Isokinetic dynamometry in anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 330-340

  Pua, Yong Hao ^a   Bryant, Adam L ^a   Steele, Julie R ^b   Newton, Robert U ^c   Wrigley, Tim V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^c EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Knee; Validity

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY; BIOMECHANICS; DYNAMOMETRY; HAMSTRING; HUMAN; KNEE FUNCTION; LIGAMENT SURGERY; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); PATIENT CARE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; QUADRICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE; QUANTITATIVE DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 46349090489     PISSN: 03044602     EISSN: 29724066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Johnson RJ. The anterior cruciate ligament problem. Clin Orthop 1983;172:14-8.
2. Feagin JA. The syndrome of the torn anterior cruciate ligament. Orthop Clin North Am 1979;10:81-90.
3. Nakajima H, Kondo M, Kurosawa H, Fukubayashi T. Insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament: review of our 118 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1979;95:233-40.
4. Feagin JA, Curl WW, Markey KL, Anterior cruciate ligament loss: Complications and late results. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Symposium on the Athlete's Knee: Surgical Repair and Reconstruction. St.Louis: CV Mosby Co, 1980:173-7.
5. Katz JW, Fingeroth RJ. The diagnostic accuracy of raptures of the anterior cruciate ligament comparing the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries. Am J Sports Med 1986;14:88-91.
6. McNair PJ, Marshall RN, Matheson JA. Disability and strength of athletes with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. N Z J Sports Med 1990;18:58-60.
7. Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, Fithian DC, Rossman DJ, Kaufman KR. Fate of the ACL-injured patient. A prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med 1994;22:632-44.
8. Miyasaka KC, Daniel DM, Stone ML. The incidence of knee ligament injuries in the general population. Am J Knee Surg 1991;4:3-8.
9. Chong RW, Tan JL. Rising trend of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females in a regional hospital. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33: 298-301.
10. Noyes FR, Mathews DS, Mooar PA, Grood ES. The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee, Part II: The results of rehabilitation, activity modification, and counseling on functional disability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983;65:163-74.
11. Larson RL. Overview and philosophy of knee injuries. Clin Sports Med 1985;4:209-15.
12. Shelbourne KD, Rowdon GA. Anterior cruciate ligament injury. The competitive athlete. Sports Med 1994;17:132-40.
13. Fu FH, Schulte KR. Anterior cruciate ligament surgery 1996. State of the art? Clin Orthop 1996;325:19-24.
14. Williams JS, Bach BR. Operative and nonoperative rehabilitation of the ACL-Injured knee. Sporls Med Arthrosc Rev 1996;4:69-82.
15. Tibone JE, Antich TJ, Fanton GS, Moynes D. Perry J. Functional analysis of anterior cruciate ligament instability. Am J Sports Med 1986;14:276-84.
16. Papadonikolakis A, Cooper L, Stergiou N, Georgoulis AD, Soucacos PN. Compensatory mechanisms in anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003;11:235-43.
17. Mollis JM, Takai S, Adams DJ, Horibe S, Woo SL-Y. The effects of knee motion and external loading on the length of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): A kinematic study. J Biomech Eng 1991;113:208-14.
18. McCarroll JR, Shelbourne DK, Patel JV. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in young athletes. Sports Med 1995;20:117-27.
19. Neusel E, Maibaum S, Rompe G. Five-year results of conservatively treated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1996;115:332-6.
20. Wilk KE, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament disruption. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992;15:279-93.
21. Eu FH, Bennett CH, Lattermann C, Ma CB. Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part 1: Biology and biomechanics of reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:821-30.
22. Fu FH, Bennett CH, Ma CB, Menetrey J, Lattermann C. Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part II. Operative procedures and clinical correlations. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:124-30.
23. Gottlob CA, Baker CL Jr, Pellissier JM, Colvin L. Cost effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in young adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999;367:272-82.
24. Price JS, Till SH, Bickerstaff DR, Bayliss MT, Hollander AP. Degradation of cartilage type II collagen precedes the onset of osteoarthritis following anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2390-8.
25. Keays SL. Bullock-Saxton J, Keays AC. Strength and function before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop 2000;373:174-83.
26. Mattacola CG, Perrin DH. Gansneder BM, Gieck JH. Saliba EN. McCue FC. Strength, functional outcome, and postural stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Athl Train 2002;37:262-8.
27. Enoka RM. Neuromechanics of Human Movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.
28. Taylor NA, Sanders RH. Howick EI, Stanley SN. Static and dynamic assessment of the Biodex dynamometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1991;62:180-8.
29. Herzog W. The relation between the resultant moments at a joint and the moments measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. J Biomech 1988;21:5-12.
30. lossifidou AN, Baltzopoulos V. Inertial effects on the assessment of performance in isokinetic dynamometry. Int J Sports Med 1998;19:567-73.
31. Wrigley TV, Strauss G. Isokinetic dynamometry. In: Gore C, editor. Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 2000:155-99.
32. Smidt GL. Biomechanical analysis of knee flexion and extension. J Biomech 1973;6:79-92.
33. Baratta R,Solomonow M,Zhou BH,Letson D, Chuinard R, D'Ambrosia R. Muscular coactivation: the role of the antagonist in maintaining knee stability. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:113-22.
34. Rothstein JM, Lamb RL, Mayhew TP. Clinical uses of isokinetic measurements. Critical issues. Phys Ther 1987;67:1840-4.
35. Shelburne KB, Pandy MG. A musculoskeletal model of the knee for evaluating ligament forces during isometric contractions. J Biomech 1997;30:163-76.
36. Westing SH, Seger JY, Karlson E, Ekblom B. Eccentric and concentric torque-velocity characteristics of the quadriceps femoris in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988;58:100-4.
37. Harter RA, Ostemig LR, Singer KM, James SL. Larson RL, Jones DC. Long-term evaluation of knee stability and function following surgical reconstruction for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:434-43.
38. Walla DJ, Albright JP, McAuley E. Martin RK, Eldridge V, El-Khoury G. Hamstring control and the unstable anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1985; 13:34-9.
39. McNair PJ. Neuromuscular adaptations associated with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Department of Human Movement Science. Perth: University of Western Australia, 1991:366.
40. Li RCT, Maffulli N, Hsu YC, Chan KM. Isokinetic strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings and functional ability of anterior cruciate deficient knees in recreational athletes. Br J Sports Med 1996:30: 161-4.
41. Perrine JJ, Edgerton VR. Muscle force-velocity and power-velocity relationships under isokinetic loading. Med Sci Sports 1978;10:159-66.
42. Yates JW, Kamon E. A comparison of peak and constant angle torque-velocity curves in fast and slow-twitch populations. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1983;51:67-74.
43. Kannus P. Isokinetic evaluation of muscular performance: implications for muscle testing and rehabilitation. Int J Sports Med 1994;15 Suppl LS11-S18.
44. Gleeson NP, Mercer TH. Reliability of relativised angle torque and angle-specific torque indices of isokinetic leg strength in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:S209.
45. Sapega AA, Nicholas JA, Sokolow D, Saraniti A. The nature of the torque "overshoot" in cybex isokinetic dynamometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982;14:368-75.
46. Rothstein JM, Delitto A, Sinacore DR, Rose SJ. Muscle function in rheumatic disease patients treated with corticosteroids. Muscle Nerve 1983;6:128-35.
47. Afzali L, Kuwabara F, Zachazewski J, Browne P, Robinson B. A new method for the determination of the characteristic shape of an isokinetic quadriceps femoris muscle torque curve. Phys Ther 1992;72:585-92.
48. Tsepis E, Giakas G, Vagenas G, Georgoulis A. Frequency content asymmetry of the isokinetic curve between ACL deficient and healthy knee. J Biomech 2004;37:857-64.
49. Langrana NA. Lee CK, Alexander H, Mayott CW. Quantitative assessment of back strength using isokinetic testing. Spine 1984; 9:287-90.
50. Stratford P,AgostinoV,Armstrong B,Stewart T, Weininger S.Diagnostic value of knee extension torque tracings in suspected anterior cruciate ligament tears. Phys Ther 1987;67:1533-6.
51. Tracy BL, Enoka RM. Older adults are less steady during submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensor muscles. J Appl Physiol 2002;92:1004-12.
52. Brosky JA Jr, Nitz AJ, Malone TR, Caborn DN, Rayens MK. Intrarater reliability of selected clinical outcome measures following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1999;29:39-48.
53. Stratford PW. Reliability: consistency or differentiating among subjects? Phys Ther 1989;69:299-300.
54. Traub RE, Rowley GL. Understanding reliability. Educational measurement: Issues and Practice 1991;10:37-45.
55. Ross MD, Irrgang JJ. Denegar CR, McCloy CM, Unangst ET. The relationship between participation restrictions and selected clinical measures following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2002;10:10-9.
56. Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
57. Sole G, Hamren J, Milosavljevic S, Nicholson H, Sullivan SJ. Test-retest reliability of isokinetic knee extension and flexion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:626-31.
58. Pua YH, Yong J, Ng L, Chew K. Reliability of reciprocal and non-reciprocal isokinetic quadriceps peak torque measurements produced under various angular velocities in dancers. Physiother Sing 2002;5:11-7.
59. Keating XL, Matyas TA. The influence of subject and test design on dynamometric measurements of extremity muscles. Phys Ther 1996;76:866-89.
60. McDonough AL. Weir JP. The effect of postsurgical edema of the knee joint on reflex inhibition of the quadriceps femoris. J Sport Rehabil 1996;5:172-82.
61. Urbach D, Nebelung W, Weiler HT, Awiszus F. Bilateral deficit of voluntary quadriceps muscle activation after unilateral ACL tear. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1691-6.
62. Wrigley TV. Physiological responses to injury: muscle. In: Zuluaga M, ed. Sports Physiotherapy: Applied Science and Practice. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:17-43.
63. Hurley MV, Jones DW, Newham DJ. Arthrogenic quadriceps inhibition and rehabilitation of patients with extensive traumatic knee injuries. Clin Sci 1994;86:305-10.
64. Snyder-Mackler L, De Luca PF, Williams PR, Eastlack ME, Bartolozzi AR 3rd. Reflex inhibition of the quadriceps femoris muscle after injury or reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76:555-60.
65. Acierno SP, D'Ambrosia C, Solomonow M, Baratta RV, D'Ambrosia RD. Electromyography and biomechanics of a dynamic knee brace for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Orthopedics 1995;18:1101-7.
66. Herzog W, Longino D, Clark A. The role of muscles in joint adaptation and degeneration. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2003;388:305-15.
67. Hagbarth KE, Kunesch EJ, Nordin M, Schmidt R, Wallin ELI. Gamma loop contributing to maximal voluntary contractions in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1986;380:575-91.
68. Bongiovanni LG, Hagbarth KE, Stjernberg L. Prolonged muscle vibration reducing motor output in maximal voluntary contractions in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;423:15-26.
69. Avela J, Kyrolainen H, Komi PV. Altered reflex sensitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretching. J Appl Physiol 1999;86:1283-91.
70. Konishi Y, Fukubayashi T, Takeshita D. Possible mechanism of quadriceps femoris weakness in patients with ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:1414-8.
71. Konishi Y, Konishi H, Fukubayashi T. Gamma loop dysfunction in quadriceps on the contralateral side in patients with ruptured ACL. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:897-900.
72. Chmielewski TL, Stackhouse S, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. A prospective analysis of incidence and severity of quadriceps inhibition in a consecutive sample of 100 patients with complete acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture. J Orthop Res 2004;22:925-30.
73. Haggmark T, Jansson E, Eriksson E. Fiber type area and metabolic potential of the thigh muscle in man after knee surgery and immobilization. Int. J Sports Med 1981;2:12-7.
74. Halkjaer-Kri stensen J, Ingemann-Hansen T. Wasting of the human quadriceps muscle after knee ligament injuries: II Muscle fibre morphology. Scand J Rehabil Med 1985; 13(Suppl): 12-20.
75. Halkjær-Kristensen J, Ingemann-Hansen T. Wasting of the human quadriceps muscle after knee ligament injuries: III Oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activities. Scand J Rehabil Med 1985;13(Suppl):21-28.
76. Halkjær-Kristensen J, Ingemann-Hansen T. Wasting of the human quadriceps muscle after knee ligament injuries: IV Dynamic and static muscle function. Scand J Rehabil Med 1985;13(Suppl):29-37.
77. Grimby G, Gustafsson E, Peterson L, Renstrom P. Quadriceps function and training after knee ligament surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980;12:70-5.
78. Fuller MS, Grigg P. Hoffman AH. Response of joint capsule neurons to axial stress and strain during dynamic loading in cat. J Neurophysiol 1991;65:1321-8.
79. Khalsa PS, Grigg P. Responses of mechanoreceptor neurons in the cat knee joint capsule before and after anterior cruciate ligamenttransection. J Orthop Res 1996;14:114-22.
80. Berchuck M, Andriacchi TP, Bach BR, Reider B. Gait adaptations by patients who have a deficient anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72-A:871-7.
81. Johansson H. Role of knee ligaments in proprioception and regulation of muscle stiffness. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1991;1:158-79.
82. Johansson H, Sjolander P, Sojka P. Activity in receptor afferents from the anterior cruciate ligament evokes reflex effects on fusimotorneurones. Neurosci Res 1990;8:54-9.
83. Johansson H, Sjolander P, Sojka P. A sensory role for the cruciate ligaments. Clin Orthop 1991;268:161-78.
84. Johansson H, Sjolander P, Sojka P. Receptors in the knee joint ligaments and their role in the biomechanics of the joint. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 1991;18:341-68.
85. Sojka P. Sjolander P. Johansson H, Djupsjobacka M. Influence from stretch-sensitive receptors in the collateral ligaments of the knee joint on the gamma-muscle-spindle systems of flexor and extensor muscles. Neurosci Res 1991;11:55-62.
86. Richardson MS, Cramer JT, Bemben DA. Shehab RL, Glover J, Bemben MG. Effects of age and ACL reconstruction on quadriceps gamma loop function. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2006;29:28-34.
87. Konishi Y, Fukubayashi T, Takeshita D. Mechanism of quadriceps femoris muscle weakness in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002;12:371-5.
88. Konishi Y, Ikeda K, Nishino A, Sunaga M, Aihara Y, Fukubayashi T. Relationship between quadriceps femoris muscle volume and muscle torque after anterior cruciate ligament repair. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007;17:656-61.
89. Baugher WH. Warren RF, Marshall JL, Joseph A. Quadriceps atrophy in the anterior cruciate insufficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1984;12:192-5.
90. Bryant AL, Kelly J, Hohmann E. Neuromuscular adaptations and correlates of knee functionality following ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2008;26:126-35.
91. McHugh MP, Tyler TF, Browne MG, Gleim GW, Nicholas SJ. Electromyographic predictors of residual quadriceps muscle weakness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:334-9.
92. McNair PJ, Wood GA. Frequency analysis of the EMG from the quadriceps of anterior cruciate ligament deficient individuals. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993;33:43-8.
93. Breitfuss H, Frohlich R. Povacz P, Resch H, Wicker A. The tendon defect after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the midthird patellar tendon - a problem for the patellofemoral joint? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996;3:194-8.
94. Sachs RA, Daniel DM, StoneML, Garfein RF. Patellofemoral problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1989;17:760-5.
95. Yasuda K. Ohkoshi Y, Tanabe Y, Kaneda K. Muscle weakness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar and quadriceps tendons. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 1991;51:175-85.
96. Kannus P, Latvala K, Jarvinen M. Thigh muscle strengths in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee: Isokinetic and isometric long-term results. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1987;9:223-7.
97. Kannus P. Ratio of hamstring to quadriceps femoris muscles' strength in the anterior cruciate ligament insufficient knee: relationship to long-term recovery. Phys Ther 1988;68:961-5.
98. Kannus P. Peak torque and total work relationship in the thigh muscles after anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988;10:97-101.
99. Kannus P, Jarvinen M. Thigh muscle function after partial tear of the medial ligament compartment of the knee. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:4-9.
100. Kannus P, Jarvinen M, Johnson R, Renstrom P, Pope M, Beynnon B, et al. Function of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles in knees with chronic partial deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament: Isometric and isokinetic evaluation. Am J Sports Med 1992;20:162-8.
101. Harilainen A, Alaranta H, Sandelin J, Vanhanen I. Good muscle performance does not compensate instability symptoms in chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. In: Viitasalo J, Kujala U, editors. The Way to Win. International Congress on Applied Research in Sports. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education, 1995:95-7.
102. Steele JR. Knee Function of Chronic ACLD Patients During Static Knee Laxity Assessment and Dynamic Deceleration. Department of Biomedical Science. Wollongong: University of Wollongong, 1997:384.
103. Keays SL, Bullock-Saxton J, Keays AC, Newcombe P. Muscle strength and function before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using semitendonosus and gracilis. Knee 2001;8:229-34.
104. Witvrouw E, Bellemans J, Verdonk R, Cambier D, Coorevits P, Almq vist F. Patellar tendon vs. doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendon for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Int Orthop 2001;25:308-11.
105. Tkeda H, Kurosawa H, Kim SG. Quadriceps torque curve pattern in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Int Orthop 2002;26: 374-6.
106. Tibone JE, Antich TJ, Fanton GS, Moynes D, Perry J. Functional analysis of anterior cruciate ligament instability. Am J Sports Med 1986;14:276-84.
107. Lephart SM. Perrin DH. Fu FH. Gieck JH. McCue FC, Irrgang JJ. Relationship between selected physical characteristics and functional capacity in the anterior cruciate ligament-insufficient athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992;16:174-81.
108. Gauffin H, Tropp H. Altered movement and muscular-activation patterns during the one-legged jump in patients with an old anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med 1992;20:82-192.
109. Morrissey MC, Brewster CE. Hamstring weakness after surgery for anterior cruciate injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1986;7:310-3.
110. Snyder-Mackler L, Ladin Z, Schepsis AA, Electrical stimulation of the thigh muscles after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Effects of electrically elicited contractions of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles on gait and on strength of the thigh muscles. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991;73:1025-36.
111. Vegso JJ, Genuario SE, Torg JS. Maintenance of hamstring strength following knee surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985;17:376-9.
112. Paulos L. Noyes FR, Grood E, Butler DL. Knee rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair. Am J Sports Med 1981;9:140-7.
113. Shelbourne KD. Nitz P. Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:292-9.
114. Hardin JA, Guido JA, Hughes CJ. Hamstring muscle strength prior to and following ACL reconstruction surgery using a patella tendon autograft. J Sports Rehab 1998;7:172-81.
115. Wilk KE. Reinold MM, Hooks TR. Recent advances in the rehabilitation of isolated and combined anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Orthop Clin North Am 2003;34:107-37.
116. More RC, Karras BT, Neiman R, Fritschy D, Woo S, Daniel DM. Hamstrings - an anterior cruciate ligament protagonist: an in vitro study. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:231-7.
117. Seto JL, Orofino AS, Morrissey MC, Medeiros JM, Mason W.I. Assessment of quadricep/hamstring strength, knee ligament stability, functional and sports activity levels five years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:170-80.
118. Aglietti P. Buzzi R, Zaccherotti G, De Biase P. Patellar tendon versus doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1994;22:211-7.
119. Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Fleming BC, Kannus P, Kaplan M, Samani J, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament replacement: comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts with two-strand hamstring grafts. A prospective, randomized study [see comment]. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:1503-13.
120. Webster KE, Gonzalez-Adrio R, Feller JA. Dynamic joint loading following hamstring and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2004;12:15-21.
121. Lipscomb AB, Johnston RK. Snyder RB. The technique of cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1981;9:77-81.
122. Zarins B. Rowe CR. Combined anterior cruciate-ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus tendon and iliotibial tract. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986;68:160-77.
123. Ferretti A, Conteduca F, Morelli F, Masi V. Regeneration of the semitendinosus tendon after its use in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a histologic study of three cases. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:204-7.
124. Lipscomb AB, Johnston RK, Snyder RB, Warburton MJ. Gilbert PP. Evaluation of hamstring strength following use of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1982;10:340-2.
125. Nakamura N, Horibe S, Sasaki S, Kitaguchi T, Tagami M, Mitsuoka T, et al. Evaluation of active knee flexion and hamstring strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Arthroscopy 2002;18:598-602.
126. Soon M, Neo CP, Mitra AK, Tay BK. Morbidity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring autograft. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33:214-9.
127. Elmlinger BS, Nyland JA, Tillett ED. Knee flexor function 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus-gracilis autografts. Arthroscopy 2006;22:650-5.
128. Hiemstra LA. Webber S, MacDonald PB. Kriellaars DJ. Knee strength deficits after hamstring tendon and patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:1472-9.
129. Tashiro T. Kurosawa H, Kawakami A, Hikita A. Fukui N. Influence of medial hamstring tendon harvest on knee flexor strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A detailed evaluation with comparison of single- and double-tendon harvest. Am J Sports Med 2003;31:522-9.
130. Segawa H. Omori G, Koga Y, Kameo T, Iida S, Tanaka M. Rotational muscle strength of the limb after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus and gracilis tendon. Arthroscopy 2002;18:177-82.
131. Viola RW, Sterett WJ, Newfield D, Steadman JR, Torry MR. Internal and external tibial rotation strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using ipsilateral semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:552-5.
132. Torry MR, Decker MJ, Jockel JR, Viola R, Sterett WI, Steadman JR. Comparison of tibial rotation strength in patients' status after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring versus patellar tendon autografts. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14:325-31.
133. Eriksson K, Hamberg P, Jansson E, Larsson H, Shalabi A, Wredmark T. Semitendinosus muscle in anterior cruciate ligament surgery: morphology and function. Arthroscopy 2001;17:808-17.
134. Hioki S, Fukubayashi T, Ikeda K, Niitsu M, Ochiai N. Effect of harvesting the hamstrings tendon for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the morphology and movement of the hamstrings muscle: a novel MRI technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003;11:223-7.
135. Nakamae A, Deie M. Yasumoto M. Adachi N, Kobayashi K, Yasunaga Y, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography imaging evidence of regeneration of the semitendinosus tendon harvested for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison with hamstring muscle strength. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005;29:241-5,
136. Westing SH, Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Effects of electrical stimulation on eccentric and concentric torque-velocity relationships during knee extension in man. Acta Physiol Scand 1990;140:17-22.
137. Rebai H, Barra V, Laborde A. Bonny JM, Poumarat G, Coudert J. Effects of two electrical stimulation frequencies in thigh muscle after knee surgery, Int J Sports Med 2002;23:604-9.
138. Ageberg E, Zatterstrom R, Moritz U, Friden T. Influence of supervised and nonsupervised training on postural control after an acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a three-year longitudinal prospective study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001;31:632-44.
139. Meszler D, Manal TJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Rehabilitation after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Practice guidelines and procedure-modified, criterion-based progression operative techniques in sports medicine. Operat Tech Sports Med 1998;6:111-6.
140. Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Irrgang JJ. A modified neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocol for quadriceps strength training followi ng anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33:492-501.
141. Lieber RL, Silva PD, Daniel DM. Equal effectiveness of electrical and volitional strength training for quadriceps femoris muscles after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. J Orthop Res 1996;14:131-8.
142. Beynnon BD, Fleming BC, Johnson RJ, Nichols CE, Renstrom PA, Pope MH. Anterior cruciate ligament strain behavior during rehabilitation exercises in vivo. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:24-34.
143. Steindler A. Kinesiology of the Human Body Under Normal and Pathological Conditions. Springfield: Charles C Thomas, 1973.
144. Palmitier RA, An KN, Scott SG, Chao EY. Kinetic chain exercise in knee rehabilitation. Sports Med 1991;11:402-13.
145. Fitzgerald GK. Open versus closed kinetic chain exercise: issues in rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Phys Ther 1997;77:1747-54.
146. Salem GJ, Salinas R, Harding FV. Bilateral kinematic and kinetic analysis of the squat exercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch Phys Med Rehabii 2003;84:1211-6.
147. Tagesson S, Oberg B, Good L, Kvist J. A comprehensive rehabilitation program with quadriceps strengthening in closed versus open kinetic chain exercise in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a randomized clinical trial evaluating dynamic tibial translation and muscle function. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:298-307.
148. Wilk KE, Romaniello WT, Soscia SM, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. The relationship between subjective knee scores, isokinetic testing, and functional testing in the ACL-reconstructed knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1994;20:60-73.
149. Ernst GP, Saliba E, Diduch DR, Hurwitz SR, Ball DW. Lower extremity compensations following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther 2000;80:251-60.
150. Mikkelsen C, Werner S.Eriksson E. Closed kinetic chain alone compared to combined open and closed kinetic chain exercises for quadriceps strengthening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with respect to return to sports: a prospective matched follow-up study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000;8:337-42.
151. Snyder-Mackler L, Delitto A, Bailey SL, Stralka SW. Strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle and functional recovery after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, A prospective, randomized clinical trial of electrical stimulation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:1166-73.
152. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE, Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:513-8.
153. Kerlinger FN. Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.
154. Shelton WR, Barrett GR, Dukes A. Early season anterior cruciate ligament tears. A treatment dilemma. Am J Sports Med 1997;25:656-8.
155. Rudolph KS, Axe MJ. Buchanan TS. Scholz JP, Snyder-Mackler L. Dynamic stability in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001;9:62-71.
156. Chmielewski TL, Rudolph KS, Snyder-Mackler L. Development of dynamic knee stability after acute ACL injury. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2002;12:267-74.
157. Eastlack ME, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Laxity, instability, and functional outcome after ACL injury: copers versus non-copers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:210-5.
158. Fitzgerald GK, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Proposed practice guidelines for nonoperative anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation of physically active individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000:30:194-203.
159. Andersson AC. Knee laxity and function after conservative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A prospective study. Int J Sports Med 1993;14:150-3.
160. Buss DD, Min R, Skyhar M, Galinat B, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL. Non-operative treatment of acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries in a selected group of patients. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:160-5.
161. Engstrom B, Gornitzka J, Johansson C, Wredmark T. Knee function after anterior cruciate ligament ruptures treated conservatively. Int Orthop 1993;17:208-13.
162. Hurd WJ, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. A 10-year prospective trial of a patient management algorithm and screening examination for highly active individuals with anterior cruciate ligament injury: Part 1, outcomes. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:40-7.
163. Fitzgerald GK, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. A decision-making scheme for returning patients to high-level activity with nonopcrative treatment after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000;8:76-82.
164. Irrgang JJ, Snyder-Mackler L, Wainner RS, Fu FH, Harner CD. Development of a patient-reported measure of function of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80:1132-45.
165. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:513-8.
166. Lephart SM, Kocher MS, Harner CD, Fu FH. Quadriceps strength and functional capacity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:738-43.
167. Williams GN, Snyder-Mackler L,Barrance PJ, Buchanan TS. Quadriceps femoris muscle morphology and function after ACL injury: a differential response in copers versus non-copers. J Biomech 2005;38:685-93.
168. Holm I, Risberg MA, Aune AK, Tjomsland O. Steen H. Muscle strength recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective study of 151 patients with a two-year follow-up. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2000;8:57-63.
169. Noyes FR. The Noyes Knee Rating System. Cincinnati. Ohio: Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Education Foundation, 1995.
170. Guccione AA, Mielenz TJ, Devellis RF, Goldstein MS, Freburger JK, Pietrobon R, et al. Development and testing of a self-report instrument to measure actions: outpatient physical therapy improvement in movement assessment log (OPTIMAL). Phys Ther 2005;85:515-30.
171. Sackett DL, Strauss SE, Richardson WS. Evidence-Based Medicine: How To Practice and Teach EBM. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
172. Wrigley TV. Correlations with athletic performance. In: Brown L, editor. Isokinetics in Human Performance. Champaign. Illinois: Human Kinetics, 2000:42-73.