114
    • Papafotiou, K.1    Carter, J.D.2    Stough, C.3
  • 92
    • 47149115592 scopus 로고
    • Car driving and alcohol consumption: Medical observations on an experiment
    • Penner, D. W., & Coldwell, B. B. (1958). Car driving and alcohol consumption: Medical observations on an experiment. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 79, 793-800.
    • (1958) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.79 , pp. 793-800
    • Penner, D.W.1    Coldwell, B.B.2
  • 95
    • 47149092666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Leahy (1994). 8 Cal 4th 587, 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663, 882 P.2d 321.
    • People v. Leahy (1994). 8 Cal 4th 587, 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 663, 882 P.2d 321.
  • 96
    • 47149093422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Loomis (1984). 156 Cal. App. 3d 1, 203 Cal. Rptr. 767 (Cal. Super. 1984).
    • People v. Loomis (1984). 156 Cal. App. 3d 1, 203 Cal. Rptr. 767 (Cal. Super. 1984).
  • 97
    • 47149109701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Vega (1986). 145 Ill. App. 3d 996.
    • People v. Vega (1986). 145 Ill. App. 3d 996.
  • 98
    • 47149092132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. Williams (1992). 3 Cal. Rptr. 2d 130 Cal. App. 5 Dist.
    • People v. Williams (1992). 3 Cal. Rptr. 2d 130 Cal. App. 5 Dist.
  • 100
    • 0002237540 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic perspectives on drunk driving
    • Paper presented at the Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    • *Perrine, M. W., Peck, R. C., & Fell, J. C. (1988). Epidemiologic perspectives on drunk driving. Paper presented at the U.S. Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    • (1988) U.S. Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving
    • Perrine, M.W.1    Peck, R.C.2    Fell, J.C.3
  • 103
    • 0029893473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: A meta-analysis
    • 4
    • Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: A meta-analysis. Sleep, 19(4), 318-326.
    • (1996) Sleep , vol.19 , pp. 318-326
    • Pilcher, J.J.1    Huffcutt, A.I.2
  • 104
    • 0024432897 scopus 로고
    • Effects of alcohol on the acoustic phonetic properties of speech: Perceptual and acoustic analysis
    • 4
    • Pisoni, D. B., & Martin, C. S. (1989). Effects of alcohol on the acoustic phonetic properties of speech: Perceptual and acoustic analysis. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13(4), 577-587.
    • (1989) Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.13 , pp. 577-587
    • Pisoni, D.B.1    Martin, C.S.2
  • 105
    • 47149098268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field sobriety testing
    • 7
    • Price, P. B. (1996). Field sobriety testing. The Champion, 20(7), 46-50.
    • (1996) The Champion , vol.20 , pp. 46-50
    • Price, P.B.1
  • 106
    • 47149110448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NHTSA field sobriety tests: Validation and invalidation
    • 37-42.
    • Price, P. B., & Cole, S. (2001). NHTSA field sobriety tests: Validation and invalidation. The Champion, 25(3), 25, 37-42.
    • (2001) The Champion , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 25
    • Price, P.B.1    Cole, S.2
  • 107
    • 84964682810 scopus 로고
    • The competency and accuracy of police academy recruits in the use of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test for detecting alcohol impairment
    • 1
    • Richman, J. E., & Jakobowski, J. (1994). The competency and accuracy of police academy recruits in the use of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test for detecting alcohol impairment. New England Journal of Optometry, 47(1), 5-8.
    • (1994) New England Journal of Optometry , vol.47 , pp. 5-8
    • Richman, J.E.1    Jakobowski, J.2
  • 108
    • 47149110278 scopus 로고
    • Unreliability of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test
    • Rouleau, M. (1990). Unreliability of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test. American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts 3d, 4, 439-495.
    • (1990) American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts 3d , vol.4 , pp. 439-495
    • Rouleau, M.1
  • 109
    • 0034254716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and attentional dysfunction: Adults with schizophrenia, ADHD, and a normal comparison group
    • 3
    • Ross R. G., Olincy, A, Harrisb, J. G., Sullivan, B, & Radant, A. (2000) Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and attentional dysfunction: Adults with schizophrenia, ADHD, and a normal comparison group. Biological Psychiatry, 48(3), 197-203.
    • (2000) Biological Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 197-203
    • Ross, R.G.1    Olincy, A.2    Harrisb, J.G.3    Sullivan, B.4    Radant, A.5
  • 110
    • 47149107647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychometrics and science of the standardized field sobriety tests, Part 1
    • 4
    • Rubenzer, S. J. (2003a). The psychometrics and science of the standardized field sobriety tests, Part 1. The Champion, 27(4), 48-54.
    • (2003) The Champion , vol.27 , pp. 48-54
    • Rubenzer, S.J.1
  • 111
    • 47149107647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychometrics and science of the standardized field sobriety tests, Part 2
    • 5
    • Rubenzer, S. J. (2003b). The psychometrics and science of the standardized field sobriety tests, Part 2. The Champion, 27(5), 40-44.
    • (2003) The Champion , vol.27 , pp. 40-44
    • Rubenzer, S.J.1
  • 114
    • 47149104565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schultz v. State (1995). 106 Md. App. 145, 664 A. 2d 60.
    • Schultz v. State (1995). 106 Md. App. 145, 664 A. 2d 60.
  • 116
    • 25844458610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the sensitivity of the standardised field sobriety tests to detect the presence of amphetamine
    • 1
    • Silber, B. Y., Papafotiou K., Croft R. J., & Stough, C. K. K. (2005). An evaluation of the sensitivity of the standardised field sobriety tests to detect the presence of amphetamine. Psychopharmacology, 182(1), 153-159.
    • (2005) Psychopharmacology , vol.182 , pp. 153-159
    • Silber, B.Y.1    Papafotiou, K.2    Croft, R.J.3    Stough, C.K.K.4
  • 117
    • 84869572798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2006, from
    • Simon, S. (n.d.). Steve's attempt to teach statistics. Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http://www.childrens-mercy.org/stats/journal/oddsratio.asp.
    • Steve's Attempt to Teach Statistics
    • Simon, S.1
  • 118
    • 47149088328 scopus 로고
    • Attacking NHTSA's three-test field sobriety assessment
    • 5
    • Simpson, G. (1988). Attacking NHTSA's three-test field sobriety assessment. DWI Journal: Law and Science, 3(5), 9-12.
    • (1988) DWI Journal: Law and Science , vol.3 , pp. 9-12
    • Simpson, G.1
  • 119
    • 47149100195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Dahood (2002a). #96-JT-707 (Concorde District Court).
    • State v. Dahood (2002a). #96-JT-707 (Concorde District Court).
  • 120
    • 47149083526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Dahood (2002b). 814 A.2d 159 (NH).
    • State v. Dahood (2002b). 814 A.2d 159 (NH).
  • 121
    • 47149087622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Homan (2000). 89 Ohio St.3d 421, 732 N.E.2d 952.
    • State v. Homan (2000). 89 Ohio St.3d 421, 732 N.E.2d 952.
  • 122
    • 47149095648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Meador (1996). 674 So.2d 826 (Fla.App 4 Dist.).
    • State v. Meador (1996). 674 So.2d 826 (Fla.App 4 Dist.).
  • 123
    • 47149084442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Murphy (1990). 451 N.W.2d 154 (Iowa).
    • State v. Murphy (1990). 451 N.W.2d 154 (Iowa).
  • 124
    • 47149089536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Nagel (1986). 30 Ohio App.3d 80, 506 N.E.2d 285.
    • State v. Nagel (1986). 30 Ohio App.3d 80, 506 N.E.2d 285.
  • 125
    • 47149106318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Superior Court (1986). 149 Ariz. 269, 718 P.2d 171.
    • State v. Superior Court (1986). 149 Ariz. 269, 718 P.2d 171.
  • 126
    • 47149084790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State v. Witte (1992). 251 Kan. 313, 836 P.2d 1110.
    • State v. Witte (1992). 251 Kan. 313, 836 P.2d 1110.
  • 129
    • 0023628548 scopus 로고
    • Assessing degree of intoxication in humans with high plasma alcohol concentrations
    • 67
    • Sullivan, J. B., Hauptman, M., & Bronstein, A. C. (1987). Assessing degree of intoxication in humans with high plasma alcohol concentrations. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32(67), 1650-1665.
    • (1987) Journal of Forensic Sciences , vol.32 , pp. 1650-1665
    • Sullivan, J.B.1    Hauptman, M.2    Bronstein, A.C.3
  • 133
    • 47149118415 scopus 로고
    • The value of nystagmus in the practical examination of suspected drunken drivers
    • Tenhu, M., & Pentillä, A. (1976). The value of nystagmus in the practical examination of suspected drunken drivers. Forensic Science, 8, 199-200.
    • (1976) Forensic Science , vol.8 , pp. 199-200
    • Tenhu, M.1    Pentillä, A.2
  • 135
    • 0019418917 scopus 로고
    • Circadian effects on alcohol gaze nystagmus
    • 2
    • Tharp, V., Moskowitz, H. A., & Burns, M. M. (1981b). Circadian effects on alcohol gaze nystagmus. Psychophysiology, 18(2), 5-8.
    • (1981) Psychophysiology , vol.18 , pp. 5-8
    • Tharp, V.1    Moskowitz, H.A.2    Burns, M.M.3
  • 136
    • 0022773186 scopus 로고
    • Optometric expert testimony: Foundations for the horizontal gaze nystagmus test
    • 9
    • Tiffany, D. V. (1986). Optometric expert testimony: Foundations for the horizontal gaze nystagmus test. Journal of Optometry and the Law, 57(9), 705-708.
    • (1986) Journal of Optometry and the Law , vol.57 , pp. 705-708
    • Tiffany, D.V.1
  • 138
    • 47149119179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U .S. v. Horn (2002). 185 F.Supp.2d 530 (D.Md.).
    • U.S. v. Horn (2002). 185 F.Supp.2d 530 (D.Md.).
  • 139
    • 0019797712 scopus 로고
    • Blood ethanol levels in sober alcohol users seen in an emergency room
    • Urso, T., Gavaler, J. S., & Van Thiel, D. H. (1981). Blood ethanol levels in sober alcohol users seen in an emergency room. Life Sciences, 23, 1053-1056.
    • (1981) Life Sciences , vol.23 , pp. 1053-1056
    • Urso, T.1    Gavaler, J.S.2    Van Thiel, D.H.3
  • 140
    • 0001485603 scopus 로고
    • Drinking divers and alcoholics: Are they from the same population?
    • Vingilis, E. (1983). Drinking divers and alcoholics: Are they from the same population? Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, 7, 299-342.
    • (1983) Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems , vol.7 , pp. 299-342
    • Vingilis, E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.