Carotid endarterectomy with routine electroencephalography and selective shunting: Influence of contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion and utility in prevention of perioperative strokes

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1114-1122

  Schneider, Joseph R ^a,b,c   Droste, Julie S ^a,b   Schindler, Nancy ^a,b   Golan, John F ^a,b   Bernstein, Lawrence P ^a,b   Rosenberg, Richard S ^a,b  

^a EVANSTON HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HEALTH CENTER; HUMAN; INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY OCCLUSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORTALITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SHUNTING; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR PATENCY; AGED; ARTICLE; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; FEMALE; MALE; PEROPERATIVE CARE; ANESTHESIOLOGY; CAROTID ARTERY SURGERY; COST MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS; HOSPITAL COST; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; NOTE; PEROPERATIVE COMPLICATION; TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT PLANNING;

AGED; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRAOPERATIVE CARE; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 4644307712     PISSN: 07415214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.124376     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445-53.
2. Mayberg MR, Wilson SE, Yatsu F, Weiss DG, Messina L, Hershey LA, et al. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. JAMA 1991;266:3289-92.
3. Hobson RW II, Weiss DG, Fields WS, Goldstone J, Moore WS, Towne JB, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1993;328:211-27.
4. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-8.
5. Gelabert HA, Moore WS. Carotid endarterectomy without angiography. Surg Clin North Am 1990;70:213-23.
6. Horn M, Michelini M, Greisler HP, Littooy FN, Baker WH. Carotid endarterectomy without arteriography: the preeminent role of the vascular laboratory. Ann Vasc Surg 1994;8:221-4.
7. Fell G, Phillips DJ, Chikos PM, Harley JD, Thiele BL, Strandness DE. Ultrasonic scanning for disease of the carotid artery. Circulation 1981; 64:1191-5.
8. Taylor DC, Strandness DE Jr. Carotid artery duplex scanning. J Clin Ultrasound 1987;15:635-44.
9. Baker WH. Technical advances in carotid surgery. In: Bergan JJ, Yao JST, editors. Operative techniques in vascular surgery. New York: Grunc and Stratton; 1980. p. 47-52.
10. Bosse A, Ansorg P, Mayer B, Mulch J. Eversion endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;39:371-5.
11. Cao P, Giordano G, De Rango P, Zannetti S, Chiesa R, Coppi G, et al. Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy: late results of a prospective multicenter randomized trial. J Vasc Surg 2000;31:19-30.
12. Shah DM, Darling RC III, Chang BB, Paty PS, Kreienberg PB, Lloyd WE, et al. Carotid endarterectomy by eversion technique: its safety and durability. Ann Surg 1998;228:471-8.
13. Gewertz BL, McCaffrey MT. Intraoperative monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Curr Probl Surgery 1987;24:477-532.
14. Rosenthal D, Stanton PE, Lamis PA. Carotid endarterectomy: the unreliability of intraoperative monitoring in patients having had stroke or reversible ischemic neurologic deficit. Arch Surg 1981;116:1569-75.
15. Baker JD, Rutherford RB, Bernstein EF, Courbier R, Ernst CB, Kempczinski RF, et al. Suggested standards for reports dealing with cerebrovascular disease. J Vasc Surg 1988;8:721-9.
16. Hertzer NR, Beven EG. A retrospective comparison of the use of shunts during carotid endarterectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1980;151:81-4.
17. Bandyk DF, Thiele BL. Safe intraluminal shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 1983;93:260-3.
18. Ott DA, Cooley DA, Chapa L, Coelho A. Carotid endarterectomy without temporary intraluminal shunt. Ann Surg 1980;191:708-14.
19. Voegele LD, Gross A, Prioleau WH Jr, Hairston P. The use of shunts in patients undergoing bilateral carotid endarterectomies: help or hindrance. Am Surg 1983;49:234-7.
20. Baker WH, Littooy FN, Hayes AC, Dorner DE, Stubbs D. Carotid endarterectomy without a shunt: the control series. J Vasc Surg 1984; 1:50-6.
21. Ferguson GG. Carotid endarterectomy: to shunt or not to shunt? Arch Neurol 1986;43:615-6.
22. Green RM, Messick WJ, Ricotta JJ, Charlton MH, Satran R, McBride MM, et al. Benefits, shortcomings, and costs of EEG monitoring. Ann Surg 1985;201:785-92.
23. Imparato AM, Ramirez A, Riles T, Mintzer T. Cerebral protection in carotid surgery. Arch Surg 1982;117:1073-8.
24. Smith JL, Evans DH, Gaunt ME, London NJ, Bell PR, Naylor AR. Experience with transcranial Doppler monitoring reduces the incidence of paniculate embolization during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg 1998;85:56-9.
25. Ackerstaff RGA, van de Vlasakker CJW. Monitoring of brain function during carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of contemporary methods. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1998;12:341-7.
26. Ward R, Flynn T, Kelley JT, Reilly E, Handel S. Electroencephalogram monitoring during carotid endartercctomy. J Cardiovasc Surg 1981;22: 127-34.
27. Ivanovic LV, Rosenberg RS, Towle VL, Graham AM, Gewertz BL, Zarins C, et al. Spectral analysis of EEG during carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 1986;1:112-7.
28. Baker JD, Glueklich B, Watson CW, Marcus E, Kamat V, Callow AD. An evaluation of electroencephalographic monitoring for carotid surgery. Surgery 1975;78:787-94.
29. Callow AD, Matsumoto G, Baker G, Cossman D, Watson W. Protection of the high risk carotid endarterectomy patient by continuous electroencephalography. J Cardiovasc Surg 1978;19:55-63.
30. Whittemore AD, Kauffman JL, Kohler TR, Mannick JA. Routine electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg 1983;197:707-13.
31. Blackshear WM, DiCarlo V, Seifert KB, Connar RG. Advantages of continuous electroencephalographic monitoring during carotid artery surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg 1986;27:146-53.
32. Nuwer MR. Intraoperative electroencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol 1993;4:437-44.
33. Ballotta E, Dagiau G, Saladini M, Bottio T, Abbruzzese E, Meneghetti G, et al. Results of electroencephalographic monitoring during 369 consecutive carotid artery revascularizations. Eur Neurol 1997;37:43-7.
34. Plestis KA, Loubser P, Mizrahi EM, Kantis G, Jiang Z-D, Howell JF. Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and selective shunting reduces neurologic morbidity rates in carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1997;25:620-8.
35. Salvian AJ, Taylor DC, Hsiang YN, Hildebrand HD, Litherland HK, Humer MF, et al. Selective shunting with EEG monitoring is safer than routine shunting for carotid endarterectomy. Cardiovasc Surg 1997;5: 481-5.
36. Whittemore AD. Carotid endarterectomy: an alternative approach. Arch Surg 1980;1980:940-2.
37. Steed DL, Peitaman AB, Grundy BL, Webster MW. Causes of stroke in carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1982;92:634-41.
38. Peitzman AB, Webster MW, Loubeau JM Jr, Grundy BL, Bahnson HT. Carotid endarterectomy under regional (conductive) anesthesia. Ann Surg 1982;196:59-64.
39. Evans WE, Hays JP, Waltke EA, Vermillion BD. Optimal cerebral monitoring during carotid endarterectomy: neurologic response under local anesthesia. J Vasc Surg 1985;2:775-7.
40. Benjamin ME, Silva MB, Watt C, McCaffrey MT, Burford-Foggs A, Flinn WR. Awake monitoring to determine the need for shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 1993;114:673-81.
41. Michenfelder JD, Milde JN. Influence of anesthetics on metabolic, functional, and pathologic responses to regional cerebral anesthesia. Stroke 1975;6:405-10.
42. Frawley JE, Hicks RG, Gray LJ, Niesche JW. Carotid endarterectomy without a shunt for symptomatic lesions associated with contralateral severe stenosis or occlusion. J Vasc Surg 1996;23:421-7.
43. Hays RJ, Levinson SA, Wylie EJ. Intraoperative measurement of carotid back pressure as a guide to operative management for carotid endarterectomy. Surgery 1972;72:953-60.
44. Hobson RW II, Wright CB, Sublett JW, Fedde CW, Rich NM. Carotid artery back pressure and endarterectomy under regional anesthesia. Arch Surg 1974;109:682-7.
45. Whitley D, Cherry KJ Jr. Predictive value of carotid artery stump pressure during carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1996;7:723-32.
46. Ringelstein EB, Richert F, Bardos S, Minale C, Alsukun M, Zeplin H, et al. Transkraniellsonographisches Monitoring des Blutflusses der A. cerebri media während rekanalisierender Operationen an den extrakraniellen A. carotis interna. Nervenarzt 1985;56:423-30.
47. Padayachee TS, Gosling RG, Bishop CC, Burnand K, Browse NL. Monitoring middle cerebral artery blood velocity during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg 1986;73:98-100.
48. Bergeron P, Benishou H, Rudondy P, Jausseran JM, Ferdani M, Courbier R. Stroke prevention during carotid surgery in high-risk patients (value of transcranial Doppler and local anesthesia). J Cardiovasc Surg 1991;32:713-9.
49. Giannoni MF, Sbarigia E, Panico MA, Speziale F, Antonini M, Maraglino C, et al. Intraoperative transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring during carotid surgery under locoregional anesthesia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;12:407-11.
50. de Letter JAM, Sie HT, Thomas BMJH, Moll FL, Algra A, Eikelboom BC, et al. Near-infrared reflected spectroscopy and electroencephalography during carotid endarterectomy: in search ofa new shunt criterion. Neurol Res 1998;20(Suppl 1):S23-7.
51. Kirkpatrick PJ, Lam J, Al-Rawi P, Smielewski P, Czosnyka M. Defining thresholds for critical ischemia by using near-infrared spectroscopy in the adult brain. J Neurosurg 1998;89:389-94.
52. Pruitt JC. 1,009 consecutive carotid endarterectomies using local anesthesia, EEG, and selective shunting with Pruitt-Inahara carotid shunt. Contemp Surg 1983;23:49-58.
53. Cherry KJ, Roland CF, Hallett JW, Jr, Gloviczki P, Bower TC, Toomey BJ, et al. Stump pressure, the contralateral carotid artery, and electroencephalographic changes. Am J Surg 1991;162:185-8.
54. Jansen C, Moll FL, Vermeulen FEE, van Haelst JMPI, Ackerstaff RGA. Continuous transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and electroencephalography during carotid endarterectomy: a multimodal monitoring system to detect intraoperative ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg 1993;7:95-101.
55. Harada RN, Comerota AJ, Good GM, Hashemi HA, Hulihan JF. Stump pressure, electroencephalographic changes, and the contralateral carotid artery: another look at selective shunting. Am J Surg 1995;170: 148-53.
56. McCarthy WJ, Park AE, Koushanpour E, Pearce WH, Yao JST. Carotid endarterectomy. Lessons from intraoperative monitoring: a decade of experience. Ann Surg 1996;224:297-307.
57. Fiori L, Parenti G, Marcomi F. Combined transcranial Doppler and electrophysiologic monitoring for carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1997;9:11-6.
58. Arnold M, Sturzenegger M, Schäffler L, Seiler RW. Continuous intraoperative monitoring of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities and electroencephalography during carotid endarterectomy. A comparison of the two methods to detect cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1997;28:1345-50.
59. Stoughton J, Nath RL, Abbott WM. Comparison of simultaneous electroencephalographic and mental status monitoring during carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:1014-23.
60. Cho H, Nemoto EM, Yonas H, Balzer J, Sclabassi RJ. Cerebral monitoring by means of oximetry and somatosensory evoked potentials during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 1998;89:533-8.
61. Barman AA, Batiuchok W, Creedon JJ, Anban T. Carotid endarterectomy without temporary shunt: importance of pharmacologic control of blood pressure. N Y State J Med 1983;83:697-8.
62. Kelly JJ, Callow AD, O'Donnell TF, McBride K, Ehrenberg B, Korwin S, et al. Failure of carotid stump pressures: its incidence as a predictor for a temporary shunt during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1979; 114:1361-6.
63. Kwaan JH, Peterson GJ, Connolly JE. Stump pressure: an unreliable guide for shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1980; 115:1083-6.
64. Littooy FN, Halstuk KS, Mamdani M, Calandra D, Hayes AC, Baker WH. Factors influencing morbidity of carotid cndarterectomy without a shunt. Am Surg 1984;50:350-3.
65. Phillips MR, Johnson WC, Scott RM, Vollman RW, Levine H, Nabscth DC. Carotid endarterectomy in the presence of contralateral carotid occlusion, the role of EEG and intraluminal shunting. Arch Surg 1979;114:1232-9.
66. Sundt TM, Houser OW, Sharbrough FW, Messick JM. Carotid endarterectomy: results, complications, and monitoring techniques. Adv Neurol 1977;16:97-118.
67. McGrail KM. Intraoperative use of electroencephalography as an assessment of cerebral blood flow. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1996;7:685-92.
68. Faught E. Loss of high frequency EEG activities as a sensitive indicator of cerebral ischemia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;58: 119P.
69. Riles TS, Imparato AM, Jacobowitz GR, Lamparello PJ, Giangola G, Adelman MA, et al. The cause of perioperative stroke after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1994;19:206-16.
70. McKinsey JF, Desai TR, Bassiouny HS, Piano G, Spire J-P, Zarins CK, et al. Mechanisms of neurologic deficits and mortality with carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1996;131:526-32.
71. Lesage R, Paris E, Koskas F, Bahnini A, Kieffer E. Surgical reconstruction of the internal carotid artery with contralateral occlusion without use of a shunt. Ann Vasc Surg 1991;5:55-60.
72. Moore DJ, Modi JR, Finch UT, Sumner DA. Influence of the contralateral carotid artery neurologic complications following carotid endartercctomy. J Vasc Surg 1984;1:409-14.
73. Mickey WC, O'Donnell TF Jr, Callow AD. Carotid endarterectomy contralateral to an occluded carotid artery: perioperative risk and late results. J Vasc Surg 1990;11:778-85.
74. Redekop G, Ferguson G. Correlation of contralateral stenosis and intraoperative electroencephalogram change with risk of stroke during carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 1992;30:191-4.
75. Deriu GP, Franceschi L, Milite D, Calabro A, Saia A, Grego F, et al. Carotid artery endarterectomy in patients with contralateral carotid artery occlusion: perioperative hazards and late results. Ann Vasc Surg 1994;8:337-42.
76. Cao P, Giordano G, De Rango P, Ricci S, Zannetti S, Moggi L. Carotid endarterectomy contralateral to an occluded carotid artery: a retrospective case-control study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995;10:16-22.
77. Coyle KA, Smith RB, Salam AA, Dobson TF, Chaikof EL, Lumsden AB. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion: review of a 10-year experience. Cardiovasc Surg 1996;4:71-5.
78. Aungst M, Gahtan V, Berkowitz H, Roberts AB, Kerstein MD. Carotid endarterectomy outcome is not affected in patients with contralateral carotid artery occlusion. Am J Surg 1998;176:30-3.
79. da Silva AF, McCollum P, Szymanska T, de Cossart L. Prospective study of carotid endarterectomy and contralateral carotid occlusion. Br J Surg 1996;1370-2.
80. Perler BA, Burdick JF, Williams GM. Does contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion increase the risk of carotid endarterectomy? J Vasc Surg 1992;16:347-53.