Imaging of lymphadenopathy in the neck

European Radiology

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 727-738

  Castelijns, Jonas A ^a   van den Breckel, Michiel W M ^b  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b Athonie van Leeuwenziekenhuis ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

CT; Lymphadenopathy; MRI; Neck; US guided fine needle aspiration

Indexed keywords

ABSCESS; ARTICLE; ASPIRATION BIOPSY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CERVICAL LYMPH NODE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; INFECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENOPATHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PALPATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; ULTRASOUND; HISTOLOGY; LYMPH NODE; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISEASE; NECK; NEEDLE BIOPSY; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW;

BIOPSY, NEEDLE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC DISEASES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NECK;

EID: 0036548092     PISSN: 09387994     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s003300101102     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Martinez Gimeno C, Rodriguez EM, Vila CN et al. (1995) Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a clinicopathologic scoring system for evaluating risk of cervical lymph node metastasis. Laryngoscope 105:728-733
2. Ghouri AF, Zamora RL, Sessions DG et al. (1994) Prediction of occult neck disease in laryngeal cancer by means of a logistic regression statistical model. Laryngoscope 104:1280-1284
3. Levendag P, Sessions R, Vikram B (1989) The problem of neck relapse in early stage supraglottic larynx cancer. Cancer 63:345-348
4. Shingaki S, Kobayashi T, Suzuki I et al. (1995) Surgical treatment of stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinomas: analysis of causes of failure. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 33:304-308
5. Weiss MH, Harrison LB, Isaacs RS (1994) Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120:699-702
6. Rouvière H (1932) Anatomie des lymphatiques de l'homme, Masson, Paris
7. Shah JP, Strong E, Spiro RH et al. (1981) Neck dissection: current status and future possibilities. Clin Bulletin 11:25-33
8. Robbins KT (1998) Classification of neck dissection: current concepts and future considerations. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 31:639-655
9. Som PM, Curtin HD, Mancuso AA (1999) An Imaging-based classification for the cervical nodes designed as a adjunct to recent clinically based nodal classifications. Arch Zotolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125:388-396
10. Shah JP (1990) Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 160:405-409
11. Candela FC, Kothari K, Shah JP (1990) Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Head Neck 12:197-203
12. Candela FC, Shah J, Jaques DP et al. (1990) Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the larynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:432-435
13. Wakisaka M, Mori H, Fuwa N, Matsumoto A (2000) MR analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: correlation of the pattern of tumor extent at the primary site with the distribution of metstasized cervical lymph nodes. Preliminary results. Eur Radiol 10:970-977
14. Watarai J, Seino Y, Kobayashi M et al. (1993) CT of retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis from maxillary carcinoma. Acta Radiol 34:492-495
15. Lazor JB, Cunningham MJ, Eavey RD et al. (1994) Comparison of computed tomography and surgical findings in deep neck infections. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 111:746-750
16. Kooper DP, Tiwari RM, van der Valk P (1994) Castleman's disease as a uncommon cause of a neck mass. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 251:370-372
17. Ponyani A, Genc FA, Sencer S, Yanar H, Kapran Y (2000) Cervical Castleman's disease: imaging findings. Eur Radiol 10:1190-1192
18. Tesoro-Tess JD, Balzarini L, Ceglia E et al. (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging in the initial staging of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Radiol 12:81-90
19. Gerrits CJ, van Overhagen H, van Lom K et al. (1994) Ultrasound examination of pathological cervical lymph nodes in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. and Hodgkin's disease. Br J Haematol 88:626-628
20. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Snow GB (1994) Detection of lymph node metastases in the neck: radiologic criteria. Radiology 192:617-618
21. Don DM, Anzai Y, Lufkin RB et al. (1995) Evaluation of cervical lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 105:669-674
22. Van den Brekel MWM, Stel HV, Castelijns JA et al. (1990) Cervical lymph node metastasis: assessment of radiologic criteria. Radiology 177:379-384
23. Steinkamp HJ, Cornehl M, Hosten N et al. (1995) Cervical lymphadenopathy: ratio of long- to short-axis diameter as a predictor of malignancy. Br J Radiol 68:266-270
24. Bruneton JN, Balu-Maestro C, Marcy PY et al. (1994) Very high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasonographic examination of the normal neck: detection of normal lymph nodes and thyroid nodules. J Ultrasound Med 13:87-90
25. Som PM (1992) Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis. AJR 158:961-969
26. Curtin HD, Ishwaran H, Mancuso AA, Dalley BW, Caudry DJ, McNeil BJ (1998) Comparison of CT and MR imaging in staging of neck metastases. Radiology 207:123-130
27. Yousem DM, Som PM, Hackney DB, Schwaibold F, Hendrix RA (1992) Central nodal necrosis and extracapsular neoplastic spread in cervical lymph nodes: MR imaging versus CT. Radiology 182:753-759
28. Chong VF, Fan YF, Khoo JB (1996) MRI features of cervical nodal necrosis in metastatic disease. Clin Radiol 51:103-109
29. Hudgins PA (1994) Contrast enhancement in head and neck imaging Neuroimaging Clin North Am 1:101-115
30. van den Brekel MWM, Castelijns JA, Stel HV, Valk J, Croll GA, Golding RP, Luth WJ, Meyer CJLM, Snow GB (1990) Detection and characterization of metastatic cervical adenopathy by MR imaging: comparison of different MR techniques. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14:581-589
31. Umeda M, Nishimatsu N, Teranobu O et al. (1998) Criteria for diagnosing lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a study of the relationship between computed tomographic and histopathologic findings and outcome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56:585-593
32. van den Brekel MWM, Castelijns JA, Snow GB (1998) The size of lymph nodes in the neck on sonograms as a radiologic criterion for metastasis: How reliable is it? AJNR 19:695-700
33. Vassallo P, Wernecke K, Roos N, Peters PE (1992) Differentiation of benign from malignant superficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high-resolution US. Radiology 183:215-220
34. Stern WBR, Silver CE, Zeifer BA et al. (1990) Computed tomography of the clinically negative neck. Head Neck 12:109-113
35. Mancuso AA, Hamsberger HR, Muraki AS et al. (1983) Computed tomography of cervical and retropharyngeal lymph nodes: normal anatomy, variants of normal, and applications in staging head and neck cancer. Part II. Pathology. Radiology 148:715-723
36. Hillsamer PJ, Schuller DE, McGhee RB et al. (1990) Improving diagnostic accuracy of cervical metastases with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:1297-1301
37. Friedman M, Mafee MF, Pacella BL Jr et al. (1990) Rationale for elective neck dissection in 1990. Laryngoscope 100:54-59
38. Close LG, Merkel M, Vuitch MF, Reisch J, Schefer SD (1989) Computed tomographic evaluation of regional lymph node in volvement in cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Head Neck 11:309-317
39. Van den Brekel MWM, van der Waal I, Meyer CJLM, Freeman JL, Castelijns JA, Snow GB (1994) The incidence of micrometastases in neck dissection specimens obtained from elective neck dissections. Laryngoscope 106:987-991
40. Van den Brekel MWM, Castelijns JA, Stel HV et al. (1993) Modem imaging techniques and ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 250:11-17
41. Yucel T, Saatci I, Sennaroglu L et al. (1997) MR imaging in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with no palpable lymph nodes. Acta Radiol 38:810-814
42. Atula TS, Varpula MJ, Kurki TJI et al. (1997) Assessment of cervical lymph node status in head and neck cancer patients: palpation, computed tomography and low field magnetic resonance imaging compared with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Eur J Radiol 25:152-161
43. Feinmesser R, Freeman JL, Noyek AM et al. (1990) MRI and neck metastasis: a clinical/radiological/pathological correlative study. J Otolaryngol 91:136-140
44. Righi PD, Kopecky KK, Caldemeyer KS et al. (1997) Comparison of ultrasound fine needle aspiration and computed tomography in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. Head Neck 19:604-610
45. Ishii J, Amagasa T, Tachibana T et al. (1991) US and CT evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis from oral cancer. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 3:123-127
46. Friedman M, Roberts N, Kirshenbaum GL et al. (1993) Nodal size of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the neck. Laryngoscope 103:854-856
47. Lenz M, Kersting-Sommerhoff B, Gross M (1993) Diagnosis and treatment of the N0 neck in carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract: current status of diagnostic procedures. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 250:432-438
48. Prayer L, Winkelbauer H, Gritzmann N et al. (1990) Sonography versus palpation in the detection of regional lymphnode metastases in patients with malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 26:827-830
49. Furukawa M, Kaneko M, Mochimatsu I et al. (1990) Comparative studies of diagnosis with US or CT of the cervical lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 4:577-586
50. Vassallo P, Edel G, Roos N, Naguib A, Peters PE (1993) In-vitro high-resolution ultrasonography of benign and malignant lymph nodes a sonographic-pathologic correlation. Invest Radiol 28:698-705
51. Ahuja A, Ying M, King W, Metreweli C (1997) A practical approach to ultrasound of cervical lymph nodes. J Laryngol Otol 111:245-256
52. Tschammler A, Wirkner H, Ott G et al. (1996) Vascular patterns in reactive and malignant lymphadenopathy. Eur Radiol 6:473-480
53. Leuwer RM, Westhofen M, Schade G (1997) Color duplex echography in head and neck cancer. Am J Otolaryngol 18:254-257
54. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Stel HV et al. (1997) Occult metastatic neck disease: detection with US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Radiology 180:457-461
55. McIvor NP, Freeman JL, Salem S et al. (1994) Ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of head and neck lesions: a surgical perspective. Laryngoscope 104:669-674
56. Takes RP, Knegt P, Manni JJ et al. (1996) Regional metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: revised value of US with US-guided FNAB. Radiology 198:819-823
57. van den Brekel MWM (1996) US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of neck nodes in patients with N0 disease. Radiology 201:580-581
58. Albertini JJ, Cruse CW, Rapaport D et al. (1996) Intraoperative radio-lymphoscintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 223:217-224
59. Koch WM, Choti MA, Civelek C et al. (1998) Gamma probe directed biopsy of the sentinel node in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head neck Surg 124:455-459
60. Van den Brekel MWM, Reitsma LC, Snow GB et al. (1998) The outcome of a wait and see policy for the neck after negative ultrasound guided cytology results and follow-up with ultrasound guided cytology. Br J Cancer 77:201
61. Spiro RH, Morgan GJ, Strong EW et al. (1996) Suprahyoid neck dissection. Am J Surg 172:650-653
62. Van den Brekel MWM, Bartelink H, Snow GB (1994) The value of staging of neck nodes in patients treated with radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 32:193-196
63. Hermans R, Op de beeck K, van dan Bogaert W, Rijnders A, Staelens L, Feron M, Bellon E (2001) The relation of CT-determined tumor parameters and local and regional outcome of tonsillar cancer after defintive radiation treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 150:37
64. Carvalho P, Baldwin D, Carter R et al. (1991) Accuracy of CT in detecting squamous carcinoma metastases in cervical lymph nodes. Clin Radiol 44:79-81
65. Brennan JA, Jafek BW (1994) Elective carotid artery resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the neck. Laryngoscope 104:259-263
66. Langman AW, Kaplan MJ, Dillon WP et al. (1989) Radiologic assessment of tumor and the carotid artery: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound and computed tomography with surgical findings. Head Neck 11:443-449
67. Pradeep VM, Padmanabhan V, Sen P et al. (1991) Sonographic evaluation of operability of malignant cervical lymph nodes. Am J Clin Oncol 14:438-441
68. Yousem DM, Hatabu H, Hurst RW et al. (1995) Carotid artery invasion by head and neck masses: prediction with MR imaging. Radiology 195:715-720
69. Mann WJ, Beck A, Schreiber J et al. (1994) Ultrasonography for evaluation of the carotid artery in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 104:885-888
70. Gritzmann N, Grasl MC, Helmer M et al. (1990) Invasion of the carotid artery and jugular vein by lymph node metastases: detection with sonography. AJR 154:411-414
71. Dillon WP, Harnsberger HR (1991) The impact of radiologic imaging on staging of cancer of the head and neck. Semin Oncol 18:64-79
72. Gussack GS, Hudgins PA (1991) Imaging modalities in recurrent head and neck tumors. Laryngoscope 101:119-124
73. Mukherji SK,Mancuso AA, Kotzur IM, Mendenhall WM, Kubilis PS, Tart RP, Freeman D, Lee WR (1994) Radiologic appearance of the irradiated larynx. Part II. Primary site response. Radiology 193:149-154
74. Hermans R, Pameijer FA, Mancuso AA, Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM (2000) Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Can follow-up CT after definitve radiotherapy be used to detect local failure earlier than clinical examination alone? Radiology 214:683-687
75. Nomar A, Lell M, Sweeney R, Bautz W, Lukas P (2001) MRI appearance of irradiation-induced changes of normal cervical tissues. Eur Radiol 11:1807-1817
76. Westhofen M (1987) Ultrasound b-scans in the follow-up of head and neck tumors. Head Neck Surg 9:272-278
77. Ahuja A, Ying M, Leung SF et al. (1996) The sonographic appearance and significance of cervical metastatic nodes following radiotherapy for nasopharyngaeal carcinoma. Clin Radiol 51:698-701
78. Van den Brekel MWM, Castelijns JA, Reitsma LC et al. (2001) Outcome of observing the N0 neck using ultrasound guided cytology for follow up. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 199:153-156
79. Steinkamp HJ, Maurer J, Cornehl M et al. (1994) Recurrent cervical lymphadenopathy: differential diagnosis with color-duplex sonography. Eur Arch OtoRhinoLaryngol251:404-409
80. Hessling KH, Schmelzeisen R, Reimer P et al. (1991) Use of sonography in the follow-up of preoperatively irradiated efferent lymphatics of the neck in oropharyngeal tumours. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 19:128-130
81. Anzai Y, Carroll WR, Quint DJ et al. (1996) Recurrence of head and neck cancer after surgery or irradiation: prospective comparison of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose PET and MR imaging diagnoses. Radiology 200:135-141
82. Slevin NJ, Collins CD, Waller ML et al. (1999) The diagnsotic value of PET with radiolabelled 18F-FDG in head and neck cancer. J Laryngol Otol 113:548-554
83. Li P, Zhuang H, Mozley PD, Denittis A et al. (2001) Evaluation of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with FDG positron emission tomography. Clin Nucl Med 26:131-135
84. Watkinson JC, Todd CE, Paskin L et al. (1991) Metastatic carcinoma in the neck: a clinical/radiological/scintigraphic and pathological study. Clin Otolaryngol 16:187-192
85. Stevens MH, Harnsberger R, Mancuso AA et al. (1985) Computed tomography of cervical lymph nodes; staging and management of head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol 11:735-739
86. John DG, Anaes FC, Williams SR et al. (1993) Palpation compared with ultrasound in the assessment of malignant cervical lymph nodes. J Laryngol Otol 107:821-823
87. Moreau P, Goffart Y, Collignon J (1990) Computed tomography of metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:1190-1193