Central Australian waterbodies: The importance of permanence in a desert landscape

Journal of Arid Environments

Volumn 72, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1395-1413

  Box, J B ^a   Duguid, A ^a   Read, R E ^b   Kimber, R G ^c   Knapton, A ^b   Davis, J ^d   Bowland, A E ^e  

^a Environment and the Arts   (Australia)

^b Northern Territory Government Department of Natural Resources Environment and the Arts   (Australia)

^c Murdoch University ^*  (Australia)

^d MURDOCH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory   (Australia)

Author keywords

Arid zones; Central Australia; Desert wetlands; Groundwater; Springs

Indexed keywords

ARID ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; DESERT; DISCHARGE; EVAPORATION; GROUNDWATER; HIGH TEMPERATURE; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LANDSCAPE; RAINFALL; REFUGE; WARMING;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA;

EID: 46549085351     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: 1095922X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.02.022     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Allan R., and Lindesay J. Past climates of Australasia. In: Hobbs J.E., Lindesay J.A., and Bridgman H.A. (Eds). Climates of the Southern Continents, Present, Past and Future (1998), Wiley, Chichester 208-247
2. Baber M.J., Fleishman E., Babbitt K.J., and Tarr T.L. The relationship between wetland hydroperiod and nestedness patterns in assemblages of larval amphibians and predatory macroinvertebrates. Oikos 107 (2004) 16-27
3. Balke M., Watts C.H.S., Cooper S.J.B., Humphreys W.F., and Vogler A.P. A highly modified stygobitic diving beetle of the genus Copelatus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae): taxonomy and cladistic analysis based on mtDNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 29 (2004) 59-67
4. Bayly I.A.E. Invertebrates of temporary waters in gnammas on granite outcrops in Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 80 (1997) 167-172
5. Bayly I.A.E. Review of how indigenous people managed for water in desert regions of Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 82 (1999) 17-25
6. Bayly I.A.E. Invertebrate occurrence and succession after episodic flooding of a central Australian rock-hole. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 84 (2001) 29-32
7. Bayly I.A.E., and Williams W.D. Inland Waters and their Ecology (1973), Longman, Melbourne
8. Blackburn T. Coleoptera. In: Spencer W.B. (Ed). Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia (1896), Melville, Mullen and Slade, Melbourne 254-261
9. Boulton A.J., and Hancock P.J. Rivers as groundwater-dependent ecosystems: a review of degrees of dependency, riverine processes and management implications. Australian Journal of Botany 54 (2006) 1-12
10. Boulton A.J., and Suter P.J. Ecology of temporary streams-an Australian perspective. In: De Deckker P., and Williams W.D. (Eds). Limnology in Australia (1986), CSIRO, Melbourne 313-327
11. Boulton A.J., Humphreys W.F., and Eberhard S.M. Imperilled subsurface waters in Australia: biodiversity, threatening processes and conservation. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 61 (2003) 41-54
12. Bourke M.C. Fluvial geomorphology and paleofloods in arid central Australia. (Ph.D. Thesis abstract). Quaternary Australasia 16 (1998) 31-32
13. Bowler J.M. Spatial variability and hydrologic evolution of Australian lake basins: analogue for Pleistocene hydrologic change and evaporite formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 54 (1986) 21-41
14. Bunn S.E., Thoms M.C., Hamilton S.K., and Capon S.J. Flow variability in dryland rivers: boom, bust and the bits in between. River Research and Applications 22 (2006) 179-186
15. Bureau of Meteorology. Trend Maps-Australian Climate Variability and Change (2007). 〈http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/silo/reg/cli_chg/trendmaps.cgi〉
16. Charnley W. Water in the desert. Walkabout July 1, 1954 (1954) 29-30
17. Chewings C. The sources of the Finke River. The Adelaide Observer May 29, 1886 May 29, 1886 (1886) 41
18. Chippendale G.M. The relic nature of some central Australian plants. Transactions of the Royal Society of Australia 86 (1963) 31-34
19. Clifton, R., Evans, C., 2001. Environmental water requirements of groundwater dependent ecosystems. Environmental Flows Initiative Technical Report No. 2. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
20. Copley P.B., Baker L.M., Nesbitt B.J., and Foulkes J.N. Mammals. In: Robinson A.C., Copley P.B., Canty P.D., Baker L.M., and Nesbitt B.J. (Eds). A Biological Survey of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands, South Australia, 1991-2001 (2003), Department for Environment and Heritage, Adelaide 197-242
21. 36Cl. Journal of Hydrology 223 (1999) 212-220
22. Cresswell R., Wischusen J., Jacobson G., and Fifield K. Assessment of recharge to groundwater systems in the arid southwestern part of the Northern Territory, Australia, using chlorine-36. Hydrogeology Journal 7 (1999) 393-404
23. Davidson A.A. Journal of Explorations in Central Australia, 1898-1900 (1905), Government Printer, Adelaide
24. Davis, J.A., 1995. The aquatic ecosystems of the West MacDonnell Ranges, Northern Territory, with particular reference to the aquatic invertebrate fauna. Report to the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Alice Springs.
25. Davis J.A. Aquatic ecosystems in central Australia: comparison of recent records of fishes and invertebrates with those of the Horn Expedition. In: Morton S.R., and Mulvaney D.J. (Eds). Exploring Central Australia: Society, the Environment and the 1894 Horn Expedition (1996), Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton 282-286
26. Davis J.A. Conservation of aquatic invertebrate communities in central Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56 (1997) 491-503
27. Davis J.A., Harrington S.A., and Friend J.A. Invertebrate communities of relict streams in the arid zone: the George Gill Range, Central Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44 (1993) 483-505
28. Davis J., Horwitz P., Norris R., Chessman B., McGuire M., and Sommer B. Are river bioassessment methods using macroinvertebrates applicable to wetlands?. Hydrobiologia 572 (2006) 115-128
29. Duguid A., Barnetson J., Clifford B., Pavey C., Albrecht D., Risler J., and McNellie M. Wetlands in the arid Northern Territory, vol. 1. A Report to the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage on the inventory and significance of wetlands in the arid NT (2005), Northern Territory Government Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts, Alice Springs
30. Edwards G.P., Dobbie P.W., and Berman D.McK. Population trends in European rabbits and other wildlife of central Australia in the wake of rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Wildlife Research 29 (2002) 557-565
31. Edwards G.P., Pople A., Saalfeld K., and Caley P. Feral mammals in Australia's rangelands: future threats and the role of monitoring programmes in management strategies. Austral Ecology 29 (2004) 40-50
32. Edwards G.P., Saalfield K., and Clifford B. Population trend of camels in the Northern Territory, Australia. Wildlife Research 31 (2004) 509-511
33. Erman N.A. Status of aquatic invertebrates. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II. Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options (1996), University of California, Davis, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, Davis 987-1008 (Chapter 35)
34. Erman, N.A., 2002. Lessons from a long-term study of springs and spring invertebrates (Sierra Nevada, California, USA) and implications for conservation and management. In: Conference Proceedings. Spring-fed Wetlands: Important Scientific and Cultural Resources of the Intermountain Region. Desert Research Institute, Reno also at 〈http://www.wetlands.dri.edu〉.
35. Erman, N. A., Erman, D.C., 1995. Spring permanence, species richness and the role of drought. In: Ferrington Jr., L.C. (Ed.), Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects and Other Invertebrates in Springs. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 68 (Suppl., Special Publication No. 1), 50-64.
36. Erman N.A., and Nagano C.D. A review of the California caddisflies (Trichoptera) listed as candidate species on the 1989 federal "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Animal Notice of Review". California Fish and Game 78 (1992) 45-56
37. Fisher C.D., Lingren E., and Dawson W.R. Drinking patterns and behavior of Australian desert birds in relation to their ecology and abundance. Condor 74 (1972) 111-136
38. Fogarty M., Fuller D., McAdam D., O'Neil P.C.W., and Walsh S. Ranger training/flora and fauna survey of the Toko Ranges, Northern Territory 8-20 October 1995 (1995), Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Alice Springs
39. Freeze R.A., and Cherry J.A. Groundwater (1979), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
40. Gibson, D.F., Kube, P.D., Ginns, A.J., Cole, J.R., Parsons, D.J., 1989. A resource survey of the Dulcie Ranges, Northern Territory. Report to the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Alice Springs.
41. Giles E. Australia Twice Traversed (1889), Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London
42. In: Gillen R.S. (Ed). F.J. Gillen's First Diary 1875 (1995), Wakefield Press, Kent Town
43. Gillis A.M. Should cows chew cheatgrass on common lands?. Bioscience 41 (1991) 668-675
44. Glover C.J.M. Adaptations of fishes in arid Australia. In: Barker W.R., and Greenslade P.J.M. (Eds). Evolution of the Flora and Fauna of Arid Australia (1982), Peacock Publications, Adelaide 241-246
45. Glover C.J.M., and Sim T.C. A survey of Australian ichthyology. The Australian Zoologist 19 (1978) 245-256
46. Gordon D.R. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. Ecological Applications 8 (1998) 975-989
47. Gosse W.C. W.C. Gosse's Explorations, 1873 (1874), Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide
48. Gould R.A. Subsistence behaviour among the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia. Oceania 39 (1969) 253-274
49. Gould R.A. Yiwara: Foragers of the Australian Desert (1969), Collins, Melbourne
50. Griffin G.F., Stafford Smith D.M., Morton S.R., Allen G.E., Masters K.A., and Preece N. Status and implications of the invasion of tamarisk (Tamarisk aphylla) on the Finke River, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 29 (1989) 297-315
51. Gubanich, A.A., Panik, H.R., 1986. Avian use of waterholes in Pinyon-Juniper. In: Everett, R.L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Pinyon-Juniper Conference, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-215, pp. 534-540.
52. In: Hardman W. (Ed). The Journals of John McDouall Stuart (1975), Libraries Board of South Australia, Adelaide
53. Harrington, G.A., 1999. Recharge mechanisms and chemical evolution in an arid groundwater system, Central Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide.
54. Harvey M.S. Short-range endemism among the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics 16 (2002) 555-570
55. Hatton, T., Evans, R., 1998. Dependence of ecosystems on groundwater and its significance to Australia. Occasional Paper No. 12/98, Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
56. Hercus L., and Clarke P. Nine Simpson Desert wells. Archaeology in Oceania 21 (1986) 51-62
57. Hershler, R., Madsen, D.B., Currey, D. (Eds.), 2002. Great Basin aquatic systems history. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences No. 33. Washington, D.C.
58. Humphreys W.F. Groundwater calcrete aquifers in the Australian arid zone: the context to an unfolding plethora of stygal biodiversity. In: Humphreys W.F., and Harvey M.S. (Eds). Subterranean Biology in Australia 2000. Records of the Western Australian Museum 64 (2001) 63-83
59. Humphreys, W.F., 2006. Aquifers: the ultimate groundwater dependent ecosystems. In: Eamus, D. (Ed.), Special Edition on Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems. Australian Journal of Botany, vol. 54, pp. 115-132.
60. In: Humphreys W.F., and Harvey M.S. (Eds). Subterranean Biology in Australia 2000. Records of the Western Australian Museum 64 (2001) 1-242
61. Hutchings P.A., and Ponder W.F. Workshop: criteria for assessing and conserving threatened invertebrates. In: Ponder W.F., and Lunney D. (Eds). The other 99 percent. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates (1999), Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman 264-315
62. IPCC, 2002. Climate change and biodiversity. In: Gitay, H., Suarez, A., Watson, R. Dokken, D. (Eds.), IPPC Technical Paper V. WMO/UNEP Publication also at 〈http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate-changes-biodiversi ty-en.pdf〉.
63. Jacobson G. The interrelationship of hydrogeology and landform in central Australia. In: Morton S.R., and Mulvaney D.J. (Eds). Exploring Central Australia: Society, the Environment and the 1894 Horn Expedition (1996), Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton 249-266
64. Jacobson, G., Lau, G.C., McDonald P.S., Jankowski, J., 1989. Hydrogeology and groundwater resources of the Lake Amadeus and Ayers Rock region, Northern Territory. Australian Bureau of Mining and Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin, p. 230.
65. James C.D., Landsberg J., and Morton S.R. Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota. Journal of Arid Environments 41 (1999) 87-121
66. Jones N.O., and Quinlan T. An outline of the water resources of the Alice Springs area. In: Perry R.A. (Ed). General Report on Lands of the Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory, 1956-7. Land Research Series No. 6 (1962), CSIRO, Melbourne
67. Kavanagh B.L. Survival Water in Australia's Arid Lands (1984), Australian National University, Canberra
68. Kimber R.G. Resource use and management in central Australia. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1984 (1985) 12-23
69. Kimber R.G. Hunter gatherer demography: the recent past in central Australia. In: Meehan B., and White N. (Eds). Hunter-Gatherer Demography Past and Present. Oceania Monograph 39 (1990), University of Sydney, Sydney 160-170
70. Kimber, R.G., 2001. Australian Aboriginals' perceptions of their desert homelands, Parts 1 and 2. Arid Lands Newsletter, The Deserts in Literature II, No. 50, November-December 2001.
71. Landsberg, J., James, C.D., Morton, S.R., Hobbs, T., Stol, J., Drew, A., Tongway, H., 1997. The effects of artificial sources of water on rangeland biodiversity. Final Report to the Biodiversity Convention and Strategy Section of the Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia (Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 3), Canberra.
72. Latz P.K. Knowledge of relict plants in central Australia: a measure of botanical research during the last 100 years. In: Morton S.R., and Mulvaney D.J. (Eds). Exploring Central Australia: Society, the Environment and the 1894 Horn Expedition (1996), Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton 225-229
73. Lloyd J.W., and Jacobson G. The hydrogeology of the Amadeus Basin, Central Australia. Journal of Hydrology 93 (1987) 1-21
74. Lydeard C., Cowie R.H., Ponder W.F., Bogan A.E., Bouchet C.S.A., Cummings K.S., Frest T.J., Gargominyh O., Herbert D.G., Hershler R., Perez K.E., Roth B., Seddon M., Strong E.E., and Thompson F.G. The global decline in nonmarine molluscs. BioScience 54 (2004) 321-330
75. Magarey A.T. Australian Aborigines' water-quest. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch) 3 (1895) 67-82
76. Maitre D.C.l. Predicting invasive species impacts on hydrological processes: the consequences of plant physiology for landscape processes. Weed Technology 18 (2004) 1408-1410
77. Malard F., Tockner K., Dole-Olivier M.J., and Ward J.V. A landscape perspective of surface-subsurface hydrological exchanges in river corridors. Freshwater Biology 47 (2002) 621-640
78. In: Morton S.R., and Mulvaney D.J. (Eds). Exploring Central Australia: Society, The Environment and the 1894 Horn Expedition (1996), Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, Sydney
79. Morton S.R., Short J., and Barker R.D. Refugia for Biological Diversity in Arid and Semi-arid Australia. Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 4 (1995), Biodiversity Unit, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra
80. Murray, W.R., 1907. Record of prospecting operations in the country South-West from Barrow Creek and the Davenport ranges-1906. In: South Australia Parliamentary Proceedings, Adelaide.
81. Myers M.J., and Resh V.H. Spring-formed wetlands of the arid west. Islands of aquatic invertebrate biodiversity. In: Batzer D.P., Radar R.B., and Wissiner S.A. (Eds). Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management (1999), Wiley, New York 811-828
82. Noble J.C., and Kimber R.G. On the ethno-ecology of mallee root-water. Aboriginal History 21 (1999) 170-202
83. Norris A., and Low T. Review of the Management of Feral Animals and Their Impact on Biodiversity in the Rangelands: A Resource to Aid NRM Planning. Pest Animal Control CRC Report 2005 (2005), Pest Animal Control CRC, Canberra
84. O'Grady A.P., Cook P.G., Duguid A., Knapton A., and Fass T. Ti Tree Basin, NT-groundwater dependence of terrestrial vegetation. In: Howe P. (Ed). Project REM1-A Framework for Assessing Environmental Water Requirements for Groundwater Dependent Ecosystem. Report 2. Field Studies (2007), Land and Water Australia, Braddon 12-49
85. Pickup G. Event frequency and landscape stability on the floodplain systems of arid Central Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 10 (1991) 463-473
86. Pinder A.M., Halse S.A., Shiel R.J., and McRae J.M. Granite outcrop pools in south-western Australia: foci of diversification and refugia for aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 83 (2000) 149-161
87. Pinder, A.M., Halse, S.A., McRae, J.M., Shiel, R.J., 2004. Aquatic invertebrate assemblages of wetlands and rivers in the wheatbelt region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 67, pp. 7-37.
88. Ponder W.F. Conservation status, threats and habitat requirements of Australian terrestrial and freshwater Mollusca. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56 (1997) 421-430
89. Ponder W.F. Endemic aquatic macroinvertebrates of artesian springs of the Great Artesian Basin-progress and future directions. Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series 7 (2004) 101-110
90. Ponder W.F., and Walker K.F. From mound springs to mighty rivers: the conservation status of freshwater molluscs in Australia. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 6 (2003) 5-18
91. Randal M.A. Hydrogeology of the South-Eastern Georgina Basin and environs, Queensland and Northern Territory (1978), Geological Survey of Queensland Publication No. 366, Geological Survey of Queensland, Sydney
92. Sada, D.W., Pohlmann, K.F., 2006. Mojave Inventory and Monitoring Network Spring Survey protocols: Level I and Level II. Draft Report to the US National Park Service, Reno.
93. In: Sada D.W., and Sharpe S.E. (Eds). Conference Proceedings. Spring-fed Wetlands: Important Scientific and Cultural Resources of the Intermountain Region (2004), Desert Research Institute, Reno. 〈http://www.wetlands.dri.edu〉
94. Sada D.W., and Vinyard G.L. Anthropogenic changes in historical biogeography of Great Basin aquatic biota. In: Hershler R., Madsen D.B., and Currey D. (Eds). Great Basin Aquatic Systems History. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences No. 33 (2002) 277-293
95. Sada D.W., Fleishman E., and Murphy D.D. Associations among spring-dependent aquatic assemblages and environmental and land use gradients in a Mojave Desert mountain range. Diversity and Distributions 11 (2005) 91-99
96. Scarr F. The Field Books of Frank Scarr on an Expedition West of the Herbert River, Queensland, in 1878 (1878), Queensland State Archives, Brisbane
97. Schulze L. The aborigines of the upper and middle Finke River: their habits and customs, with introductory notes on the physical and natural-history features of the country. Royal Society of South Australia, Transactions and Proceedings and Report 14 1891 (1891) 210-246
98. Shepard W.D. Desert springs-both rare and endangered. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3 (1993) 351-359
99. In: Spencer B. (Ed). Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia vol. 4 (1896), Melville, Mullin and Slade, Melbourne
100. Stanley E.H., Buschman D.L., Boulton A.J., Grimm N.B., and Fisher S.G. Invertebrate resistance and resilience to intermittency in a desert stream. American Midland Naturalist 131 (1994) 288-300
101. Storrs, M.J., Finlayson, M., 1997. Overview of the conservation status of wetlands of the Northern Territory. Supervising Scientist Report 116, Darwin.
102. Tate R. Botany. In: Spencer W.B. (Ed). Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia. Part 2 (1896), Melville, Mullen and Slade, Melbourne 94-117
103. Tate R. Mollusca. In: Spencer W.B. (Ed). Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia. Part 2 (1896), Melville, Mullen and Slade, Melbourne 181-226
104. Terry M. Sand and Sun (1937), Michael Joseph Ltd., London
105. Timms B.V. The biology of the saline lakes of central and eastern inland of Australia: a review with special reference to their biogeographical affinities. Hydrobiologia 576 (2007) 27-37
106. Toyne P., Japanangka Granites R., and Zimran S. Towards a Bicultural Water Program in Central Australia: Consultations with Aboriginal Community Groups (1996), Publication of the Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra
107. Unmack, P.J., 1995. Desert fishes down under. In: Proceedings of the Desert Fishes Council, 1994 Symposium, vol. 26, pp. 71-95.
108. Unmack P.J. Fish persistence and fluvial geomorphology in central Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 49 (2001) 653-669
109. US EPA. Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition: Introduction to Wetland Biological Assessment (2002), Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (EPA-822-R-02-014)
110. Wager R., and Unmack P.J. Fishes of the Lake Eyre Catchment of Central Australia (2000), Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Sydney
111. Wasson, R.J., 1984. Late Quaternary palaeoenvironments in the Australian desert dunefields. In: Vogel, J.C. (Ed.), Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Balkema, pp. 419-432.
112. Watts C.H.S., and Humphreys W.F. Twenty-six new Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) of the genera Limbodessus Guignot and Nirripirti Watts and Humphreys, from underground waters in Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 130 (2006) 123-185
113. White D.S. Perspectives on defining and delineating hyporheic zones. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 12 (1993) 61-69
114. White S. Into the dead heart: an ornithological trip through Central Australia (1914), W.K. Thomas and Company, Adelaide
115. White, M., Albrecht, A., Duguid, A., Latz, P., Hamilton, M., 2000. Plant species and sites of botanical significance in the southern bioregions of the Northern Territory; vol. 1: significant vascular plants. Report to the Australian Heritage Commission from the Arid Lands Environment Centre, Arid Lands Environment Centre and the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Alice Springs.
116. Williams W.D. Biodiversity in salt lakes. In: McComb A.J., and Davis J.A. (Eds). Wetlands for the Future. Contributions from INTECOL's V International Wetlands Conference (1998), Gleneagles Publishing, Australia 161-166
117. Williams W.D. Salinity as a determinant of the structure of biological communities in salt lakes. Hydrobiologia 381 (1998) 191-201
118. Williams W.D. Conservation of wetlands in drylands: a key global issue. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9 (1999) 517-522
119. Williams W.D., and Kokkinn M.J. The biogeographical affinities of the fauna in episodically filled salt lakes: a study of Lake Eyre South, Australia. Hydrobiologia 158 (1988) 227-236
120. Winnecke, C., 1882. Herbert River and north-eastern exploring expedition. Parliamentary Papers South Australia No. 121, pp. 7-31.
121. Wischusen J. Hydrogeology of the Yuendumu-Papunya-Kintore Region Northern Territory (notes to accompany the Western Water Study 1:500000 Major Aquifer Systems Map), Record 1998/31 (1998), Australian Geological Survey Organization, Canberra
122. Wischusen J.D.H., Fifield L.K., and Cresswell R.G. Hydrogeology of palm valley, central Australia: a Pleistocene flora refuge?. Journal of Hydrology 293 (2004) 20-46
123. Zhang Y.K., and Schilling K.E. Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: a field observation and analysis. Journal of Hydrology 319 (2006) 328-338
124. Zietz A. Pisces. In: Spencer B. (Ed). Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia. Part 2 (1896), Melville, Mullen and Slade, Melbourne 176-180