The Management of Recurrent Patellar Dislocation

Orthopedic Clinics of North America

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 313-327

  Andrish, Jack ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; BIOMECHANICS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONVALESCENCE; HEMARTHROSIS; HUMAN; INJURY; JOINT DEGENERATION; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MOBILIZATION; OSTEOTOMY; PATELLA DISLOCATION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SUTURING METHOD; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

HUMANS; MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIPULATIONS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; PATELLAR DISLOCATION; RECURRENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 46249083889     PISSN: 00305898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2008.03.005     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Clark A.L. Osteoarthritis: what we have been missing in the patellofemoral joint. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 36 1 (2008) 30-37
2. Cohen Z.A., Henry J.H., McCarthy D.M., et al. Computer simulations of patellofemoral joint surgery. Am J Sports Med 31 (2003) 87-98
3. Fithian D.C., Paxton E.W., and Cohen A.B. Indications in the treatment of patellar instability. J Knee Surg 17 (2004) 47-56
4. Fithian D.C., Paxton E.W., Stone M.L., et al. Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med 32 (2004) 1114-1121
5. Crosby E.B., and Insall J. Recurrent dislocation of the patella: relation of treatment to osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 (1976) 9-13
6. Grelsamer R.P., and Weinstein C.H. Applied biomechanics of the patella. Clin Orthop 389 (2001) 9-14
7. Andrish J. The biomechanics of patellofemoral stability. J Knee Surg 17 (2004) 35-39
8. Conlan T., Garth W.P., and Lemons J.E. Evaluation of the medial soft-tissue restraints of the extensor mechanism of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75 (1993) 682-693
9. Desio S.M., Burks R.T., and Bachus K.N. Soft tissue restraints to lateral patellar translation in the human knee. Am J Sports Med 26 (1998) 59-65
10. Hautamaa P.V., Fithian D.C., Kaufman K.R., et al. Medial soft tissue restraints in lateral patellar instability and repair. Clin Orthop 349 (1998) 174-182
11. Nomura E., Horiuchi Y., and Kihara M. Medial patellofemoral ligament restraint in lateral patellar translation and reconstruction. Knee 7 (2000) 121-127
12. Fithian D.C., Nomura E., and Arendt E. Anatomy of patellar dislocation. Oper Tech Sports Med 9 (2001) 102-111
13. Amis A.A., Firer P., Mountney J., et al. Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Knee 10 (2003) 215-220
14. Senavongse W., Farahmand F., Jones J., et al. Quantitative measurement of patellofemoral joint stability: force-displacement behavior of the human patella in vitro. J Orthop Res 21 (2003) 780-786
15. Farahmand F., Tahmasbi M.N., and Amis A.A. Lateral force: displacement behaviour of the human patella and its variation with knee flexion: a biomechanical study in vitro. J Biomech 31 (1998) 1147-1152
16. Heegaard J., Leyvraz P.F., Van Kampen A., et al. Influence of soft structures on patellar three-dimensional tracking. Clin Orthop 299 (1994) 235-243
17. Lee T.Q., Yang B.Y., Sandusky M.D., et al. The effects of tibial rotation on the patellofemoral joint: assessment of the changes in in situ strain in the peripatellar retinaculum and the patellofemoral contact pressures and areas. J Rehabil Res Dev 38 (2001) 463-469
18. Ahmed A.M., and Duncan N.A. Correlation of patellar tracking pattern with trochlear and retropatellar surface topographies. J Biomech Eng 122 (2000) 652-660
19. Carrillon Y., Abidi H., Dejour D., et al. Patellar instability: assessment on MR images by measuring the lateral trochlear inclination. Initial experience. Radiology 216 (2000) 582-585
20. Neptune R.R., Wright I.C., and van den Bogert A.J. The influence of orthotic devices and vastus medialis strength and timing on patellofemoral loads during running. Clin Biomech 15 (2000) 611-618
21. Raimondo R.A., Ahmad C.S., Blankevoort L., et al. Patellar stabilization: a quantitative evaluation of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle. Orthopedics 21 (1998) 791-795
22. Sakai N., Luo Z.P., Rand J.A., et al. The influence of weakness in the vastus medialis oblique muscle on the patellofemoral joint: an in vitro biomechanical study. Clin Biomech 15 (2000) 335-339
23. Goh J.C.H., Lee P.Y.C., and Bose K. A cadaver study of the function of the oblique part of vastus medialis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77 (1995) 225-231
24. Livingston L.A. The quadriceps angle: a review of the literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 28 (1998) 105-109
25. Mizuno Y., Kumagai M., Mattessich S.M., et al. Q-angle influences tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics. J Orthop Res 19 (2001) 834-840
26. Post W.R., Teitge R., and Amis A. Patellofemoral malalignment: looking beyond the viewbox. Clin Sports Med 21 (2002) 521-546
27. Sanfridsson J., Arnbjornsson A., Friden T., et al. Femorotibial rotation and the Q-angle related to the dislocating patella. Acta Radiol 42 (2001) 218-224
28. Buckley S.L., Barrack R.L., and Alexander A.H. The natural history of conservatively treated partial anterior cruciate ligament tears. Am J Sports Med 17 (1989) 221-225
29. Daniel D.M., Stone M.L., Dobson B.E., et al. Fate of the ACL-injured patient: a prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med 22 (1994) 632-644
30. McDaniel W.J., and Dameron T.B. Untreated ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62 (1980) 696-704
31. Noyes F.R., Mooar P.A., Matthews D.S., et al. The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee: part I. The long-term functional disability in athletically active individuals. J Bone Joint Surg Am 65 (1983) 154-162
32. Dye S.F. Patellofemoral pain current concepts: an overview. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 9 (2001) 264-272
33. Arendt E.A., Fithian D.C., and Cohen E. Current concepts of lateral patella dislocation. Clin Sports Med 21 (2002) 499-519
34. James S.L., Bates B.T., and Osternig L.R. Injuries to runners. Am J Sports Med 6 (1978) 40-50
35. James S.L. Running injuries to the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 3 (1995) 309-318
36. Hutchinson M.R., and Ireland M.L. Knee injuries in female athletes. Sports Med 19 (1995) 288-302
37. Zeller B.L., McCrory J.L., Kibler B., et al. Differences in kinematics and electromyographic activity between men and women during the single-legged squat. Am J Sports Med 31 (2003) 449-456
38. Hughston J.C., and Deese M. Medial subluxation of the patella as a complication of lateral retinacular release. Am J Sports Med 16 (1988) 383-388
39. Atkin D.M., Fithian D.C., Marangi K.S., et al. Characteristics of patients with primary acute lateral patellar dislocation and their recovery within the first 6 months of injury. Am J Sports Med 28 (2000) 472-479
40. Kolowich P.A., Paulos L.E., Rosenberg T.D., et al. Lateral release of the patella: indications and contraindications. Am J Sports Med 18 (1990) 359-365
41. Post W.R., and Fulkerson J.P. Distal realignment of the patellofemoral joint: indications, effects, results and recommendations. Orthop Clin North Am 23 (1992) 631-643
42. Fulkerson J.P. Anterolateralization of the tibial tubercle. Tech Orthop 12 (1997) 165-169
43. DeLee J.C., and Drez D. Etiology of injury to the foot and ankle. In: Stevenson A. (Ed). Orthopaedic sports medicine: principles and practice. 2nd edition vol. 2 (2003), Saunders, Philadelphia p. 2224-74
44. Steiner M.E. Hypermobility and knee injuries. The Physician and Sports Medicine 15 (1987) 159-165
45. Fithian D.C., Mishra D.K., Balen P.F., et al. Instrumented measurement of patellar mobility. Am J Sports Med 23 (1995) 607-615
46. Skalley T.C., Terry G.C., and Teitge R.A. The quantitative measurement of normal passive medial and lateral patellar motion limits. Am J Sports Med 21 (1993) 728-732
47. Tanner S.M., Garth W.P., Soileau R., et al. A modified test for patellar instability: the biomechanical basis. Clin J Sport Med 13 (2003) 327-338
48. Teitge R.A., Faerber W., Des Madryl P., et al. Stress radiographs of the patellofemoral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 (1996) 193-203
49. Nonweiler D.E., and DeLee J.C. The diagnosis and treatment of medial subluxation of the patella after lateral retinacular release. Am J Sports Med 22 (1994) 680-686
50. Dejour H., Walch G., Nove-Josserand L., et al. Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2 (1994) 19-26
51. Dupont J.Y., and Guier C.A. Comparison of three standard radiologic techniques for screening of patellar subluxations. Clin Sports Med 21 (2002) 389-401
52. Kujala U.M., Osterman K., Kormano M., et al. Patellofemoral relationships in recurrent patellar dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71 (1989) 788-792
53. Dejour H., Walch G., Neyret P.H., et al. Dysplasia of the femoral trochlea. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 76 (1990) 45-54
54. Galland O., Walch G., Dejour H., et al. An anatomical and radiological study of the femoropatellar articulation. Surg Radiol Anat 12 (1990) 119-125
55. Lancourt J.E., and Cristini J.A. Patella alta and patella infera: their etiological role in patellar dislocation, chondromalacia, and apophysitis of the tibial tubercle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 (1975) 1112-1115
56. Nove-Josserand L., and Dejour D. Quadriceps dysplasia and patellar tilt in objective patellar instability. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 81 (1995) 497-504
57. Tsujimoto K., Kurosaka M., Yoshiya S., et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic analysis of the position of the tibial tubercle in recurrent dislocation and subluxation of the patella. Am J Knee Surg 13 (2000) 83-88
58. Beasley L.S., and Vidal A.F. Traumatic patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: treatment update and literature review. Curr Opin Pediatr 16 (2004) 29-36
59. Murray T.F., Dupont J.Y., and Fulkerson J.P. Axial and lateral radiographs in evaluating patellofemoral malalignment. Am J Sports Med 27 (1999) 580-584
60. Berg E.E., Mason S.L., and Lucas M.J. Patellar height ratios: a comparison of four measurement methods. Am J Sports Med 24 (1996) 218-221
61. Laurin C.A., Dussault R., and Levesque H.P. The tangential x-ray investigation of the patellofemoral joint: X-ray technique, American academy of orthopaedic surgeons diagnostic criteria and their interpretation. Clin Orthop 144 (1979) 16-26
62. Merchant A.C., Mercer R.L., Jacobsen R.H., et al. Roentgenographic analysis of patellofemoral congruence. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56 (1974) 1391-1396
63. Kobayashi T., and Fujikawa K. Theoretical use of 3D CT to predict method of patella realignment. Knee 10 (2003) 135-138
64. Staubli H.U., Durrenmatt U., Porcellini B., et al. Anatomy and surface geometry of the patellofemoral joint in the axial plane. J Bone Joint Surg Br 81 (1999) 452-458
65. von Eisenhart-Rothe R., Siebert M., Bringmann C., et al. A new in vivo technique for determination of 3D kinematics and contact areas of the patellofemoral and tibio-femoral joint. J Biomech 27 (2004) 927-934
66. Hawkins R.J., Bell R.H., and Anisette G. Acute patellar dislocations: the natural history. Am J Sports Med 14 (1986) 117-120
67. Tuxoe J.I., Teir M., Winge S., et al. A medial patellofemoral ligament: a dissection study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 10 (2002) 138-140
68. Harilainen A., and Myllynen P. Operative treatment in acute patellar dislocation: radiological predisposing factors, diagnosis and results. Am J Knee Surg 1 (1988) 178-185
69. Maenpaa H., and Lehto M.U. Patellar dislocation: the long-term results of nonoperative management in 100 patients. Am J Sports Med 25 (1997) 213-217
70. Brown D.E., Alexander A.H., and Lightman D.M. The elmslie-trillat procedure: evaluation in patellar dislocation and subluxation. Am J Sports Med 12 (1984) 104-109
71. Fondren F.B., Goldner J.L., and Bassett F.H. Recurrent dislocation of the patella treated by the modified roux-goldthwait procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67 (1985) 993-1005
72. Letts R.M., Davidson D., and Beaule P. Semitendinosus tenodesis for repair of recurrent dislocation of the patella in children. J Pediatr Orthop 19 (1999) 742-747
73. Madigan R., Wissinger H.A., and Donaldson W.F. Preliminary experience with a method of quadricepsplasty in recurrent subluxation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 (1975) 600-607
74. Myers P., Williams A., Dodds R., et al. The three-in-one proximal and distal soft tissue patellar realignment procedure: results and its place in the management of patellofemoral instability. Am J Sports Med 27 (1999) 575-579
75. Wootton J.R., Cross M.R., and Wood D.G. Patellofemoral malalignment: a report of 68 cases treated by proximal and distal patellofemoral reconstruction. Injury 21 (1990) 169-173
76. Aglietti P., Buzzi R., De Biase P., et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent dislocation of the patella. Clin Orthop 308 (1994) 8-17
77. Fulkerson J.P., Schutzer S.F., Ramsby G.R., et al. Computerized tomography of the patellofemoral joint before and after lateral release or realignment. Arthroscopy 3 (1987) 19-24
78. Nikku R., Nietosvaara Y., Kallio P.E., et al. Operative versus closed treatment of primary dislocation of the patella. Acta Orthop Scand 68 (1997) 419-423
79. Powers J.A. Natural history of recurrent dislocation of the patella. Clin Orthop 119 (1976) 281
80. Arnbjornsson A., Eglund N., Rydling O., et al. The natural history of recurrent dislocation of the patella: long-term results of conservative and operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74 (1992) 140-142
81. Hampson W.G.J., and Hill P. Late results of transfer of the tibial tubercle for recurrent dislocation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Br 57 (1975) 209-213
82. Juliusson R., and Markhede G. A modified hauser procedure for recurrent dislocation of the patella: a long-term follow-up study with special reference to osteoarthritis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 103 (1984) 42-46
83. Maenpaa H., and Lehto M.U. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis after patellar dislocation. Clin Orthop 339 (1997) 156-162
84. Nakagawa K., Wada Y., Minamide M., et al. Deterioration of long-term clinical results after the elmslie-trillat procedure for dislocation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84 (2002) 861-864
85. Shellock F.G. Effect of a patellar realignment brace on patients with patellar subluxation and dislocation: evaluation with kinematic magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med 28 (2000) 131-133
86. Kuroda R., Kambic H., Valdevit A., et al. Articular cartilage contact pressure after tibial tuberosity transfer. Am J Sports Med 29 (2001) 403-409
87. Huberti H.H., and Hayes W.C. Patellofemoral contact pressures: the influence of Q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 (1984) 715-724
88. Ahmed A.M., Burke D.L., and Hyder A. Force analysis of the patellar mechanism. J Orthop Res 5 (1987) 69-85
89. Pidoriano A.J., Weinstein R.N., Buuck D.A., et al. Correlation of patellar articular lesions with results from anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer. Am J Sports Med 25 (1997) 533-537
90. Wilk K.E., Davies G.J., Mangine R.E., et al. Patellofemoral disorders: a classification system and clinical guidelines for nonoperative rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 28 (1998) 307-322
91. Steinkamp L.A., Dillingham M.F., Markel M.D., et al. Biomechanical considerations in patellofemoral joint rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med 21 (1993) 438-444
92. Farahmand F., Senavongse W., and Amis A. Quantitative study of the quadriceps muscles and trochlear groove geometry related to instability of the patellofemoral joint. J Orthop Res 16 (1998) 136-143
93. Grabiner M.D., Koh T.J., and Miller G.F. Fatigue rates of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis during static and dynamic knee extension. J Orthop Res 9 (1991) 391-397
94. Lieb F.J., and Perry J. Quadriceps function: an anatomical and mechanical study using amputated limbs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 50 (1968) 1535-1548
95. Muhle C., Brinkmann G., Skaf A., et al. Effect of a patellar realignment brace on patients with patellar subluxation and dislocation. Am J Sports Med 27 (1999) 350-353
96. Palumbo P.M. Dynamic patellar brace: a new orthosis in the management of patellofemoral disorders. Am J Sports Med 9 (1981) 45-49
97. Shellock F.G. Effect of a patella-stabilizing brace on lateral subluxation of the patella. Am J Knee Surg 13 (2000) 137-142
98. Harilainen A., and Sandelin J. Prospective long-term results of operative treatment in primary dislocation of the patella. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1 (1993) 100-103
99. Godde S., Rupp S., Dienst M., et al. Fracture of the proximal tibia six months after Fulkerson osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 (2001) 832-833
100. Teitge R.A. Treatment of complications of patellofemoral joint surgery. Oper Tech Sports Med 2 (1994) 317-334
101. Luo Z.P., Sakai N., Rand J.A., et al. Tensile stress of the lateral patellofemoral ligament during knee motion. Am J Knee Surg 10 (1997) 139-144
102. Ahmad C.S., Sinicropi S.M., Su B., et al. Congenital medial dislocation of the patella. Orthopedics 26 (2003) 189-190
103. Larson R.L., Cabaud H.E., Slocum D.B., et al. The patellar compression syndrome: surgical treatment by lateral retinacular release. Clin Orthop 134 (1978) 158-167
104. Johnson D.P., and Wakeley C. Reconstruction of the lateral patellar retinaculum following lateral release: a case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 10 (2002) 361-363
105. Ahmad C.S., Stein B.E.S., Matuz D., et al. Immediate surgical repair of the medial patellar stabilizers for acute patellar dislocation: a review of eight cases. Am J Sports Med 22 (2000) 804-810
106. Hughston J.C. Reconstruction of the extensor mechanism for subluxating patella. J Sports Med 1 (1972) 6-13
107. Eilert R.E. Dysplasia of the patellofemoral joint in children. Am J Knee Surg 12 (1999) 114-119
108. Lai K.A., Shen W.J., Lin C.J., et al. Vastus lateralis fibrosis in habitual patella dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand 71 (2000) 394-398
109. Avikainen V.J., Nikku R.K., and Seppanen-Lehmonen T.K. Adductor magnus tenodesis for patellar dislocation. Clin Orthop 297 (1993) 12-16
110. Deie M., Ochi M., Sumen Y., et al. Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament for the treatment of habitual or recurrent dislocation of the patella in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 85 (2003) 887-890
111. Gomes J.L.E. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent dislocation of the patella: a preliminary report. Arthroscopy 8 (1992) 335-340
112. Muneta T., Sekiya I., Tsuchiya M., et al. A technique for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Clin Orthop 359 (1999) 151-155
113. Nomura E., and Inoue M. Surgical technique and rationale for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Arthroscopy 19 (2003) 1-9
114. Hughston J.C., Flandry F., Brinker M.R., et al. Surgical correction of medial subluxation of the patella. Am J Sports Med 24 (1996) 486-491
115. Neyret P., Robinson A.H.N., LeCoultre B., et al. Patellar tendon length: the factor in patellar instability?. Knee 9 (2002) 3-6
116. Simmons Jr. E., and Cameron J.C. Patella alta and recurrent dislocation of the patella. Clin Orthop 274 (1992) 265-269
117. Andrish J.T. The elmslie-trillat procedure. Tech Orthop 12 (1997) 1-8
118. Kumar A., Jones S., Bickerstaff D.R., et al. Functional evaluation of the modified elmslie-trillat procedure for patello-femoral dysfunction. Knee 8 (2001) 287-292
119. Fulkerson J.P., Becker G.J., Meaney J.A., et al. Anteromedial tibial tubercle transfer without bone graft. Am J Sports Med 18 (1990) 490-497
120. Nomura E., and Inoue M. Cartilage lesions of the patella in recurrent patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med 32 (2004) 498-502
121. Post W.R. Open patellar realignment for patellar pain and instability. Oper Tech Sports Med 2 (1994) 297-302
122. Peterson L., Karlsson J., and Brittberg M. Patellar instability with recurrent dislocation due to patellofemoral dysplasia results after surgical treatment. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 48 (1988) 130-139
123. Slocum B., and Slocum T.D. Trochlear wedge recession for medial patellar luxation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 23 (1993) 869-875
124. Kuroda R., Kambic H., Valdevit A., et al. Distribution of patellofemoral joint pressures after femoral trochlear osteotomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 10 (2002) 33-37
125. Albee F.H. The bone graft wedge in the treatment of habitual dislocation of the patella. Medical Record 88 (1915) 257-259
126. Weiker G.T., and Black K.P. The anterior femoral osteotomy for patellofemoral instability. Am J Knee Surg 10 (1997) 221-227
127. Masse Y. Trochleoplasty: restoration of the intercondylar groove in subluxations and dislocations of the patella. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 64 (1978) 3-17
128. Haspl M., Cicak N., Klobucar H., et al. Fully arthroscopic stabilization of the patella. Arthroscopy 18 (2002) 1-3
129. Small N.C., Glogau A.I., and Berezin M.A. Arthroscopically assisted proximal extensor mechanism realignment of the knee. Arthroscopy 9 (1993) 63-67 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons