Cortex peptidoglycan lytic activity in germinating Bacillus anthracis spores

Journal of Bacteriology

Volumn 190, Issue 13, 2008, Pages 4541-4548

  Dowd, Melissa M ^a,b   Orsburn, Benjamin ^a   Popham, David L ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPIMERASE; GLUCOSAMINIDASE; PEPTIDOGLYCAN;

ARTICLE; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CULTURE MEDIUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; LYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; SPORE GERMINATION;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; HEXOSAMINIDASES; HYDROLYSIS; LACTAMS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; MURAMIC ACIDS; PEPTIDOGLYCAN; SPORES, BACTERIAL;

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS STR. STERNE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 46049095480     PISSN: 00219193     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00249-08     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Atrih, A., G. Bacher, G. Allmaier, M. P. Williamson, and S. J. Foster. 1999. Analysis of peptidoglycan structure from vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis 168 and role of PBP 5 in peptidoglycan maturation. J. Bacteriol. 181:3956-3966.
2. Atrih, A., G. Bacher, R. Korner, G. Allmaier, and S. J. Foster. 1999. Structural analysis of Bacillus megaterium KM spore peptidoglycan and its dynamics during germination. Microbiology 145:1033-1041.
3. Atrih, A., and S. J. Foster. 2001. Analysis of the role of bacterial endospore cortex structure in resistance properties and demonstration of its conservation amongst species. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:364-372.
4. Atrih, A., and S. J. Foster. 2001. In vivo roles of the germination-specific lytic enzymes of Bacillus subtilis 168. Microbiology 147:2925-2932.
5. Atrih, A., P. Zollner, G. Allmaier, and S. J. Foster. 1996. Structural analysis of Bacillus subtilis 168 endospore peptidoglycan and its role during differentiation. J. Bacteriol. 178:6173-6183.
6. Atrih, A., P. Zollner, G. Allmaier, M. P. Williamson, and S. J. Foster. 1998. Peptidoglycan structural dynamics during germination of Bacillus subtilis 168 endospores. J. Bacteriol. 180:4603-4612.
7. Boland, F. M., A. Atrih, H. Chirakkal, S. J. Foster, and A. Moir. 2000. Complete spore-cortex hydrolysis during germination of Bacillus subtilis 168 requires SleB and YpeB. Microbiology 146:57-64.
8. Chen, Y., S. Fukuoka, and S. Makino. 2000. A novel spore peptidoglycan hydrolase of Bacillus cereus: biochemical characterization and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene, sleL. J. Bacteriol. 182:1499-1506.
9. Chen, Y., S. Miyata, S. Makino, and R. Moriyama. 1997. Molecular characterization of a germination-specific muramidase from Clostridium perfringens S40 spores and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene. J. Bacteriol. 179:3181-3187.
10. Chirakkal, H., M. O'Rourke, A. Atrih, S. J. Foster, and A. Moir. 2002. Analysis of spore cortex lytic enzymes and related proteins in Bacillus subtilis endospore germination. Microbiology 148:2383-2392.
11. Cowan, A. E., D. E. Koppel, B. Setlow, and P. Setlow. 2003. A soluble protein is immobile in dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis but is mobile in germinated spores: implications for spore dormancy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 4209-4214.
12. Giorno, R., J. Bozue, C. Cote, T. Wenzel, K. S. Moody, M. Mallozzi, M. Ryan, R. Wang, R. Zielke, J. R. Maddock, A. Friedlander, S. Welkos, and A. Driks. 2007. Morphogenesis of the Bacillus anthracis spore. J. Bacteriol. 189:691-705.
13. González-Castro, M. J., J. López-Hernández, J. Simal-Lozano, and M. J. Oruña-Concha. 1997. Determination of amino acids in green beans by derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 35:181-185.
14. Guan, R., and R. A. Mariuzza. 2007. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins of the innate immune system. Trends Microbiol. 15:127-134.
15. Ishikawa, S., K. Yamane, and J. Sekiguchi. 1998. Regulation and characterization of a newly deduced cell wall hydrolase gene (cwlJ) which affects germination of Bacillus subtilis spores. J. Bacteriol. 180:1375-1380.
16. Kanneganti, T. D., M. Lamkanfi, and G. Nunez. 2007. Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease. Immunity 27:549-559.
17. Kim, H. U., and J. M. Goepfert. 1974. A sporulation medium for Bacillus anthracis. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 37:265-267.
18. Kumazawa, T., A. Masayama, S. Fukuoka, S. Makino, T. Yoshimura, and R. Moriyama. 2007. Mode of action of a germination-specific cortex-lytic enzyme, SleC, of Clostridium perfringens S40. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71:884-892.
19. Meador-Parton, J., and D. L. Popham. 2000. Structural analysis of Bacillus subtilis spore peptidoglycan during sporulation. J. Bacteriol. 182:4491-4499.
20. Moir, A. 2006. How do spores germinate? J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:526-530.
21. Nicholson, W. L., and P. Setlow. 1990. Sporulation, germination, and outgrowth, p. 391-450. In C. R. Harwood and S. M. Cutting (ed.), Molecular biological methods for Bacillus. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England.
22. Orsburn, B., S. B. Melville, and D. L. Popham. 31 March 2008. Factors contributing to heat resistance of Clostridium perfringens endospores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.02629-07.
23. Popham, D. L., J. Helin, C. E. Costello, and P. Setlow. 1996. Analysis of the peptidoglycan structure of Bacillus subtilis endospores. J. Bacteriol. 178:6451-6458.
24. Popham, D. L., J. Helin, C. E. Costello, and P. Setlow. 1996. Muramic lactam in peptidoglycan of Bacillus subtilis spores is required for spore outgrowth but not for spore dehydration or heat resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:15405-15410.
25. Schleifer, K. H., and O. Kandler. 1972. Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. Bacteriol. Rev. 36:407-477.
26. Setlow, P. 2006. Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101:514-525.
27. Vollmer, W. 2008. Structural variation in the glycan strands of bacterial peptidoglycan. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32:287-306.
28. Warth, A. D., and J. L. Strominger. 1972. Structure of the peptidoglycan from spores of Bacillus subtilis. Biochemistry 11:1389-1396.
29. Warth, A. D., and J. L. Strominger. 1971. Structure of the peptidoglycan from vegetative cell walls of Bacillus subtilis. Biochemistry 10:4349-4358.
30. Warth, A. D., and J. L. Strominger. 1969. Structure of the peptidoglycan of bacterial spores: occurrence of the lactam of muramic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64:528-535.