Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey: The Jupiter Affair, 1959-1963

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 97-122

  Criss, Nur Bilge ^a  

^a BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031488934     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402399708437689     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Latest systematic research was carried out under the auspices of the Nuclear History Project (University of Maryland - Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen) and the Cold War International History Project (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) with major contributions from American, German, French, Dutch, Italian and Russian scholars.
2. Philip Brenner and James G. Blight, 'The Crisis and Cuban-Soviet Relations: Fidel Castro's Secret 1968 Speech', Cold War International History Project Bulletin 5 (Spring 1995) pp.81-5.
3. Philip Nash, 'Nuisance of Decision-Jupiter Missiles and the Cuban Missile Crisis', Journal of Strategic Studies 14/1 (March 1991) pp.2-6.
4. For a comprehensive treatment of the subject, see Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-1963 (NY: HarperCollins 1991).
5. Treaties and Other International Act Series 4191, 'Cooperation: Agreement Between the United States of America and Turkey, March 5, 1959' (Washington DC: US Dept of State/Government Printing Office 1959)
6. A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the US in Force On January 1, 1992 (Washington DC: US Dept of State, Office of the Legal Advisor 1992) p.244.
7. Phil Nash, 'Trying to Dump Them On Our Allies: The Search For Hosts 1957-1959',Courtesy of the author (unpub. chapter in dissertation).
8. Yüksel İnan, '1961 Anayasasi ve Milletlerarasi Andlasmalar' (The 1961 Constitution and International Agreements) Ankara İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Dergisi III/ 2 (1971), pp.271-84; M. Piri, 'Dünkü Diş Politika Tutumuna Bakiş' Cumhuriyet 2 June 1960, p.3.
9. Yüksel İnan, '1961 Anayasasi ve Milletlerarasi Andlasmalar' (The 1961 Constitution and International Agreements) Ankara İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Dergisi III/ 2 (1971), pp.271-84; M. Piri, 'Dünkü Diş Politika Tutumuna Bakiş' Cumhuriyet 2 June 1960, p.3.
10. Sezai Orkunt, Türkiye-ABD Askeri İlişkileri (Turkish-US Military Relations) (İstanbul: Milliyet Yaymlari, 1978), pp.301-58.
11. David J. Potter and Gregory J. Stachelczyk, 'The Military Relationship Between the United States and Turkey Since 1947', (unpub. MA: thesis, Wright, Patterson AFB, Ohio, Air University: June 1981) p.14; George McGhee, ABD-Türkiye-NATO-Ortadoǧu transl. Belkis Çorakçi (Ankara: Bilgi Yayinevi, 1992) p.275.
12. David J. Potter and Gregory J. Stachelczyk, 'The Military Relationship Between the United States and Turkey Since 1947', (unpub. MA: thesis, Wright, Patterson AFB, Ohio, Air University: June 1981) p.14; George McGhee, ABD-Türkiye-NATO-Ortadoǧu transl. Belkis Çorakçi (Ankara: Bilgi Yayinevi, 1992) p.275.
13. TBMM Zabit Ceridesi (Minutes of the Turkish GNA Meeting) 4/87 (21 Aug. 1958) pp.850-5.
14. Semih Günver, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu'nun Öyküsü (The Story of Fatin Rüştü Zorlu) (Ankara: Bilgi Yayinevi 1985).
15. Interview with Ret. Admiral Sezai Orkunt, June 1992, İstanbul.
16. 'Memorandum for Mr McGeorge Bundy-Subject: Jupiters in Italy and Turkey' in James Grimwood and Frances Strowd (eds.) 'History of the Jupiter Missile System' (US Army Ordnance Missile Command 1962).
17. Ibid.
18. US National Archives [hereafter USNA] Dept of State. RG 59 Box 3742 No.782.54/4-1756, 17 April 1956 Kohler to Sec. of State.
19. DDRS, IV: 2 (1978), President Eisenhower to Gen. Lauris Nostad, SACEUR, 11 July 1957.
20. USNA Dept of State. RG 59 Box 3740, No.782.5/9-2258, NEA to Acting Sec., 22 Sept. 1958.
21. DDRS X: 4 (1984) Christian Herter, Secretary of State to President, 27 April 1959.
22. US National Security Archive [hereafter USNSA]. 1955-1959 Dec.File Box 3160, No.740: 5/5-2059, 'Coordinating Meeting of the US Element Standing Group', 20 May 1959.
23. USNA Dept of State. RG 59, Box 3743, No.782.5-MSP/5-2959, Paris to Sec. of State, 29 May 1959.
24. USNA Dec. File Box 3160, No.740.5/6-259, 'Coordinating Meeting of the US Element Standing Group', 2 June 1959
25. Courtesy of H.E. Raymond Garthoff, 'Memorandum of Conference with the President', 17 June 1959, by A.J. Goodpaster, Brig. Gen., USA (The Dwight D. Eisenhower Library).
26. Idem. 'Memorandum for the President' from Christian A. Herter, US Dept of State, 16 Sept. 1959.
27. Idem. Dept of State Memo to US Embassy Ankara/Paris/Athens', 17 Sept. 1959.
28. Jan Melissen, 'Nuclearizing NATO, 1957-1959: the "Anglo-Saxons" nuclear-sharing and the fourth country problem', Review of International Studies 20/3 (3 July 1994) pp.253-75.
29. USNA. Dec File Box 3162 No.740.5/11-459 to Hon. Frederich E. Nolting Jr, Acting Chief of Mission, USRO from John Haskell, 'European Production of Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs)' 3 Nov. 1959.
30. 'Rusya İzahat İstedi' (Russia asked for an Explanantion) Cumhuriyet, 1 May 1959, pp.1-5.
31. 'Soviet Declaration on Establishing an Atomic Free Zone in the Balkans, June 25, 1959' Documents On American Foreign Relations 1959 (NY: Harper and Bros 1960) p.355.
32. 'Türkiye'de Kurulacak Füze Rampalarina Dair Anlaşma' (Agreement on Building of Rocket Sites in Turkey) Cumhuriyet, 15 Oct.1959, pp.1-5.
33. 'Türkiye'de Kurulacak Füze Üssüne Dair Bir Amerikan Açiklamasi' (An American Statement About Rocket Bases that are to be Established in Turkey) Cumhuriyet, 31 Oct. 1959, p.1.
34. Hearings on Military Posture, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 88th Congress 1st Session Jan./Feb. 1963, p.279 'Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Report, 11 Feb. 1961.
35. Office of the Commander, HQ Mobile Air Material Area 'SM-78 (Jupiter) Weapon Support System Management Division Report', Historical Archives, USNSA.
36. Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (NY: Doubleday 1966) pp. 175-6; Barton J. Bernstein, 'The Cuban Missile Crisis: Trading the Jupiters in Turkey?' Political Science Quarterly 95/1 (Spring 1980) pp.97-125.
37. Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (NY: Doubleday 1966) pp. 175-6; Barton J. Bernstein, 'The Cuban Missile Crisis: Trading the Jupiters in Turkey?' Political Science Quarterly 95/1 (Spring 1980) pp.97-125.
38. Khrushchev Remembers-The Glasnost Tapes (transi, and ed.) Jerrold I. Schecter and Vyacheslav V. Luchkov (Boston: Little, Brown 1990) p.179.
39. Raymond Garthoff, From a Presentation at L'Institut de France à Paris, 16-17 Oct. 1992 (GREFHAN-NHP).
40. USNA, Dept of State RG 59, Box 3743, No.782.54/5-2557 Warren to Sec. of State, 25 May 1957.
41. Idem. Box 3742 No.782.5 MSP/6-658 Fletcher Warren to Sec. of State, 6 June 1958. Subj: FY 1960 Military Aid Proposals.
42. Ibid. MSP/1-1558 İstanbul to Sec. of State, 16 Jan. 1958.
43. T.B.M.M. Zabit Ceridesi Vol.IV: (Records of the Turkish Grand National Assembly Meeting) 21 Aug. 1958, Speech delivered by the Minister of Finance, Hasan Polatkan, p.856.
44. USNA, Dept of State, RG 59, Box 3742, No.782.5-MSP/5-2959 Paris to Sec. of State, 29 May 1959.
45. Ibid. N0.782.5-MSP/3-1959, 11 March 1959.
46. Ibid. 'Memorandum of Conversation', 4 Feb. 1959 No. Illegible; 'Amerika'nin Bize Vereceǧi Füzeler' (Rockets To Be Delivered From America), Cumhuriyet, 24 Jan. 1959, p.3.
47. 'Türkiye'de Kurulacak Güdümlü Mermi Üsleri' (Guided Weaponry Bases To Be Established In Turkey) Cumhuriyet, 5 April 1959, pp. 1-5; Türkiye'de Füze Üssü Kurulacak' (A Rocket Base Will Be Established In Turkey) Zafer, 5 April 1959, pp. 1-4.
48. 'Türkiye'de Kurulacak Güdümlü Mermi Üsleri' (Guided Weaponry Bases To Be Established In Turkey) Cumhuriyet, 5 April 1959, pp. 1-5; Türkiye'de Füze Üssü Kurulacak' (A Rocket Base Will Be Established In Turkey) Zafer, 5 April 1959, pp. 1-4.
49. 'Rusya İzahat İstedi' (Russia Asked For An Explanation) Cumhurivet ibid.
50. 'Türkiye'nin Yegâne Arzusu Dünyada Sulhun İdamesidir' (Turkey's Only Desire Is That World Peace Continues) Zafer, 15 July 1959, p.1.
51. USNSA. Dec File Box 3162, n.n. Dept of State to US Embassy, Ankara, 17 Sept 1959.
52. Ibid.
53. 'Dişişleri Komisyonunda Dünkü Mühim Tartişmalar' (Significant Debate in the Foreign Affairs Committee), Cumhuriyet, 6 Feb. 1960, pp.1-5.
54. . Fahir Armaoǧlu (Comp.) Belgelerle Türk-Amerikan Münasebetleri (Documents on Turkish-American Relations) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basymevi 1991) pp.261-2; Oral Sander, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri, 1947-1964 (Turkish-American Relations, 1947-1964) (Ankara: Sevinç Matbaasi 1979) pp.190-6.
55. . Fahir Armaoǧlu (Comp.) Belgelerle Türk-Amerikan Münasebetleri (Documents on Turkish- American Relations) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basymevi 1991) pp.261-2; Oral Sander, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri, 1947-1964 (Turkish-American Relations, 1947-1964) (Ankara: Sevinç Matbaasi 1979) pp.190-6.
56. Hulusi Turgut, 'Türkeş' in Anilari: Firtinali Yillar' (Memoirs of Türkeş) Sabah, 23 June 1994, p.13.
57. Jacob Neufeld, Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960 (Washington DC: Office of Air Force History, USAF 1989) p.227.
58. McGhee, ABD-Türkiye (note 10).
59. USNSA, Cuban Misile Crisis Box, Dean Rusk to James G. Blight, 25 Feb. 1987.
60. Idem. 'Memorandum, Mr George Bundy', 22 June 1961.
61. Ibid. K-DIV-7217-HI.
62. Metin Toker, 'Haydi Canìm Sen de!' (Come on!) Akis 3 Nov. 1962, p.9; For a comprehensive study of the era, see Michael R. Bechloss, Crisis Years (note 4) pp.546-7.
63. Metin Toker, 'Haydi Canìm Sen de!' (Come on!) Akis 3 Nov. 1962, p.9; For a comprehensive study of the era, see Michael R. Bechloss, Crisis Years (note 4) pp.546-7.
64. Andrei Gromyko, Memories, transl. Harold Shukman (London: Arrow Books 1989) p.230.
65. Courtesy of HE Raymond Garthoff, Dept of State Telegram Paris to Sec. of State, 29 Oct. 1962.
66. 'Dünyada Olup Bitenler, Küba' (World Affairs, Cuba) Akis, 27 Oct. 1962, p.10.
67. Leopoldo Nuti, 'L'Italie et les missiles Jupiter,' in Maurice Vaisse (ed.) L'Europe et la Crise de Cuba (Paris: Armand Colin 1993) pp.123-57.
68. Marc Trachtenberg, 'White House Tapes and Minutes of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Excom Meetings, October 1962', International Security 10/1 (Summer 1985) p.198.
69. Ibid. p.199.
70. Interview with HE Osman Olcay (Ret.), June 1993, Ankara.
71. Robert A. Divine, 'Alive and well: The Continuing Cuban Missile Crisis Controversy', Diplomatic History 18/4 (1994) pp. 551-60.
72. Criss, 'Les retombées de la Crise de Cuba: les Jupiters 'turcs' in L'Europe et la Crise de Cuba (note 61) pp. 159-68.
73. Richard F. Grimmett, 'United States Military Installations in Turkey', Report No. 84-221F, The US Congressional Research Service (US Library of Congress, 12 Dec. 1984).