메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 280, Issue 5369, 1998, Pages 1576-1580

Detection of atomic deuterium in the upper atmosphere of Mars

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEUTERIUM; HYDROGEN; WATER;

EID: 0032486324     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5369.1576     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (106)

References (59)
  • 3
    • 0000749029 scopus 로고
    • M. H. Carr, Icarus 87, 210 (1990); D. M. Hunten, Science 259, 915 (1993).
    • (1990) Icarus , vol.87 , pp. 210
    • Carr, M.H.1
  • 4
    • 0027492555 scopus 로고
    • M. H. Carr, Icarus 87, 210 (1990); D. M. Hunten, Science 259, 915 (1993).
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 915
    • Hunten, D.M.1
  • 7
    • 0001185139 scopus 로고
    • V. A. Krasnopolsky, Icarus 101, 313 (1993); H. Nair, M. Allen, A. D. Anbar, Y. L. Yung, R. T. Clancy, ibid. 111, 124 (1994); V. A. Krasnopolsky, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 3263 (1995).
    • (1993) Icarus , vol.101 , pp. 313
    • Krasnopolsky, V.A.1
  • 9
    • 0001185139 scopus 로고
    • V. A. Krasnopolsky, Icarus 101, 313 (1993); H. Nair, M. Allen, A. D. Anbar, Y. L. Yung, R. T. Clancy, ibid. 111, 124 (1994); V. A. Krasnopolsky, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 3263 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 3263
    • Krasnopolsky, V.A.1
  • 14
    • 37049182906 scopus 로고
    • T. Owen, J. P. Maillard, C. de Bergh, B. L. Lutz, Science 240, 1767 (1988); V. A. Krasnopolsky, G. L. Bjoraker, M. J. Mumma, D. E. Jennings, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6525 (1997). The abstract of G. L. Bjoraker, M. J. Mumma, and H. P. Larson [Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 21, 991 (1989)] is under revision.
    • (1988) Science , vol.240 , pp. 1767
    • Owen, T.1    Maillard, J.P.2    De Bergh, C.3    Lutz, B.L.4
  • 15
    • 17044428646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. Owen, J. P. Maillard, C. de Bergh, B. L. Lutz, Science 240, 1767 (1988); V. A. Krasnopolsky, G. L. Bjoraker, M. J. Mumma, D. E. Jennings, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6525 (1997). The abstract of G. L. Bjoraker, M. J. Mumma, and H. P. Larson [Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 21, 991 (1989)] is under revision.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 6525
    • Krasnopolsky, V.A.1    Bjoraker, G.L.2    Mumma, M.J.3    Jennings, D.E.4
  • 16
    • 37049182906 scopus 로고
    • T. Owen, J. P. Maillard, C. de Bergh, B. L. Lutz, Science 240, 1767 (1988); V. A. Krasnopolsky, G. L. Bjoraker, M. J. Mumma, D. E. Jennings, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 6525 (1997). The abstract of G. L. Bjoraker, M. J. Mumma, and H. P. Larson [Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 21, 991 (1989)] is under revision.
    • (1989) Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. , vol.21 , pp. 991
    • Bjoraker, G.L.1    Mumma, M.J.2    Larson, H.P.3
  • 19
    • 0024274906 scopus 로고
    • Y. L. Yung et al., Icarus 76, 146 (1988).
    • (1988) Icarus , vol.76 , pp. 146
    • Yung, Y.L.1
  • 20
    • 2642687275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This line consists of two components at 1215.668 and 1215.674 Å, with the intensity ratio of 2:1. The weighted mean wavelength is 1215.670 Å.
  • 21
    • 2642606003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • D are the masses of the electron, H, and D, respectively.
  • 22
    • 2642595675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • GHRS was replaced with the Space Telescope imaging spectrograph (STIS) in February 1997. Although STIS has many advantages when compared with GHRS, its dark current per square arc second is higher than that of GHRS by a factor of 8, and exposures required to detect weak emissions from extended sources are longer by the same factor.
  • 23
    • 0008509228 scopus 로고
    • P. Benvenuti and E. Schreier, Eds. European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
    • J. L. Bertaux, J. T. Clarke, M. Mumma, T. Owen, E. Quemerais, in Science with the Hubble Space Telescope, P. Benvenuti and E. Schreier, Eds. (European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany, 1992), p. 459; J. T. Clarke, R. Lallement, J. L. Bertaux, E. Quemerais, Astrophys. J. 448, 893 (1995).
    • (1992) Science with the Hubble Space Telescope , pp. 459
    • Bertaux, J.L.1    Clarke, J.T.2    Mumma, M.3    Owen, T.4    Quemerais, E.5
  • 24
    • 11944252980 scopus 로고
    • J. L. Bertaux, J. T. Clarke, M. Mumma, T. Owen, E. Quemerais, in Science with the Hubble Space Telescope, P. Benvenuti and E. Schreier, Eds. (European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany, 1992), p. 459; J. T. Clarke, R. Lallement, J. L. Bertaux, E. Quemerais, Astrophys. J. 448, 893 (1995).
    • (1995) Astrophys. J. , vol.448 , pp. 893
    • Clarke, J.T.1    Lallement, R.2    Bertaux, J.L.3    Quemerais, E.4
  • 25
    • 2642595674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1.
  • 26
    • 2642591607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 10.7 cm = 70.
  • 27
    • 0011425955 scopus 로고
    • The angle between the instrument direction and the velocity of the interstellar wind was 115°, therefore the line of interplanetary H was Doppler shifted by -0.052 Å and its Doppler width was 0.06 Å [F. M. Wu and D. L. Judge, Astrophys. J. 239, 389 (1980)]. The line intensity was 200 R for this direction at solar minimum [J. M. Ajello, A. I. Stewart, G. E. Thomas, A. Graps, ibid. 317, 964 (1987)]. Half of the field of view was screened by Mars, reducing the effective intensity to 100 R and modifying the wavelength shift to -0.026 Å.
    • (1980) Astrophys. J. , vol.239 , pp. 389
    • Wu, F.M.1    Judge, D.L.2
  • 28
    • 0001009213 scopus 로고
    • The angle between the instrument direction and the velocity of the interstellar wind was 115°, therefore the line of interplanetary H was Doppler shifted by -0.052 Å and its Doppler width was 0.06 Å [F. M. Wu and D. L. Judge, Astrophys. J. 239, 389 (1980)]. The line intensity was 200 R for this direction at solar minimum [J. M. Ajello, A. I. Stewart, G. E. Thomas, A. Graps, ibid. 317, 964 (1987)]. Half of the field of view was screened by Mars, reducing the effective intensity to 100 R and modifying the wavelength shift to -0.026 Å.
    • (1987) Astrophys. J. , vol.317 , pp. 964
    • Ajello, J.M.1    Stewart, A.I.2    Thomas, G.E.3    Graps, A.4
  • 29
    • 2642636496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 5 for an aperture of 0.22″ x 0.22″ and smaller by a factor of 6 for 1.74″ x 1.74″. The difference in sensitivities for these apertures was a factor of 64.
  • 30
    • 2642687274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Both D lines binned in 16 pixels result in signal-to-noise ratios of 5. The given uncertainty accounts for both statistical and baseline uncertainties.
  • 33
    • 0028457349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. A. Krasnopolsky, S. Bowyer, S. Chakrabarti, G. R. Gladstone, J. S. McDonald, Icarus 109, 337 (1994); V. A. Krasnopolsky and G. R. Gladstone, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15765 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 15765
    • Krasnopolsky, V.A.1    Gladstone, G.R.2
  • 37
    • 0002463812 scopus 로고
    • Densities and energies of electrons above Mars' ionopause are from M. H. G. Zhang, J. G. Luhmann, A. F. Nagy, J. P. Spreiter, and S. S. Stahara [J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3311 (1993)]. Cross sections are from L. J. Kieffer [At. Data 1, 19 (1969)].
    • (1969) At. Data , vol.1 , pp. 19
    • Kieffer, L.J.1
  • 38
    • 0001478653 scopus 로고
    • Solar photon fluxes are from P. G. Richards, J. A. Fennelly, and D. G. Torr [J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8981 (1994)]. Cross sections are from S. K. Atreya [Atmospheres and Ionospheres of the Outer Planets and Their Satellites (Springer, New York, 1986)].
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 8981
    • Richards, P.G.1    Fennelly, J.A.2    Torr, D.G.3
  • 42
    • 2642666122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2O vapor in the lower atmosphere.
  • 44
    • 2642668107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2. Self-absorption by D atoms is only a few percent, confirming the validity of the single scattering approximation.
  • 46
    • 2642688253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2, which are similar to those of HD in (27) and taken from the same sources. As for HD, the model reflects the global mean conditions but for solar maximum. These differ from the daytime conditions of the model in (4). Temperature, ion density, and eddy diffusion profiles are taken from the solar maximum model in (6).
  • 47
    • 2642669099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2.
  • 48
    • 0003878179 scopus 로고
    • Hemisphere Publishing, New York
    • This value and its uncertainty were calculated using data from L. V. Gurvich, I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock [Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1989)]. The uncertainties of the given temperature and the thermodynamic constants contribute equally to the final value.
    • (1989) Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances
    • Gurvich, L.V.1    Veyts, I.V.2    Alcock, C.B.3
  • 49
    • 0028553804 scopus 로고
    • HD+H2O is larger than that measured in the laboratory [C. Lecluse and F. Robert, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2927 (1994)]. See discussion in Y. L. Yung and D. M. Kass, Science 280, 1545 (1998).
    • (1994) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.58 , pp. 2927
    • Lecluse, C.1    Robert, F.2
  • 50
    • 0032486185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HD+H2O is larger than that measured in the laboratory [C. Lecluse and F. Robert, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2927 (1994)]. See discussion in Y. L. Yung and D. M. Kass, Science 280, 1545 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1545
    • Yung, Y.L.1    Kass, D.M.2
  • 52
    • 0001310345 scopus 로고
    • This factor depends on temperature and is equal to 0.79 ± 0.05 for T = 220 ± 20 K [L. Merlivat and G. Nief, Tellus 19, 122 (1967)].
    • (1967) Tellus , vol.19 , pp. 122
    • Merlivat, L.1    Nief, G.2
  • 53
    • 2642635464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2O between them is slow and reservoirs do not completely disappear. This assumption is questionable.
  • 54
    • 2642659020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • e = 30 m. Our model differs from the model (12) in which reservoir two is disconnected from reservoir one and gradually shrinks from 3.6 to 0.2 m.
  • 55
    • 0001055033 scopus 로고
    • Reservoir two may be a part of the polar cap water, which is estimated at 15 m by B. M. Jakosky [J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1475 (1990)]. It should also include some crustal water.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 1475
    • Jakosky, B.M.1
  • 56
    • 0010576241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. H. Acuna et al., Science 279, 1676 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1676
    • Acuna, M.H.1
  • 59
    • 2642636495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • V.A.K. thanks T. Reyes for consulting in data processing. This work was supported by the HST Guest Observer Program.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.