Maternal venous thrombosis

European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

Volumn 139, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 3-10

  Clark, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Pathophysiology; Prevention; Treatment; Venous thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; DANAPAROID; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; LEPIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; WARFARIN;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; COMPRESSION GARMENT; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; FRACTURE; HEMOSTASIS; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG EMBOLISM; MATERNAL WELFARE; OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPHILIA; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

EID: 45949098721     PISSN: 03012115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.011     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Gherman R., Goodwin T., Leung B., et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and timing of objectively diagnosed venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 94 (1999) 730-734
2. Lindqvist P., Dahlback B., and Marsal K. Thrombotic risk during pregnancy: a population study. Obstet Gynecol 94 (1999) 595-599
3. Bergqvist A., Bergqvist D., and Hallbook T. Deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy. A prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 62 (1983) 443-448
4. McColl M., Ramsay J., Tait R., et al. Risk factors for pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 78 (1997) 1183-1188
5. Confidential Enquiries into Maternal and Child Health. Saving mothers' lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer - 2000-2005. London: CEMACH; 2007.
6. Chang J., Elam-Evans L., and Berg C. Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance - United States 1991-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003 52 (2003) 1-8
7. Hoffman M. A cell-based model of coagulation and the role of factor VIIa. Blood Rev 17 (2003) S1-S5
8. Lwaleed B., and Bass P. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: structure, biology and involvement in disease. J Pathol 208 (2006) 327-339
9. Bayston T., and Lane D. Antithromb molecular basis of deficiency. Thromb Haemost 78 (1997) 339-343
10. Esmon C. Inflammation and the activated protein C anticoagulant pathway. Semin Thromb Hemost 32 (2006) 49-60
11. Clark P. Changes in haemostasis variables in pregnancy. Semin Vasc Med 3 (2003) 13-24
12. Clark P. Effect of pregnancy on the hemostatic and metabolic systems. In: Greer I., Ginsberg J., and Forbes C. (Eds). Women's vascular health (2007), Hodder Arnold, London
13. Clark P., Brennand J., Conkie J.A., McCall F., Greer I.A., and Walker I.D. Activated protein C sensitivity, protein C, protein S and coagulation in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 79 (1998) 1166-1170
14. Espana F., Gilabert J., Aznar J., Estelles A., Kobayashi T., and Griffin J.H. Complexes of activated protein C with alpha 1-antitrypsin in normal pregnancy and in severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164 (1991) 1310-1316
15. Nordstrom M., Lindblad B., Bergqvist D., and Kjellstrom T. A prospective study of the incidence of deep vein thrombosis within a defined urban population. J Int Med 232 (1992) 155-160
16. Anderson F., Wheeler H., and Goldberg R. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study. Arch Int Med 151 (1991) 933-938
17. Brill-Edwards P., Ginsberg J., Gent M., et al. Safety of withholding heparin in pregnant women with a history of venous thromboembolism Recurrence of clot in this pregnancy study group. New Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1439-1444
18. Pabinger I., Grafenhofer H., Kaider A., et al. Risk of pregnancy-associated recurrent venous thromboembolism in women with a history of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 3 (2005) 949-954
19. De Stefano V., Martinelli I., Rossi E., et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium without antithrombotic prophylaxis. Br J Haematol 135 (2006) 386-391
20. Tengborn L., Bergqvist D., Matzsch T., et al. Recurrent thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium. Is there a need for thromboprophylaxis?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160 (1989) 90-94
21. Simioni P., Tormene D., Prandoni P., and Girolami A. Pregnancy-related recurrent events in thrombophilic women with previous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 86 (2001) 929
22. Ray J., and Chan W. Deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy and the puerperium: a meta-analysis of the period of risk and the leg of presentation. Obst Gynecol Surv 54 (1999) 265-271
23. Macklon N., Greer I., and Bowman A. An ultrasound study of gestational and posterial changes in the deep venous system of the leg in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104 (1997) 191-197
24. Bates S., Greer I., Hirsh J., and Ginsberg J. Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: the Seventh ACCP Conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 126 (2004) S627-S644
25. RCOG Green Top Guideline Number 37. Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy, labour and delivery. London: RCOG; 2004.
26. Simpson E., Lawrenson R., Nightingale A., and Farmer R. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium: incidence and additional risk factors from a London perinatal database. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 108 (2001) 56-60
27. Waterstone J., Summers B., Hoskins M., Berry J., and Parsons J. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99 (1992) 439-440
28. Arya R.S.H., Patel H., et al. Internal jugular vein thrombosis after assisted conception therapy. Br J Haematol 115 (2001) 153-155
29. McColl M., Tait R., Greer I., and Walker I. Injecting drug use is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis in women in Glasgow. Br J Haematol 112 (2001) 641-643
30. Aessopos A., Stamatelos G., Skoumas V., Vassilopoulos G., Mantzourani M., and Loukopoulos D. Pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in patients with β-thalassemia intermedia. Chest 107 (1995) 50-53
31. Cheung B., Radia D., Pantelidis P., Yadegarfar G., and Harrison C. The presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation is associated with a higher haemoglobin and increased risk of thrombosis in essential thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 132 (2005) 244-245
32. Steward G., Amess J., Eber S., et al. Thrombo-embolic disease after splenectomy for hereditary stomatocytosis. Br J Haematol 93 (1996) 303-310
33. Schwarz T., Siegert G., Oettler W., et al. Venous thrombosis after long-haul flights. Arch Intern Med 163 (2003) 2759-2764
34. Bertina R., Koeleman B., Koster T., et al. Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature 369 (1994) 64-67
35. Rosendaal F., Koster T., Vandenbroucke J., and Reitsma P. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden (activated protein C resistance). Blood 85 (1995) 1504-1508
36. Folsom A., Cushman M., Tsai M.Y., et al. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism in relation to factor V leiden and related factors. Blood 99 (2002) 2720-2725
37. Poort S., Rosendaal F., Reitsma P., and Bertina R. A common genetic variation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 88 (1996) 3698-3703
38. Rosendaal F., Doggen C., Zivelin A., et al. Geographic distribution of the 20210 G to A prothrombin variant. Thromb Haemost 79 (1998) 706-708
39. Emmerich J., Rosendaal F., Cattaneo M., et al., Study group for pooled analysis in venous thromboembolism. Combined effect of factor V leiden and prothrombin 20210A on the risk of venous thromboembolism-pooled analysis of 8 case-control studies including 2310 cases and 3204 controls. Thromb Haemost 86 (2001) 809-816
40. Chinthammitr Y., Vos H., Rosendaal F., and Doggen C. The association of prothrombin A19911G polymorphism with plasma prothrombin activity and venous thrombosis: results of the MEGA study, a large population-based case-control study. J Thromb Haemost 4 (2006) 2587-2592
41. Wu O., Bayoumi N., Vickers M., and Clark P. ABO(H) blood groups and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 6 (2008) 62-69
42. Robertson L., Wu O., Langhorne P., et al. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 132 (2006) 171-196
43. Dykes A., Walker I.D., McMahon A., Islam S., and Tait R. A study of Protein S antigen levels in 3788 healthy volunteers: influence of age, sex and hormone use, and estimate for prevalence of deficiency state. Br J Haematol 113 (2001) 636-641
44. Tait R., Walker I., Reitsma P., et al. Prevalence of protein C deficiency in the healthy population. Thromb Haemost 73 (1995) 87-93
45. Miletich J., Sherman L., and Broze G. Absence of thrombosis in subjects with heterozygous protein C deficiency. New Eng J Med 317 (1987) 991-996
46. Martinelli I., Mannucci P., De Stefano V., et al. Different risks of thrombosis in four coagulation defects associated with inherited thrombophilia: a study of 150 families. Blood 92 (1998) 2353-2358
47. Simioni P., Sanson B., Prandoni P., et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in families with inherited thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost 81 (1999) 198-202
48. Vossen C., Conard J., Fontcuberta J., et al. Familial thrombophilia and lifetime risk of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2 (2004) 1526-1532
49. Rosenberg R. Actions and interactions of antithrombin and heparin. New Engl J Med 292 (1975) 146-151
50. Odegard O., and Abildgaard U. Antithrombin III Critical review of assay methods. Significance of variations in health and disease. Haemostasis 7 (1978) 127-134
51. Tait R., Walker I., Perry D.J., et al. Prevalence of antithrombin deficiency in the healthy population. Br J Haematol 87 (1994) 106-112
52. Clark P., and Walker I.D. The phenomenon known as acquired activated protein C resistance. Br J Haematol 115 (2001) 767-773
53. Petri M. Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Autoimmun 15 (2000) 145-151
54. Miyakis S., Lockshin M., Atsumi T., et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 4 (2006) 295-306
55. Gerhardt A., Scharf R., Beckman M., et al. Prothrombin and factor V mutations in women with thrombosis during pregnancy and the puerperium. New Engl J Med 342 (2000) 374-380
56. Walker I., Greaves M., and Preston F. British Society for Haematology guideline: investigation and management of heritable thrombophilia. Br J Haematol 114 (2001) 512-528
57. Kent N., Leduc L., Crane J., et al. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline: prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in obstetrics. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can 22 (2000) 736-742
58. American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists Committee on Practice Bulletins. Obstetrics: thromboembolism in pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 75 (2001) 203-212
59. Wells P., Anderson D., Bormanis J., et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet 350 (1997) 1795-1798
60. Chan W., and Ginsberg J. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Thromb Res 107 (2002) 85-91
61. Kearon C., Ginsberg J., and Hirsch J. The role of venous ultrasonography in the diagnosis of suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Int Med 129 (1998) 1044-1049
62. Kearon C., Julian J., Newman T., and Ginsberg J. Non-invasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis McMaster Diagnostic Imaging Practice Guidelines Initiative. Ann Int Med 128 (1998) 663-667
63. Birdwell B., Raskob G., and Whitsett T. The clinical validity of normal compression ultrasonography in outpatients suspected of having deep venous thrombosis. Ann Int Med 128 (1998) 1-7
64. Ginsberg J., Hirsch J., Rainbow A., et al. Risks to the fetus of radiological procedures used in the diagnosis of maternal venous thromboembolic disease. Thromb Haemost 61 (1989) 189-196
65. Scarsbrook A., and Gleeson F. Investigating suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Br Med J 334 (2007) 418-419
66. Juni J., and Alavi A. Lung scanning in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. The emperor redressed. Semin Nucl Med 21 (1991) 281-296
67. Cook J., and Kyriou J. Radiation from CT and perfusion scanning in pregnancy. Br Med J 331 (2005) 350
68. Nijkeuter M., Geleijns J., De Roos A., Meinders A., and Huisman M. Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: rationalising fetal radiation exposure in radiological procedures. J Thromb Haemost 2 (2004) 1857-1858
69. Winer-Muram H., Boone J., Brown H., Jennings S., Mabie W., and Lombardo G. Pulmonary embolism in pregnant patients: fetal radiation dose with helical CT. Radiology 224 (2002) 487-492
70. Parker M., Hui F., Camacho M., Chung J., Broga D., and Sethi N. Female breast radiation exposure during CT pulmonary angiography. Am J Roentgenol 185 (2005) 1228-1233
71. Remy-Jardin M., and Remy J. Spiral CT angiography of the pulmonary circulation. Radiology 212 (1999) 615-636
72. Allen C., and Demetriades T. Radiation risk overestimated. Radiology 240 (2006) 613-614
73. Ginsberg J., Hirsh J., Turner C., Levine M., and Burrows R. Risks to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 61 (1989) 197-203
74. Vitale N., De Feo M., De Santo L., et al. Dose-dependent fetal complications of warfarin in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1637-1641
75. Chan W., Anand S., and Ginsberg J. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Int Med 160 (2000) 191-196
76. Wesseling J., van Driel D., Heyman H., et al. Coumarins during pregnancy: long term effects on growth and development in school age children. Thromb Haemost 85 (2001) 609-613
77. Hirsch J., Cade J., and Gallus A. Fetal effects of coumadin administration during pregnancy. Blood 36 (1970) 623-627
78. Forestier F., Daffos F., and Capella-Pavlovsky M. Low molecular heparin (PK 10169) does not cross the placenta during the second trimester of pregnancy: study by direct fetal blood sampling under ultrasound. Thromb Res 34 (1984) 557-560
79. Forestier F., Daffos F., Rainaut M., and Toulemonde F. Low molecular weight heparin (CY 216) does not cross the placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 57 (1987) 234
80. Flessa H.C., Klapstrom A.B., Glueck H.I., and Will J.J. Placental transport of heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 93 (1965) 570-573
81. Greer I., and Nelson-Piercy C. Low-molecular weight heparins for thromboprophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: a systematic review of safety and efficacy. Blood 106 (2005) 401-407
82. Warkentin T., and Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126 Suppl. 3 (2004) 311S-337S
83. RCOG Green Top Guideline Number 28. Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the puerperium: acute management. London: RCOG; 2007.
84. Douketis J., Ginsberg J., Burrows R.F., Duku E.K., Webber C.E., and Brill-Edwards P. The effects of long-term heparin therapy during pregnancy on bone density A prospective matched cohort study. Thromb Haemost 75 (1996) 254-257
85. Dahlman T. Osteporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168 (1993) 1265-1270
86. Monreal M., Lafoz E., Olive A., del Rio L., and Vedra C. Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with low molecular weight heparin (fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications for coumarin. Thromb Haemost 71 (1994) 7-11
87. Pettila V., Leinonen P., Markkola A., Hiilesmaa V., and Kaaja R. Post partum bone mineral density in women treated or thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated or LMW heparin. Thromb Haemost 87 (2002) 182-186
88. Rodger M., Kahn S., Cranmey A., et al. Long-term dalteparin in pregnancy is not associated with a decrease in bone mineral density: substudy of a randomised controlled trial. J Thromb Haemost 5 (2007) 1600-1606
89. Dolovich L., Ginsberg J., Douketis J., Holbrook A., and Cheah G. A meta-analysis comparing low molecular weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism: some unanswered questions regarding location of treatment, product type and dosing frequency. Arch Int Med 160 (2000) 181-188