State, firms and technology. The rise of multinational telecommunications companies: ITT and the Compañía Telefónica Nacional de Espanya, 1924-1945

Business History

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 455-473

  Calvo, Angel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Compania Telefonica Nacional de Espana; ITT; Multinationals; Spanish telephone; Technological transfer; Telephone firms

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS; ECONOMIC HISTORY; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; INNOVATION; MONOPOLY; MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE; STATE ROLE; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER; TELECOMMUNICATION;

EURASIA; EUROPE; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

EID: 46049113551     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076790802106570     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Alvaro, A. (2005) Redes empresariales, inversion directa extranjera y monopolio: El caso de Telefonica, 1924-c. 1965
2. Aulas, P. (1999) Histoire du telephone en France, 1876-1914, ADHE, Paris
3. Aurelle, B. (1986) Les telecommunications, La Decouverte, Paris
4. Ayats, J. (1930) Notas para el estudio del problema telefonico de Espana, Samaran, Madrid
5. Beaulac, W. (1986) Franco: Silent ally in World War II, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale
6. Bel, G. and Trillas, F. (2005) Privatization, corporate control and regulatory reform: The case of Telefonica. Telecommunications Policy, 29:1, pp. 25-51.
7. Borderias, C. (1993) Entre lineas, Icaria, Barcelona
8. Bowen, W. H. (2000) Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration with the new order, University of Missouri Press, Columbia
9. Bowers, C. G. (1954) My mission to Spain: Watching the rehearsal for World War II, Simon & Schuster, New York
10. Burns, T. S. (1974) Tales of ITT. An insider's report, Houghton, Boston
11. Calvo, A. (1998) The telephone before Telefonica (in Spanish, English summary). Revista de Historia Industrial, 13, pp. 59-81.
12. Calvo, A. (2002) The Spanish telephone sector (1876-1924): A case of technological backwardness. History and Technology, 18:2, pp. 77-102.
13. Calvo, A. (2006) Telefonica takes command. Private monopoly and expansion of the Spanish telephone, 1924-1945 (in Spanish, English summary). Revista de Historia Industrial, 30, pp. 67-95.
14. Carballo, R. (1979) Foreign capital and the dictatorship: ITT in Spain (in Spanish). Cuadernos Economicos de ICE, 10, p. 580ff.
15. Carlson, W. B. (1994) Entrepreneurship in the early development of the telephone. Business and Economic History, 23:2, pp. 161-192.
16. Carreras, A. and Tafunell, X. (1993) La gran empresa en Espana (1917-1974) (in Spanish, English summary). Revista de Historia Industrial, 3, pp. 130-150.
17. Catalan, J. (1995) La economia espanola y la segunda guerra mundial, Ariel, Barcelona
18. Caulie, L. (2005) End of the line. The rise and fall of AT&T, Press, New York Free
19. (2005) Leviathans: Multinational corporations and the new global history, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
20. Chapuis, R. (1976) CCIF and the development of international telephony, pp. 1923-1956. ITU, Geneva
21. Coe, R. S. (1923) Europe's changing attitude toward government telephones. Bell Telephone Quarterly, 3, pp. 1-12.
22. Coll, S. (1998) Deal of the century: The break-up of ATT, Simon & Schuster, New York
23. CTNE (1924) Annual reports, Madrid
24. CTNE (1930) Estudio de recaudacion y desarrollo (unpublished document)
25. CTNE (1932) Report, July 1930
26. CTNE (1946) Bases del Contrato con el Estado
27. Danielian, N. (1939) AT&T: The story of industrial conquest, The Vanguard Press, New York
28. David, P. (1992) Path dependence and predictability in dynamic systems with local network externalities: A paradigm for historical economics. Technology and the wealth of nations, pp. 208-231. Pinter, London
29. Davies, A. (1996) Innovation in large technical systems: The case of telecommunications. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5:4, pp. 1143-1180.
30. De Witt, O. (1998) Telefonie in Nederland, 1877-1940, Technische Universiteit, Amsterdam
31. Deloraine, M. (1974) When Telecom and ITT were young, Lehigh Books, New York
32. Direccion General de Correos y Telegrafos (1908) Proyecto de mejora y ampliacion de los servicios telegrafico y telefonico
33. Dosi, G., Freeman, C. and Fabiani, S. (1994) The process of economic development: Introducing some stylized facts and theories on technologies, firms and institutions. Industrial and Corporate Change, 3:1, pp. 1-45.
34. Estabrooks, M. (1995) Electronic technology, corporate strategy and world transformation, Greenwood, Westport, CT & London
35. (1983) Breaking up Bell: Essays on industrial organization and regulation, North Holland, New York
36. Foreman-Peck, J. (1991) International technology transfer, 1876-1914. International technology transfer: Europe, Japan and USA, 1780-1914, pp. 122-152. E. Elgar, Aldershot
37. Foreman-Peck, J. (1991) The development and diffusion of telephone technology in Britain, 1900-1940. Transactions of the Newcomen Society, p. 173.
38. Francos, J. (1917) Proyecto de telefonia nacional, V.H. de Sanz Calleja, Madrid
39. Freeman, C. (1988) Diffusion: The spread of new technology to firms, sectors, and nations. Innovation, technology, and finance, pp. 38-70. B. Blackwell, Oxford
40. Friedlander, A. (1995) Natural monopoly and universal service: telephones and telegraphs in the US communications infrastructure, pp. 1837-1940. CNRI, Reston, VA
41. Gabel, D. (1994) Competition in a network industry: The telephone industry, 1894-1910. Journal of Economic History, 54:3, pp. 543-572.
42. Galambos, L. (1992) Theodore N. Vail and the role of innovation in the modern Bell system. Business History Review, 66:1, pp. 95-126.
43. Galambos, L. (1991) A view from economic history. Social responses to large technical systems: Regulation, management or anticipation, pp. 177-181. Kluwer, Dordrecht
44. Galvez, L. and Comin, F. (2005) Reglas de juego, redes de oportunidad y nacionalizaciones de empresas durante el franquismo. Redes de empresas en Espana, pp. 115-136. LID, Madrid
45. Garnet, R. (1985) The telephone enterprise: The evolution of the Bell system's horizontal structure, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD
46. Gomez Mendoza, A. (1994) El 'Gibraltar economico': Franco y Rio Tinto, 1936-1954, Civitas, Madrid
47. (2003) Business and politics in Europe, 1900-1970. Essays in honour of Alice Teichova, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
48. Green, V. (2001) Race on the line: Gender, labor and technology in the Bell system, 1880-1890, Duke University Press, Durham, NC
49. Griset, P. (1994) Les telecommunications en France. Histoire generale de l'electricite en France, pp. 1251-1258. Fayard, Paris
50. Harper, G. T. (1967) German economic policy in Spain during the Spanish civil war 1936-1939, Mouton, The Hague
51. Harrison, J. (1993) The Spanish economy: From the Civil War to the European Community, MacMillan, London & Basingstoke
52. Harvey, C. and Wilson, J. (2007) Redefining business history: An editorial statement. Business History, 49:1, pp. 1-7.
53. Hayes, C. J. H. (1946) Wartime mission in Spain 1942-1945, McMillan, New York
54. Hermans, J. and De Witt, O. (2000) Market or hierarchy? Use and deployment of telecom technologies in the Dutch financial sector 1911-1930. Proceedings of the Six LAIOOB-Conference Enschede Theory and practice
55. Herranz, A. (2004) La dotacion de infraestructuras en Espana, 1844-1935, Servicio de Estudios del Banco de Espana, Madrid
56. Hertner, P. (1987) German multinational enterprise before 1914: Some case studies. Multinationals: Theory and history, Gower, Aldershot
57. Hoare, S. (1946) Ambassador on special mission, Collins, London
58. Hochfelder, D. (2002) Constructing an industrial divide: Western Union, AT&T, and the federal government, 1876-1971. Business History Review, 76:4, pp. 705-732.
59. Holcombe, A. N. (1906) The telephone in Great Britain. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 21:1, pp. 93-135.
60. Hughes, T. P. (1987) Networks of power: Electzrification in western society (1880-1930), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
61. ITT (1925) Annual Report 1924, New York
62. ITT (1926) Annual Report 1925, New York
63. ITT (1946) Annual Report 1945, New York
64. ITT (1969) Notice of Annual Meeting (May)
65. ITT Proyecto sobre el desarrollo de las comunicaciones telefonicas en Espana
66. ITT
67. (1991) International technology transfer: Europe, Japan and USA, 1780-1914, pp. 122-152. E. Elgar, Aldershot
68. (1993) The rise of multinationals in continental Europe, E. Elgar, Aldershot
69. Kaijser, A. (1995) From invention to global system. The world's largest machine. Global telecommunications and the human condition, pp. 106-138. Almqvist, Stockholm
70. Keefer, P. (1996) Protection against a capricious state: French investment and Spanish railroads, 1845-1875. Journal of Economic History, 56, pp. 170-192.
71. Kelly, T. (1991) Why have mobile communication s been so successful in the Nordic countries?, OECD, Paris
72. (2004) European business, dictatorship, and political risk, Berghahn Books, New York
73. Krag, H. (1993) Transatlantic technology transfer: The reception and early use of the telephone in USA and Europe. European historiography of technology, pp. 68-90. Almqvist, Odense
74. Leitz, C. H. (1996) Economic relations between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain, Clarendon, Oxford
75. Lew, B. and Cater, B. (2006) The telegraph, co-ordination of tramp shipping, and growth in world trade, 1870-1910. European Review of Economic History, 10:2, pp. 147-173.
76. Libois, L. J. (1994) Les telecommunications, technologies, reseaux, services, Eyrolles, Paris
77. Liedtke, B. N. (1998) Embracing dictatorship: US relations with Spain, 1945-1953, St. Martin's Press, New York
78. Lipartito, K. (1989) The Bell system and regional business, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD
79. Little, D. J. (1979) Twenty years of turmoil: ITT, the state department, and Spain, 1924-1944. Business History Review, 53:4, pp. 449-472.
80. Lopez, S. (2003) The role of Telefonica: The internationalization of telecommunications in Spain, 1970-2000. Business and Economic History on-line, 1
81. Lundstrom, R. (1987) Swedish multinational growth before 1930. Multinationals: Theory and history, pp. 135-156. Gower, Aldershot
82. MacDougall, R. (2006) Long-lines: AT&T long-distance network as an organizational and political strategy. Business History Review, 80, pp. 297-327.
83. (2003) Traditional telecommunications networks, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
84. Magnusson, L. and Ottoson, J. (1997) Evolutionary economics and path dependence, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
85. Martin, M. (1991) Communication and social forms: The development of the telephone 1876-1920. Antipode, 2:3, pp. 307-333.
86. Millward, R. (2005) Private and public enterprise in Europe. Energy, telecommunications and transport, 1830-1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
87. Milne, G. J. (2007) British business and the telephone, 1878-1911. Business History, 49:2, pp. 163-185.
88. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1932)
89. Miranti Jr, P. J. (2002) Corporate learning and traffic management at the Bell system, 1900-1929. Business History Review, 76:1, pp. 733-765.
90. Mueller Jr, M. L. (1997) A.E.I. studies in telecommunications deregulation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA & London
91. Nelson, R. (2005) Technology, institutions, and economic growth, Harvard University Press, London
92. Nelson, R. and Winter, S. (1982) An evolutionary theory of economic change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
93. Noam, M. E. (1990) The historic evolution of the network system: Past change, present impact, and future police. Legal and economic aspects of telecommunications, pp. 461-462. Elsevier, North Holland
94. Olsson, U. (1993) Securing the markets: Swedish multinationals in a historical perspective. The rise of multinationals in continental Europe, pp. 99-127. E. Elgar, Aldershot
95. Porter, G. (2006) The rise of big business, 1860-1920, Harlan Davidson, Illinois
96. Puzzo, D. A. (1962) Spain and the great powers: 1936-1941, Columbia University Press, New York
97. Roller, L. -H. and Waverman, L. (2001) Telecommunications infrastructure and economic development: A simultaneous approach. American Economic Review, 91:4, pp. 909-923.
98. Rosenberg, N. (1994) Exploring the black box, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
99. Sampson, A. (1973) The sovereign state of ITT, Fawcett, Greenwich, CT
100. Schroter, H. G. (1995) The German long distance telephone network as a large technical system, 1919-1939, and its spin-offs for the integration of Europe. Innovation in the European economy between the wars, pp. 83-105. W. de Gruyter, Berlin & New York
101. Smith, G. D. (1985) The anatomy of a business strategy: Bell, Western Electric and the origins of the American telephone industry, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD
102. Sobel, R. (1982) I.T.T. The management of opportunity, Truman Talley, New York
103. Southard Jr, F. A. (1931) American industry in Europe, Houghton, Boston
104. Spanish Parliament Archives (1921)
105. Stehman, J. W. (1967) The financial history of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co, A.M. Kelley, New York
106. (1994) Changing large technological systems, Westview Press, Boulder, CO
107. Temin, P. (1987) The fall of the Bell system: A study in prices and politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
108. Temin, P. and Peters, G. (1985) Is history stranger than theory? The origin of telephone separations. American Economic Review, 75:2, pp. 324-327.
109. Tetsuo, A. (1999) ITT's international business activities, 1920-1940: the remarkable advance and set-back of a 'pure-international-utility-company'. The growth of multinationals, pp. 512-536. E. Elgar, Aldershot
110. Thierer, D. (1994) Unnatural monopoly: Critical moments in the development of the Bell system monopoly. Cato Journal, 14:2, pp. 267-285.
111. Thomas, F. (1998) The politics of growth: The German telephone system. The development of large technical systems, pp. 179-213. Campus, Frankfurt
112. Traina, R. P. (1968) American diplomacy and the Spanish civil war, Indiana University Press, Bloomington
113. Wallsten, S. (2005) Returning to Victorian Competition, Ownership and Regulation. The Journal of Economic History, 65:3, pp. 693-722.
114. Weiman, D. F. (2004) Building 'Universal Service' in the Early Bell System. History matters: Essays on economic growth, technology and demographic change, pp. 328-363. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
115. Wilkins, M. (2005) Multinational enterprise to 1930: Discontinuities and continuities. Leviathans: Multinational corporations and the new global history, pp. 45-80. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge