Anti-Americanism in Turkey: Past and present

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 471-487

  G̈uney, Aylin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN POLICY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

EURASIA; NORTH AMERICA; TURKEY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 46649101138     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: 17437881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200802021632     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. J, de Novo, American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900-1939 (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1963), p.254.
2. B. Kuniholm, 'Turkey and the US: Views and Expectations', in Turkish-American Relations: Forty Years of Continuity and Change (Istanbul: Fatih Genclik Vakfi Matbaa Isletmesi, 1987), p.31.
3. Mosul was an oil-rich province in northern Iraq. The question of who would control Mosul was not solved in the Lausanne Conference since Great Britain did not want to leave Mosul to Turkey under the pretext that it was highly populated by the Kurds. The problem was later resolved through the League of Nations in 1926 and Mosul became a part of Iraq.
4. De Novo, American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900-1939 p.192.
5. Foreign Affairs and National Defence Division, US Military Installations in NATO's Southern Region (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1986), p.45. The establishment of these installations through bilateral defence agreements was justified on the basis of Article III of the North Atlantic Treaty.
6. M. Toker, 'Turkish-American Relations, A Personal View', in Turkish-American Relations: Forty Years of Continuity and Change, p.115.
7. Ferenc Vali points to the same fact that 'fifty-five agreements were concluded through 1964 relating to the military presence of the USA on Turkish soil ... Most of these agreements have never been submitted for approval to the Turkish Parliament or even made public.'
8. F.A. Vali, Bridge across the Bosporus: The Foreign Policy of Turkey (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), p.139.
9. N. Uslu, Türk-Amerikan Ilişkileri (Ankara: 21. Yüzyil Yayinlari, 2000), p.101.
10. N.B. Criss, 'Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey: The Jupiter Affair', The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (1997), pp.98-103.
11. W. Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy 1774-2000 (London: Frank Cass, 2000), p.135.
12. N.B. Criss, 'A Short History of Anti-Americanism and Terrorism: The Turkish Case', Journal of American History, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.2/criss.html.
13. Vali, Bridge across the Bosporus, p.54.
14. Ibid.
15. 'US Department of State, Press Release No.108, 2 April 1970', cited in G.S. Harris, Troubled Alliance. Turkish-American Problems in Historical Perspective 1945-1971 (Washington DC: AEI-Hoover Policy Studies, 1972), p.12.
16. Uslu, T_dusrk-Amerikan Ilişkileri, p.236.
17. 'Letter sent by the US President Lyndon Johnson to Turkish Premier Ismet Inönü ', in Appendix B of M. Stearns, Entangled Allies: US Policy towards Greece, Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992), p.157.
18. Faruk Sönmezoǧlu cites George Ball who described the letter as 'the most vulgar diplomatic wording I have ever seen in my life', see F. Sönmezoǧlu, Ikinci Dünya Savaşindan Günümüze Türk Diş Politikasi (Istanbul: Der Yayinlari, 2005), p.72.
19. Harris, Troubled Alliance, p.125.
20. D. Sezer, Kamuoyu ve Diş Politika (Ankara: Siyasal Bilgiler Üniversitesi Yayinlari, 1972), pp.371-2.
21. Vali, Bridge across the Bosporus, pp.141-2.
22. A.B. Pakel, 'Turkish-American Relations, 1945-1980' (Unpublished Masters Thesis, Bilkent University, 2006), p.59.
23. Ibid.
24. Harris, Troubled Alliance, p.139.
25. Vali, Bridge across the Bosporus, p.143.
26. Congressional Research Service, Congressional-Executive Relations and the Turkish Arms Embargo (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1984), p.33.
27. N.B. Criss, 'Mercenaries of Ideology: Turkey's Terrorism War', in B. Rubin (ed.), Terrorism and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), pp.123-50.
28. Ibid.
29. CSIA European Security Working Group, Instability and Change on NATO's Southern Flank, p.167.
30. D.A. Rustow, Turkey: A Forgotten Ally (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1987).
31. Vali, Bridge across the Bosporus, p.144.
32. Ibid., pp.144-6.
33. For a more detailed analysis of the problems between Turkey and the USA during the post-Cold War period, see A. Güney, 'An Anatomy of the Transformation of the US-Turkish Alliance: From "Cold War" to "War on Iraq"', Turkish Studies, Vol.6, No.3 (2005), pp.341-59.
34. President Bush's 4 May 1990 speech at Oklahoma State University.
35. Colin Powell quoted in T.G. Carpenter, America Entangled: The Persian Gulf Crisis and its Consequences (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1991), p.13.
36. R.F. Grimmet, CRS Report for Congress: Military Assistance to Base Right Countries. (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 29 January 1993), p.5.
37. US Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Security and Development Assistance: Hearings before the Committee of Foreign Relations, 100th Cong, 1st Session, Part 1, 24, 25, 26 February and 10 March 1987, p.394.
38. For details of America's international strategy, see the documents, 'Overview of America's National Strategy' and 'Prevent our Enemies from Threatening US, our Allies, and Our Friends with Weapons of Mass Destruction', Speech by President Bush, West Point, New York, 1 June 2002, 'Strengthen Alliances to Defeat Global Terrorism and Work to Prevent Attacks against US and Our Friends', Speech by President Bush (Washington, DC, The National Cathedral, 14 September 2001).
39. C.L. Powell, 'A Strategy of Partnerships', Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.1 (2004), p.25.
40. United States Mission to the European Union, 'Wolfowitz on Turkey and the EU, Role in Iraq', http://www.useu.be/Categories/US&EUEnlarg/ Dec0302WolfowitzTurkeyEUIraq.htm, 3 December 2002, p.1.
41. 'Turkey and the United States: The End of the Dance', The Economist 1 March 2003.
42. 'Turkey Drags Feet on Formal Backing for US as time ticks away', Turkish Daily News, 11 January 2003.
43. For a detailed account of this period and the events see Güney, 'An Anatomy of the Transformation of the US-Turkish Alliance'.
44. Turkish Daily News, 10 January 2003.
45. 'The New York Times author William Saphire Threatens Turkey', Turkish Daily News, 16 January 2003.
46. L. Boulton and J. Harding, 'US Threatens to Cancel Turkey's Military Aid', Financial Times, 19 February 2003, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1517.htm, p.1.
47. Turkish Daily News, 8 March 2003.
48. Turkish Daily News, 16 March 2003.
49. Turkish Daily News, 16 March 2003.
50. 'Bush Warns Turkey off Iraq', BBC News, 24 March 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2879299.stm.
51. Turkish Daily News, 28 October 2003.
52. Turkish Daily News, 6 November 2003.
53. Turkish Daily News, 28 January 2004.
54. Ibid.
55. J.E. Kapsis, 'From Desert Storm to Metal Storm: How Iraq has spoiled US-Turkish Relations', November 2005, http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ research/papers/11_05.jk.pdf, p.387.
56. Ibid., p.380.
57. 'ABD'nin Amerikan Karşitliǧi Kaygisi', 11 February 2005, http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/309084.asp.
58. 'Amerikan Karşitliǧi Uyarisi', Sabah (Istanbul Daily), 19 February 2005, http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/ 2005/02/19/gnd93.html.
59. Ibid., p.2.
60. See the response of the AKP deputy, Egemen Baǧiş. See also U. Ziyal, 'Türkiye'de Amerikan karşitliǧi Yok', http://www.voanews.com/turkish/archive/2003-06/a-2003-06-17-3-1.cfm.
61. E.J. Erickson, 'Turkey as a Regional Hegemon-2014: Strategic Implications for the United States', Turkish Studies, Vol.5, No.3 (2004), p.43.
62. E. Erdogan, 'The Missing Element: Turkish Public Opinion Towards the USA', Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol.4, No.1 (2005), p. 201.
63. I. Bal, 'US Fury on "Anti-Americanism in Turkey"', The Journal of Turkish Weekly, http://www.turkishweekly.net/ editorial.php?id=11, p.1.
64. Ibid., p.2.
65. Ibid., p.3.
66. S.A. Emre, 'America's Hitler', http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/ 1351118/posts, p.2.
67. B. Bozgeyik, 'The Pervert Enemies', in ibid., p.2.
68. N. Mert, 'The Black "Occupier" Women', in ibid., p.3.
69. http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060214-104958-5445r.htm.
70. D. Ergil, 'Anti-Americanism', Turkish Daily News, 21 February 2005, http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=6451, pp.2-3.
71. Ted Widmer, New York Times article on 'Metal Firtina: Death to the Crusade', 15 September 2005, http://mbarchives.blogspot.com/2005/09/ nytimes-article-on-metal-firtina-death.html.
72. Criss, 'A Short History of Anti-Americanism', p.9.
73. Ibid.
74. Erickson, 'Turkey as a Regional Hegemon-2014", p.39.
75. Ö. Taşpinar, 'The Anatomy of anti-Americanism in Turkey', Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/ fellows/taspinar20051116.pdf, p.9.
76. Turkish Daily News, 1 March 2004.
77. A. Eisele, 'The Hill Interview: Anti-Americanism Growing in Turkey Partly because of Iraq War, Official Says', The Hill, http://www.hillnews.com/thehill/export/TheHill/News/Frontpage/092606/ turkey.html, pp.2-3.
78. Kapsis, 'From Desert Storm to Metal Storm', p.381.
79. Ibid.
80. Ergil, 'Anti-Americanism', pp.2-3.