Treatment of tendinopathy: What works, what does not, and what is on the horizon

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

Volumn 466, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1539-1554

  Andres, Brett M ^a   Murrell, George A C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; CORTICOSTEROID; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; GROWTH FACTOR; LIDOCAINE; NAPROXEN; NITRIC OXIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; POLIDOCANOL; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; GLUCOCORTICOID; SIGNAL PEPTIDE;

ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIA; IONTOPHORESIS; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCLEROTHERAPY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STRETCHING EXERCISE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TENDINITIS; THROMBOCYTE RICH PLASMA; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULTRASOUND; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; REVIEW; ULTRASOUND THERAPY;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; NITROGLYCERIN; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; SCLEROTHERAPY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TENDINOPATHY; ULTRASONIC THERAPY;

EID: 45849142248     PISSN: 0009921X     EISSN: 15281132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0260-1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (200)

1. Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for shoulder pain. Phys Ther. 2001;81:1719-1730.
2. AO Adebajo P Nash BL Hazleman 1990 A prospective double blind dummy placebo controlled study comparing triamcinolone hexacetonide injection with oral diclofenac 50 mg TDS in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis J Rheumatol 17 1207 1210
3. K Akgun M Birtane U Akarirmak 2004 Is local subacromial corticosteroid injection beneficial in subacromial impingement syndrome? Clin Rheumatol 23 496 500
4. JD Albert J Meadeb P Guggenbuhl F Marin T Benkalfate H Thomazeau G Chales 2007 High-energy extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff: a randomised trial J Bone Joint Surg Br 89 335 341
5. H Alfredson J Cook 2007 A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options Br J Sports Med 41 211 216
6. H Alfredson L Ohberg 2005 Sclerosing injections to areas of neo-vascularisation reduce pain in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 13 338 344
7. H Alfredson T Pietila P Jonsson R Lorentzon 1998 Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis Am J Sports Med 26 360 366
8. Altay T, Gunal I, Ozturk H. Local injection treatment for lateral epicondylitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:127-130.
9. CM Alvarez R Litchfield D Jackowski S Griffin A Kirkley 2005 A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing subacromial injection of betamethasone and xylocaine to xylocaine alone in chronic rotator cuff tendinosis Am J Sports Med 33 255 262
10. JM Archambault SA Jelinsky SP Lake AA Hill DL Glaser LJ Soslowsky 2007 Rat supraspinatus tendon expresses cartilage markers with overuse J Orthop Res 25 617 624
11. B Arroll F Goodyear-Smith 2005 Corticosteroid injections for painful shoulder: a meta-analysis Br J Gen Pract 55 224 228
12. WJ Assendelft EM Hay R Adshead LM Bouter 1996 Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic overview Br J Gen Pract 46 209 216
13. M Astrom N Westlin 1992 No effect of piroxicam on achilles tendinopathy. A randomized study of 70 patients Acta Orthop Scand 63 631 634
14. R Bahr B Fossan S Loken L Engebretsen 2006 Surgical treatment compared with eccentric training for patellar tendinopathy (Jumper's Knee). A randomized, controlled trial J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 1689 1698
15. MD Bang GD Deyle 2000 Comparison of supervised exercise with and without manual physical therapy for patients with shoulder impingement syndrome J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 30 126 137
16. JR Basford CG Sheffield KR Cieslak 2000 Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on lateral epicondylitis Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81 1504 1510
17. SS Bedi W Ellis 1970 Spontaneous rupture of the calcaneal tendon in rheumatoid arthritis after local steroid injection Ann Rheum Dis 29 494 495
18. M Bengtsson K Lunsjo Y Hermodsson A Nordqvist FM Abu-Zidan 2006 High patient satisfaction after arthroscopic subacromial decompression for shoulder impingement: a prospective study of 50 patients Acta Orthop 77 138 142
19. JR Berrazueta A Losada J Poveda A Ochoteco A Riestra E Salas JA Amado 1996 Successful treatment of shoulder pain syndrome due to supraspinatus tendinitis with transdermal nitroglycerin. A double blind study Pain 66 63 67
20. A Binder G Hodge AM Greenwood BL Hazleman DP Page Thomas 1985 Is therapeutic ultrasound effective in treating soft tissue lesions? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 290 512 514
21. U Bingol L Altan M Yurtkuran 2005 Low-power laser treatment for shoulder pain Photomed Laser Surg 23 459 464
22. L Bisset A Paungmali B Vicenzino E Beller 2005 A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on physical interventions for lateral epicondylalgia Br J Sports Med 39 411 422 discussion 411-422
23. JM Bjordal RA Lopes-Martins VV Iversen 2006 A randomised, placebo controlled trial of low level laser therapy for activated Achilles tendinitis with microdialysis measurement of peritendinous prostaglandin E2 concentrations Br J Sports Med 40 76 80 discussion 76-80
24. D Bjur H Alfredson S Forsgren 2005 The innervation pattern of the human Achilles tendon: studies of the normal and tendinosis tendon with markers for general and sensory innervation Cell Tissue Res 320 201 206
25. B Blair AS Rokito F Cuomo K Jarolem JD Zuckerman 1996 Efficacy of injections of corticosteroids for subacromial impingement syndrome J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 1685 1689
26. Brosseau L, Casimiro L, Milne S, Robinson V, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells G. Deep transverse friction massage for treating tendinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002:CD003528.
27. JI Brox PH Staff AE Ljunggren JI Brevik 1993 Arthroscopic surgery compared with supervised exercises in patients with rotator cuff disease (stage II impingement syndrome) BMJ 307 899 903
28. Buchbinder R, Green S, Bell S, Barnsley L, Smidt N, Assendelft WJ. Surgery for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002:CD003525.
29. R Buchbinder SE Green JM Youd WJ Assendelft L Barnsley N Smidt 2006 Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of shock wave therapy for lateral elbow pain J Rheumatol 33 1351 1363
30. R Burnham R Gregg P Healy R Steadward 1998 The effectiveness of topical diclofenac for lateral epicondylitis Clin J Sport Med 8 78 81
31. A Cacchio M Paoloni A Barile R Don F de Paulis V Calvisi A Ranavolo M Frascarelli V Santilli G Spacca 2006 Effectiveness of radial shock-wave therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: single-blind, randomized clinical study Phys Ther 86 672 682
32. A Chechick Y Amit A Israeli H Horoszowski 1982 Recurrent rupture of the achilles tendon induced by corticosteroid injection Br J Sports Med 16 89 90
33. YJ Chen CJ Wang KD Yang YR Kuo HC Huang YT Huang YC Sun FS Wang 2004 Extracorporeal shock waves promote healing of collagenase-induced Achilles tendinitis and increase TGF-beta1 and IGF-I expression J Orthop Res 22 854 861
34. AK Chong AD Ang JC Goh JH Hui AY Lim EH Lee BH Lim 2007 Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells influence early tendon-healing in a rabbit achilles tendon model J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 74 81
35. B Chung JP Wiley 2004 Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of previously untreated lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial Am J Sports Med 32 1660 1667
36. DA Connell KE Ali M Ahmad S Lambert S Corbett M Curtis 2006 Ultrasound-guided autologous blood injection for tennis elbow Skeletal Radiol 35 371 377
37. DE Conroy KW Hayes 1998 The effect of joint mobilization as a component of comprehensive treatment for primary shoulder impingement syndrome J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 28 3 14
38. FA Cordasco M Backer EV Craig D Klein RF Warren 2002 The partial-thickness rotator cuff tear: is acromioplasty without repair sufficient? Am J Sports Med 30 257 260
39. R Cosentino R De Stefano E Selvi E Frati S Manca B Frediani R Marcolongo 2003 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: single blind study Ann Rheum Dis 62 248 250
40. ML Costa L Shepstone ST Donell TL Thomas 2005 Shock wave therapy for chronic Achilles tendon pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial Clin Orthop Relat Res 440 199 204
41. JL Croisier M Foidart-Dessalle F Tinant JM Crielaard B Forthomme 2007 An isokinetic eccentric programme for the management of chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy Br J Sports Med 41 269 275
42. AP D'Vaz AJ Ostor CA Speed JR Jenner M Bradley AT Prevost BL Hazleman 2006 Pulsed low-intensity ultrasound therapy for chronic lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 566 570
43. DJ DaCruz M Geeson MJ Allen I Phair 1988 Achilles paratendonitis: an evaluation of steroid injection Br J Sports Med 22 64 65
44. LA Dahlgren HO Mohammed AJ Nixon 2005 Temporal expression of growth factors and matrix molecules in healing tendon lesions J Orthop Res 23 84 92
45. LA Dahlgren MC van der Meulen JE Bertram GS Starrak AJ Nixon 2002 Insulin-like growth factor-I improves cellular and molecular aspects of healing in a collagenase-induced model of flexor tendinitis J Orthop Res 20 910 919
46. BH Day N Govindasamy R Patnaik 1978 Corticosteroid injections in the treatment of tennis elbow Practitioner 220 459 462
47. DS Downing A Weinstein 1986 Ultrasound therapy of subacromial bursitis. A double blind trial Phys Ther 66 194 199
48. RL Dreiser A Ditisheim J Charlot A Lopez 1991 A double blind, placebo controlled study of niflumic acid gel in the treatment of acute tendinitis Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm 11 38 45
49. GR Ebenbichler CB Erdogmus KL Resch MA Funovics F Kainberger G Barisani M Aringer P Nicolakis GF Wiesinger M Baghestanian E Preisinger V Fialka-Moser 1999 Ultrasound therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder N Engl J Med 340 1533 1538
50. SG Edwards JH Calandruccio 2003 Autologous blood injections for refractory lateral epicondylitis J Hand Surg [Am] 28 272 278
51. R Ellis W Hing D Reid 2007 Iliotibial band friction syndrome-a systematic review Man Ther 12 200 208
52. S England AJ Farrell JS Coppock G Struthers PA Bacon 1989 Low power laser therapy of shoulder tendonitis Scand J Rheumatol 18 427 431
53. M Fahlstrom P Jonsson R Lorentzon H Alfredson 2003 Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 11 327 333
54. SA Fenwick V Curry RL Harrall BL Hazleman R Hackney GP Riley 2001 Expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their receptors in chronic tendinosis J Anat 199 231 240
55. LT Ford J DeBender 1979 Tendon rupture after local steroid injection South Med J 72 827 830
56. A Frohm T Saartok K Halvorsen P Renstrom 2007 Eccentric treatment for patellar tendinopathy: a prospective randomised short-term pilot study of two rehabilitation protocols Br J Sports Med 41 e7
57. H Fukuda K Hamada T Nakajima N Yamada A Tomonaga M Goto 1996 Partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. A clinicopathological review based on 66 surgically verified cases Int Orthop 20 257 265
58. M Galeazzi R Marcolongo 1993 A placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, DHEP plaster, in inflammatory peri- and extra-articular rheumatological diseases Drugs Exp Clin Res 19 107 115
59. L Gerdesmeyer S Wagenpfeil M Haake M Maier M Loew K Wortler R Lampe R Seil G Handle S Gassel JD Rompe 2003 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 290 2573 2580
60. SS Gill MK Gelbke SL Mattson MW Anderson SR Hurwitz 2004 Fluoroscopically guided low-volume peritendinous corticosteroid injection for Achilles tendinopathy. A safety study J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A 802 806
61. F Ginsberg JP Famaey 1991 Double-blind, randomized crossover study of the percutaneous efficacy and tolerability of a topical indomethacin spray versus placebo in the treatment of tendinitis J Int Med Res 19 131 136
62. A Giombini A Di Cesare G Casciello D Sorrenti S Dragoni P Gabriele 2002 Hyperthermia at 434 MHz in the treatment of overuse sport tendinopathies: a randomised controlled clinical trial Int J Sports Med 23 207 211
63. A Giombini A Di Cesare MR Safran R Ciatti N Maffulli 2006 Short-term effectiveness of hyperthermia for supraspinatus tendinopathy in athletes: a short-term randomized controlled study Am J Sports Med 34 1247 1253
64. Green S, Buchbinder R, Barnsley L, Hall S, White M, Smidt N, Assendelft W. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002:CD003686.
65. Green S, Buchbinder R, Hetrick S. Physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD004258.
66. Grundberg AB, Dobson JF. Percutaneous release of the common extensor origin for tennis elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000:137-140.
67. Haake M, Deike B, Thon A, Schmitt J. Exact focusing of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for calcifying tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002:323-331.
68. M Haake IR Konig T Decker C Riedel M Buch HH Muller 2002 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized multicenter trial J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A 1982 1991
69. E Haker T Lundeberg 1990 Laser treatment applied to acupuncture points in lateral humeral epicondylalgia. A double-blind study Pain 43 243 247
70. RJ Hawkins RM Brock JS Abrams P Hobeika 1988 Acromioplasty for impingement with an intact rotator cuff J Bone Joint Surg Br 70 795 797
71. EM Hay SM Paterson M Lewis G Hosie P Croft 1999 Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of local corticosteroid injection and naproxen for treatment of lateral epicondylitis of elbow in primary care Bmj 319 964 968
72. A Hoksrud L Ohberg H Alfredson R Bahr 2006 Ultrasound-guided sclerosis of neovessels in painful chronic patellar tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial Am J Sports Med 34 1738 1746
73. GR Hollingworth RM Ellis TS Hattersley 1983 Comparison of injection techniques for shoulder pain: results of a double blind, randomised study Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287 1339 1341
74. C Jakobeit B Winiarski S Jakobeit L Welp G Spelsberg 2002 Ultrasound-guided, high-energy extracorporeal - shock-wave treatment of symptomatic calcareous tendinopathy of the shoulder ANZ J Surg 72 496 500
75. SL James K Ali C Pocock C Robertson J Walter J Bell D Connell 2007 Ultrasound guided dry needling and autologous blood injection for patellar tendinosis Br J Sports Med 41 518 521 discussion 522
76. GC Jones AN Corps CJ Pennington IM Clark DR Edwards MM Bradley BL Hazleman GP Riley 2006 Expression profiling of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in normal and degenerate human achilles tendon Arthritis Rheum 54 832 842
77. JG Jones 1985 Achilles tendon rupture following steroid injection J Bone Joint Surg Am 67 170
78. P Jonsson H Alfredson 2005 Superior results with eccentric compared to concentric quadriceps training in patients with jumper's knee: a prospective randomised study Br J Sports Med 39 847 850
79. N Juncosa-Melvin GP Boivin C Gooch MT Galloway JR West MG Dunn DL Butler 2006 The effect of autologous mesenchymal stem cells on the biomechanics and histology of gel-collagen sponge constructs used for rabbit patellar tendon repair Tissue Eng 12 369 379
80. T Kaleli C Ozturk A Temiz O Tirelioglu 2004 Surgical treatment of tennis elbow: percutaneous release of the common extensor origin Acta Orthop Belg 70 131 133
81. K Kashiwagi Y Mochizuki Y Yasunaga O Ishida M Deie M Ochi 2004 Effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on the early stages of healing of the Achilles tendon in a rat model Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 38 193 197
82. R Kayser S Hampf E Seeber CE Heyde 2007 Value of preoperative ultrasound marking of calcium deposits in patients who require surgical treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder Arthroscopy 23 43 50
83. KM Khan JL Cook F Bonar P Harcourt M Astrom 1999 Histopathology of common tendinopathies. Update and implications for clinical management Sports Med 27 393 408
84. MD Klaiman JA Shrader JV Danoff JE Hicks WJ Pesce J Ferland 1998 Phonophoresis versus ultrasound in the treatment of common musculoskeletal conditions Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 1349 1355
85. M Kleinman AE Gross 1983 Achilles tendon rupture following steroid injection. Report of three cases J Bone Joint Surg Am 65 1345 1347
86. MC Koester WR Dunn JE Kuhn KP Spindler 2007 The efficacy of subacromial corticosteroid injection in the treatment of rotator cuff disease: A systematic review J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15 3 11
87. M Krasheninnikoff N Ellitsgaard B Rogvi-Hansen A Zeuthen K Harder R Larsen H Gaardbo 1994 No effect of low power laser in lateral epicondylitis Scand J Rheumatol 23 260 263
88. GS Kryger AK Chong M Costa H Pham SJ Bates J Chang 2007 A comparison of tenocytes and mesenchymal stem cells for use in flexor tendon tissue engineering J Hand Surg [Am] 32 597 605
89. H Labelle R Guibert 1997 Efficacy of diclofenac in lateral epicondylitis of the elbow also treated with immobilization. The University of Montreal Orthopaedic Research Group Arch Fam Med 6 257 262
90. LK Lam GL Cheing 2007 Effects of 904-nm low-level laser therapy in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial Photomed Laser Surg 25 65 71
91. CM Lebrun 2005 Low-dose extracorporeal shock wave therapy for previously untreated lateral epicondylitis Clin J Sport Med 15 401 402
92. J Leppilahti S Orava J Karpakka T Takala 1991 Overuse injuries of the Achilles tendon Ann Chir Gynaecol 80 202 207
93. O Lian A Scott L Engebretsen R Bahr V Duronio K Khan 2007 Excessive apoptosis in patellar tendinopathy in athletes Am J Sports Med 35 605 611
94. B Lind L Ohberg H Alfredson 2006 Sclerosing polidocanol injections in mid-portion Achilles tendinosis: remaining good clinical results and decreased tendon thickness at 2-year follow-up Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 1327 1332
95. BO Ljung H Alfredson S Forsgren 2004 Neurokinin 1-receptors and sensory neuropeptides in tendon insertions at the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus. Studies on tennis elbow and medial epicondylalgia J Orthop Res 22 321 327
96. BO Ljung S Forsgren J Friden 1999 Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression at the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle origin: implications for the etiology of tennis elbow J Orthop Res 17 554 559
97. BO Ljung S Forsgren J Friden 1999 Sympathetic and sensory innervations are heterogeneously distributed in relation to the blood vessels at the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle origin of man Cells Tissues Organs 165 45 54
98. M Loew W Daecke D Kusnierczak M Rahmanzadeh V Ewerbeck 1999 Shock-wave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder J Bone Joint Surg Br 81 863 867
99. UG Longo F Franceschi L Ruzzini C Rabitti S Morini N Maffulli F Forriol V Denaro 2007 Light microscopic histology of supraspinatus tendon ruptures Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15 1390 1394
100. JM Lopez 1982 Treatment of acute tendinitis and bursitis with fentiazac-a double-blind comparison with placebo Clin Ther 5 79 84
101. T Lundeberg E Haker M Thomas 1987 Effect of laser versus placebo in tennis elbow Scand J Rehabil Med 19 135 138
102. N Maffulli V Testa G Capasso F Oliva A Sullo F Benazzo R Regine JB King 2006 Surgery for chronic Achilles tendinopathy yields worse results in nonathletic patients Clin J Sport Med 16 123 128
103. N Mafi R Lorentzon H Alfredson 2001 Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9 42 47
104. JA Martinez-Silvestrini KL Newcomer RE Gay MP Schaefer P Kortebein KW Arendt 2005 Chronic lateral epicondylitis: comparative effectiveness of a home exercise program including stretching alone versus stretching supplemented with eccentric or concentric strengthening J Hand Ther 18 411 419 quiz 420
105. B Mazieres S Rouanet Y Guillon C Scarsi V Reiner 2005 Topical ketoprofen patch in the treatment of tendinitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study J Rheumatol 32 1563 1570
106. McLauchlan GJ, Handoll HH. Interventions for treating acute and chronic Achilles tendinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001:CD000232.
107. HR Mena PL Lomen LF Turner KR Lamborn EL Brinn 1986 Treatment of acute shoulder syndrome with flurbiprofen Am J Med 80 141 144
108. A Mishra T Pavelko 2006 Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma Am J Sports Med 34 1774 1778
109. P Morberg R Jerre L Sward J Karlsson 1997 Long-term results after surgical management of partial Achilles tendon ruptures Scand J Med Sci Sports 7 299 303
110. B Moretti R Garofalo S Genco V Patella E Mouhsine 2005 Medium-energy shock wave therapy in the treatment of rotator cuff calcifying tendinitis Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 13 405 410
111. DH Murray EN Kubiak LM Jazrawi A Araghi F Kummer MI Loebenberg JD Zuckerman 2007 The effect of cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein 2 on initial healing of a rotator cuff defect in a rat model J Shoulder Elbow Surg 16 251 254
112. GA Murrell C Szabo JA Hannafin D Jang MM Dolan XH Deng DF Murrell RF Warren 1997 Modulation of tendon healing by nitric oxide Inflamm Res 46 19 27
113. CS Neer 1972 Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report J Bone Joint Surg Am 54 41 50
114. KL Newcomer ER Laskowski DM Idank TJ McLean KS Egan 2001 Corticosteroid injection in early treatment of lateral epicondylitis Clin J Sport Med 11 214 222
115. RP Nirschl FA Pettrone 1979 Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis J Bone Joint Surg Am 61 832 839
116. RP Nirschl DM Rodin DH Ochiai C Maartmann-Moe 2003 Iontophoretic administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate for acute epicondylitis. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study Am J Sports Med 31 189 195
117. J Norregaard CC Larsen T Bieler H Langberg 2007 Eccentric exercise in treatment of Achilles tendinopathy Scand J Med Sci Sports 17 133 138
118. RW Nutton JM McBirnie C Phillips 1997 Treatment of chronic rotator-cuff impingement by arthroscopic subacromial decompression J Bone Joint Surg Br 79 73 76
119. L Ohberg H Alfredson 2002 Ultrasound guided sclerosis of neovessels in painful chronic Achilles tendinosis: pilot study of a new treatment Br J Sports Med 36 173 175 discussion 176-177
120. L Ohberg R Lorentzon H Alfredson 2004 Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalised tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up Br J Sports Med 38 8 11 discussion 11
121. S Ohtori G Inoue C Mannoji T Saisu K Takahashi S Mitsuhashi Y Wada K Takahashi M Yamagata H Moriya 2001 Shock wave application to rat skin induces degeneration and reinnervation of sensory nerve fibres Neurosci Lett 315 57 60
122. M Paavola P Kannus S Orava M Pasanen M Jarvinen 2002 Surgical treatment for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective seven month follow up study Br J Sports Med 36 178 182
123. PJ Pan CL Chou HJ Chiou HL Ma HC Lee RC Chan 2003 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulders: a functional and sonographic study Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84 988 993
124. JA Paoloni RC Appleyard J Nelson GA Murrell 2003 Topical nitric oxide application in the treatment of chronic extensor tendinosis at the elbow: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial Am J Sports Med 31 915 920
125. JA Paoloni RC Appleyard J Nelson GA Murrell 2004 Topical glyceryl trinitrate treatment of chronic noninsertional achilles tendinopathy. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A 916 922
126. JA Paoloni RC Appleyard J Nelson GA Murrell 2005 Topical glyceryl trinitrate application in the treatment of chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial Am J Sports Med 33 806 813
127. JA Paoloni GA Murrell 2007 Three-year followup study of topical glyceryl trinitrate treatment of chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy Foot Ankle Int 28 1064 1068
128. RE Peart SS Strickler KM Schweitzer Jr. 2004 Lateral epicondylitis: a comparative study of open and arthroscopic lateral release Am J Orthop 33 565 567
129. KH Peers RJ Lysens P Brys J Bellemans 2003 Cross-sectional outcome analysis of athletes with chronic patellar tendinopathy treated surgically and by extracorporeal shock wave therapy Clin J Sport Med 13 79 83
130. L Perlick C Luring H Bathis C Perlick C Kraft O Diedrich 2003 Efficacy of extracorporal shock-wave treatment for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: experimental and clinical results J Orthop Sci 8 777 783
131. J Peters W Luboldt W Schwarz V Jacobi C Herzog TJ Vogl 2004 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder Skeletal Radiol 33 712 718
132. W Petersen R Welp D Rosenbaum 2007 Chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective randomized study comparing the therapeutic effect of eccentric training, the AirHeel brace, and a combination of both Am J Sports Med 35 1659 1667
133. M Petri R Dobrow R Neiman Q Whiting-O'Keefe WE Seaman 1987 Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the treatment of the painful shoulder Arthritis Rheum 30 1040 1045
134. M Petri SL Hufman G Waser H Cui MC Snabes KM Verburg 2004 Celecoxib effectively treats patients with acute shoulder tendinitis/bursitis J Rheumatol 31 1614 1620
135. FA Pettrone BR McCall 2005 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy without local anesthesia for chronic lateral epicondylitis J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 1297 1304
136. J Pleiner R Crevenna H Langenberger M Keilani M Nuhr F Kainberger M Wolzt G Wiesinger M Quittan 2004 Extracorporeal shockwave treatment is effective in calcific tendonitis of the shoulder. A randomized controlled trial Wien Klin Wochenschr 116 536 541
137. VJ Robertson KG Baker 2001 A review of therapeutic ultrasound: effectiveness studies Phys Ther 81 1339 1350
138. SA Rodeo HG Potter S Kawamura AS Turner HJ Kim BL Atkinson 2007 Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff tendon-healing with use of a mixture of osteoinductive growth factors J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2485 2497
139. C Rolf T Movin 1997 Etiology, histopathology, and outcome of surgery in achillodynia Foot Ankle Int 18 565 569
140. JD Rompe R Burger C Hopf P Eysel 1998 Shoulder function after extracorporal shock wave therapy for calcific tendinitis J Shoulder Elbow Surg 7 505 509
141. JD Rompe J Furia N Maffulli 2008 Eccentric loading compared with shock wave treatment for chronic insertional achilles tendinopathy. A randomized, controlled trial J Bone Joint Surg Am 90 52 61
142. JD Rompe N Maffulli 2007 Repetitive shock wave therapy for lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow): a systematic and qualitative analysis Br Med Bull 83 355 378
143. JD Rompe B Nafe JP Furia N Maffulli 2007 Eccentric loading, shock-wave treatment, or a wait-and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis: a randomized controlled trial Am J Sports Med 35 374 383
144. Rompe JD, Zoellner J, Nafe B. Shock wave therapy versus conventional surgery in the treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001:72-82.
145. EM Roos M Engstrom A Lagerquist B Soderberg 2004 Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy - a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up Scand J Med Sci Sports 14 286 295
146. Rubenthaler F, Ludwig J, Wiese M, Wittenberg RH. Prospective randomized surgical treatments for calcifying tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003:278-284.
147. L Runeson E Haker 2002 Iontophoresis with cortisone in the treatment of lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow)-a double-blind study Scand J Med Sci Sports 12 136 142
148. AL Russell 1991 Piroxicam 0.5% topical gel compared to placebo in the treatment of acute soft tissue injuries: a double-blind study comparing efficacy and safety Clin Invest Med 14 35 43
149. T Saartok E Eriksson 1986 Randomized trial of oral naproxen or local injection of betamethasone in lateral epicondylitis of the humerus Orthopedics 9 191 194
150. M Sabeti-Aschraf R Dorotka A Goll K Trieb 2005 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff Am J Sports Med 33 1365 1368
151. AA Schepsis C Wagner RE Leach 1994 Surgical management of Achilles tendon overuse injuries. A long-term follow-up study Am J Sports Med 22 611 619
152. J Schmitt M Haake A Tosch R Hildebrand B Deike P Griss 2001 Low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave treatment (ESWT) for tendinitis of the supraspinatus. A prospective, randomised study J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 873 876
153. D Schorn 1986 Tenoxicam in soft-tissue rheumatism S Afr Med J 69 301 303
154. A Scott JL Cook DA Hart DC Walker V Duronio KM Khan 2007 Tenocyte responses to mechanical loading in vivo: a role for local insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in early tendinosis in rats Arthritis Rheum 56 871 881
155. A Scott KM Khan V Duronio 2005 IGF-I activates PKB and prevents anoxic apoptosis in Achilles tendon cells J Orthop Res 23 1219 1225
156. R Seil H Litzenburger D Kohn S Rupp 2006 Arthroscopic treatment of chronically painful calcifying tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon Arthroscopy 22 521 527
157. A Shalabi M Kristoffersen-Wilberg L Svensson P Aspelin T Movin 2004 Eccentric training of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex in chronic Achilles tendinopathy results in decreased tendon volume and intratendinous signal as evaluated by MRI Am J Sports Med 32 1286 1296
158. KG Silbernagel R Thomee P Thomee J Karlsson 2001 Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain-a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods Scand J Med Sci Sports 11 197 206
159. N Smidt WJ Assendelft DA van der Windt EM Hay R Buchbinder LM Bouter 2002 Corticosteroid injections for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review Pain 96 23 40
160. N Smidt DA van der Windt WJ Assendelft WL Deville IB Korthals-de Bos LM Bouter 2002 Corticosteroid injections, physiotherapy, or a wait-and-see policy for lateral epicondylitis: a randomised controlled trial Lancet 359 657 662
161. MY Soon A Hassan JH Hui JC Goh EH Lee 2007 An analysis of soft tissue allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a rabbit model: a short-term study of the use of mesenchymal stem cells to enhance tendon osteointegration Am J Sports Med 35 962 971
162. L Sorensen G Teichert T Skjodt OL Dichmann 2004 Preoperative ultrasonographic-guided marking of calcium deposits in the rotator cuff facilitates localization during arthroscopic surgery Arthroscopy 20 103 104
163. LJ Soslowsky S Thomopoulos S Tun CL Flanagan CC Keefer J Mastaw JE Carpenter 2000 Neer Award 1999. Overuse activity injures the supraspinatus tendon in an animal model: a histologic and biomechanical study J Shoulder Elbow Surg 9 79 84
164. G Spacca A Cacchio A Forgacs P Monteforte G Rovetta 2005 Analgesic efficacy of a lecithin-vehiculated diclofenac epolamine gel in shoulder periarthritis and lateral epicondylitis: a placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial Drugs Exp Clin Res 31 147 154
165. CA Speed D Nichols C Richards H Humphreys JT Wies S Burnet BL Hazleman 2002 Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for lateral epicondylitis-a double blind randomised controlled trial J Orthop Res 20 895 898
166. CA Speed C Richards D Nichols S Burnet JT Wies H Humphreys BL Hazleman 2002 Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for tendonitis of the rotator cuff. A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial J Bone Joint Surg Br 84 509 512
167. D Stasinopoulos I Stasinopoulos 2004 Comparison of effects of exercise programme, pulsed ultrasound and transverse friction in the treatment of chronic patellar tendinopathy Clin Rehabil 18 347 352
168. DI Stasinopoulos MI Johnson 2005 Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for lateral elbow tendinopathy Photomed Laser Surg 23 425 430
169. SR Stephens RF Warren LZ Payne TL Wickiewicz DW Altchek 1998 Arthroscopic acromioplasty: a 6- to 10-year follow-up Arthroscopy 14 382 388
170. A Stergioulas 2007 Effects of low-level laser and plyometric exercises in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis Photomed Laser Surg 25 205 213
171. Stergioulas A, Stergioula M, Aarskog R, Lopes-Martins RA, Bjordal JM. Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2008.
172. T Stratz L Farber W Muller 2002 Local treatment of tendinopathies: a comparison between tropisetron and depot corticosteroids combined with local anesthetics Scand J Rheumatol 31 366 370
173. SP Suresh KE Ali H Jones DA Connell 2006 Medial epicondylitis: is ultrasound guided autologous blood injection an effective treatment? Br J Sports Med 40 935 939 discussion 939
174. ZL Szomor RC Appleyard GA Murrell 2006 Overexpression of nitric oxide synthases in tendon overuse J Orthop Res 24 80 86
175. N Takahashi S Ohtori T Saisu H Moriya Y Wada 2006 Second application of low-energy shock waves has a cumulative effect on free nerve endings Clin Orthop Relat Res 443 315 319
176. JP Tasto J Cummings V Medlock R Hardesty D Amiel 2005 Microtenotomy using a radiofrequency probe to treat lateral epicondylitis Arthroscopy 21 851 860
177. S Thomopoulos M Zaegel R Das FL Harwood MJ Silva D Amiel S Sakiyama-Elbert RH Gelberman 2007 PDGF-BB released in tendon repair using a novel delivery system promotes cell proliferation and collagen remodeling J Orthop Res 25 1358 1368
178. J Thorling B Linden R Berg A Sandahl 1990 A double-blind comparison of naproxen gel and placebo in the treatment of soft tissue injuries Curr Med Res Opin 12 242 248
179. SJ Thornton JR Rogers WD Prickett WR Dunn AA Allen JA Hannafin 2005 Treatment of recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis with suture anchor repair Am J Sports Med 33 1558 1564
180. JH Tonks SK Pai SR Murali 2007 Steroid injection therapy is the best conservative treatment for lateral epicondylitis: a prospective randomised controlled trial Int J Clin Pract 61 240 246
181. D Trudel J Duley I Zastrow EW Kerr R Davidson JC MacDermid 2004 Rehabilitation for patients with lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review J Hand Ther 17 243 266
182. T Tsubone SL Moran PC Amadio C Zhao KN An 2004 Expression of growth factors in canine flexor tendon after laceration in vivo Ann Plast Surg 53 393 397
183. DA van der Windt GJ van der Heijden SG van den Berg G ter Riet AF de Winter LM Bouter 1999 Ultrasound therapy for musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review Pain 81 257 271
184. O Vasseljen Jr. N Hoeg B Kjeldstad A Johnsson S Larsen 1992 Low level laser versus placebo in the treatment of tennis elbow Scand J Rehabil Med 24 37 42
185. L Vecchini E Grossi 1984 Ionization with diclofenac sodium in rheumatic disorders: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial J Int Med Res 12 346 350
186. P Vecchio M Cave V King AO Adebajo M Smith BL Hazleman 1993 A double-blind study of the effectiveness of low level laser treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis Br J Rheumatol 32 740 742
187. PC Vecchio BL Hazleman RH King 1993 A double-blind trial comparing subacromial methylprednisolone and lignocaine in acute rotator cuff tendinitis Br J Rheumatol 32 743 745
188. JA Verhaar GH Walenkamp H van Mameren AD Kester AJ van der Linden 1996 Local corticosteroid injection versus Cyriax-type physiotherapy for tennis elbow J Bone Joint Surg Br 78 128 132
189. O Virchenko A Fahlgren B Skoglund P Aspenberg 2005 CDMP-2 injection improves early tendon healing in a rabbit model for surgical repair Scand J Med Sci Sports 15 260 264
190. H Visnes A Hoksrud J Cook R Bahr 2005 No effect of eccentric training on jumper's knee in volleyball players during the competitive season: a randomized clinical trial Clin J Sport Med 15 227 234
191. E Wagner JS Gould M Kneidel GS Fleisig R Fowler 2006 Technique and results of Achilles tendon detachment and reconstruction for insertional Achilles tendinosis Foot Ankle Int 27 677 684
192. SC Weber 1999 Arthroscopic debridement and acromioplasty versus mini-open repair in the treatment of significant partial-thickness rotator cuff tears Arthroscopy 15 126 131
193. RH White DM Paull KW Fleming 1986 Rotator cuff tendinitis: comparison of subacromial injection of a long acting corticosteroid versus oral indomethacin therapy J Rheumatol 13 608 613
194. RH Withrington FL Girgis MH Seifert 1985 A placebo-controlled trial of steroid injections in the treatment of supraspinatus tendonitis Scand J Rheumatol 14 76 78
195. RH Wittenberg F Rubenthaler T Wolk J Ludwig RE Willburger R Steffen 2001 Surgical or conservative treatment for chronic rotator cuff calcifying tendinitis-a matched-pair analysis of 100 patients Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 121 56 59
196. W Wober VW Rahlfs N Buchl A Grassle A Macciocchi 1998 Comparative efficacy and safety of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide and diclofenac in patients with acute subdeltoid bursitis and bicipital tendinitis Int J Clin Pract 52 169 175
197. BL Woodley RJ Newsham-West GD Baxter 2007 Chronic tendinopathy: effectiveness of eccentric exercise Br J Sports Med 41 188 198 discussion 199
198. J Yuan GA Murrell AQ Wei RC Appleyard P Del Soldato MX Wang 2003 Addition of nitric oxide via nitroflurbiprofen enhances the material properties of early healing of young rat Achilles tendons Inflamm Res 52 230 237
199. J Yuan GA Murrell AQ Wei MX Wang 2002 Apoptosis in rotator cuff tendonopathy J Orthop Res 20 1372 1379
200. E Zeisig L Ohberg H Alfredson 2006 Sclerosing polidocanol injections in chronic painful tennis elbow-promising results in a pilot study Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 1218 1224