메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 212, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 544-562

The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo

Author keywords

Carpals; Comparative anatomy; Hand muscles; Manual phalanges; Metacarpals

Indexed keywords

APE; CAPITATE BONE; CLADISTICS; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; CONFERENCE PAPER; EVOLUTION; FINGER; FOSSIL HOMININ; GENUS; GORILLA; HAND FUNCTION; HAND MOVEMENT; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; LAST COMMON ANCESTOR; METACARPAL BONE; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRAPEZIUM BONE; ANIMAL; HAND; HISTOLOGY; HOMINID; PAN TROGLODYTES; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; REVIEW;

EID: 45849118745     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: 14697580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00865.x     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (180)

References (155)
  • 1
    • 0037307670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological affinities of the Australopithecus hand on the basis of manual proportions and relative thumb length
    • Alba DM, Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M (2003) Morphological affinities of the Australopithecus hand on the basis of manual proportions and relative thumb length. J Hum Evol 44, 225-254.
    • (2003) J Hum Evol , vol.44 , pp. 225-254
    • Alba, D.M.1    Moyà-Solà, S.2    Köhler, M.3
  • 2
    • 34548766011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orang-like manual adaptations in the fossil hominoid Hispanopithecus laietanus: First steps towards great ape suspensory behaviours
    • Almécija S, Alba DM, Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M (2007) Orang-like manual adaptations in the fossil hominoid Hispanopithecus laietanus: First steps towards great ape suspensory behaviours. Proc R Soc B 274, 2375-2384.
    • (2007) Proc R Soc B , vol.274 , pp. 2375-2384
    • Almécija, S.1    Alba, D.M.2    Moyà-Solà, S.3    Köhler, M.4
  • 3
    • 0022196206 scopus 로고
    • Une sépulture néanderthalien dans la grotto de Kebara (Israel)
    • Arensburg B, Bar-Yosef O, Chech M, et al. (1985) Une sépulture néanderthalien dans la grotto de Kebara (Israel). C R Acad Sci Paris, Série II 300, 227-230.
    • (1985) C R Acad Sci Paris, Série II , vol.300 , pp. 227-230
    • Arensburg, B.1    Bar-Yosef, O.2    Chech, M.3
  • 5
    • 0027009379 scopus 로고
    • Miocene fossil hominids and the chimp-human clade
    • Begun DR (1992) Miocene fossil hominids and the chimp-human clade. Science 257, 1929-1933.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1929-1933
    • Begun, D.R.1
  • 6
    • 0027437051 scopus 로고
    • New catarrhine phalanges from Rudabánya (Northeastern Hungary) and the problem of parallelism and convergence in hominoid postcranial morphology
    • Begun DR (1993) New catarrhine phalanges from Rudabánya (Northeastern Hungary) and the problem of parallelism and convergence in hominoid postcranial morphology. J Hum Evol 24, 373-402.
    • (1993) J Hum Evol , vol.24 , pp. 373-402
    • Begun, D.R.1
  • 7
    • 0028580228 scopus 로고
    • Relations among the great apes and humans: New interpretations based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus
    • Begun DR (1994) Relations among the great apes and humans: New interpretations based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 37, 11-63.
    • (1994) Yrbk Phys Anthropol , vol.37 , pp. 11-63
    • Begun, D.R.1
  • 9
    • 34247631748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to identify (as opposed to define) a homoplasy: Examples from fossil and living great apes
    • Begun DR (2007) How to identify (as opposed to define) a homoplasy: examples from fossil and living great apes. J Hum Evol 52, 559-572.
    • (2007) J Hum Evol , vol.52 , pp. 559-572
    • Begun, D.R.1
  • 10
    • 16444372525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on 'Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain'
    • Begun DR, Ward CV (2005) Comment on 'Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain'. Science 308, 203c.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308
    • Begun, D.R.1    Ward, C.V.2
  • 11
    • 0002369331 scopus 로고
    • The South African ape-men: The Australopithecinae
    • Broom R, Schepers GWH (1946) The South African ape-men: The Australopithecinae. Trans Mus Mem 2, 1-272.
    • (1946) Trans Mus Mem , vol.2 , pp. 1-272
    • Broom, R.1    Schepers, G.W.H.2
  • 12
    • 7744243968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia
    • Brown P, Sutikna T, Morwood MJ, et al. (2004) A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431, 1055-1061.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 1055-1061
    • Brown, P.1    Sutikna, T.2    Morwood, M.J.3
  • 13
    • 0037062935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa
    • Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, et al. (2002) A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418, 145-151.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 145-151
    • Brunet, M.1    Guy, F.2    Pilbeam, D.3
  • 14
    • 0019944254 scopus 로고
    • Hominid carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones recovered from the Hadar Formation: 1974-1977 collections
    • Bush ME, Lovejoy CO, Johanson DC, Coppens Y (1982) Hominid carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones recovered from the Hadar Formation: 1974-1977 collections. Am J Phys Anthropol 57, 651-677.
    • (1982) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.57 , pp. 651-677
    • Bush, M.E.1    Lovejoy, C.O.2    Johanson, D.C.3    Coppens, Y.4
  • 15
    • 0015274644 scopus 로고
    • Ontogenesis of the skeleton and intrinsic muscles of the human hand and foot
    • Čihák R (1972) Ontogenesis of the skeleton and intrinsic muscles of the human hand and foot. Ergeb Anat Entwicklungsgesch 46, 1-194.
    • (1972) Ergeb Anat Entwicklungsgesch , vol.46 , pp. 1-194
    • Čihák, R.1
  • 16
    • 0033379554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein
    • Clarke RJ (1999) Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein. S Afr J Sci 95, 477-480.
    • (1999) S Afr J Sci , vol.95 , pp. 477-480
    • Clarke, R.J.1
  • 17
    • 34247551829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hominid homoiology: An assessment of the impact of phenotypic plasticity on phylogenetic analyses of humans and their fossil relatives
    • Collard M, Wood B (2007) Hominid homoiology: An assessment of the impact of phenotypic plasticity on phylogenetic analyses of humans and their fossil relatives. J Hum Evol 52, 573-584.
    • (2007) J Hum Evol , vol.52 , pp. 573-584
    • Collard, M.1    Wood, B.2
  • 18
    • 34249735741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of Zinjanthropus boisei
    • Constantino P, Wood B (2007) The evolution of Zinjanthropus boisei. Evol Anthropol 16, 49-62.
    • (2007) Evol Anthropol , vol.16 , pp. 49-62
    • Constantino, P.1    Wood, B.2
  • 19
    • 0018086080 scopus 로고
    • Comparative osteometrics of the hominoid wrist joint, with special reference to knuckle-walking
    • Corruccini RS (1978) Comparative osteometrics of the hominoid wrist joint, with special reference to knuckle-walking. J Hum Evol 7, 307-321.
    • (1978) J Hum Evol , vol.7 , pp. 307-321
    • Corruccini, R.S.1
  • 20
    • 45849096872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the common panin/hominin ancestor
    • Crompton RH, Vereecke EE, Thorpe SKS (2008) Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the common panin/hominin ancestor. J Anat 12, 501-543.
    • (2008) J Anat , vol.12 , pp. 501-543
    • Crompton, R.H.1    Vereecke, E.E.2    Thorpe, S.K.S.3
  • 22
    • 0039018416 scopus 로고
    • Hominid postcranial material from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge
    • In (eds Isaac GL, McKown ER) Menlo Park, CA: W.A. Benjamin, Inc
    • Day M (1976) Hominid postcranial material from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge. In Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence (eds Isaac GL, McKown ER), pp. 363-374. Menlo Park, CA: W.A. Benjamin, Inc.
    • (1976) Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence , pp. 363-374
    • Day, M.1
  • 23
    • 19944373468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associated cranial and forelimb remains attributed to Australopithecus afarensis from Hadar, Ethiopia
    • Drapeau MSM, Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Johanson DC, Rak Y (2005) Associated cranial and forelimb remains attributed to Australopithecus afarensis from Hadar, Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 48, 593-642.
    • (2005) J Hum Evol , vol.48 , pp. 593-642
    • Drapeau, M.S.M.1    Ward, C.V.2    Kimbel, W.H.3    Johanson, D.C.4    Rak, Y.5
  • 24
    • 1542264079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny and dating of early primate divergences
    • In (eds Ross CF, Kay RF) New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
    • Eizirik E, Murphy WJ, Spinger MS, O'Brien SJ (2004) Molecular phylogeny and dating of early primate divergences. In Anthropoid Origins: New Visions (eds Ross CF, Kay RF), pp. 45-64. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.
    • (2004) Anthropoid Origins: New Visions , pp. 45-64
    • Eizirik, E.1    Murphy, W.J.2    Spinger, M.S.3    O'Brien, S.J.4
  • 25
    • 0142052191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earliest humans in Europe: The age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atupuerca, Spain
    • Falgueres C, Bahain JJ, Yokoyama Y, et al. (1999) Earliest humans in Europe: The age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atupuerca, Spain. J Hum Evol 37, 343-352.
    • (1999) J Hum Evol , vol.37 , pp. 343-352
    • Falgueres, C.1    Bahain, J.J.2    Yokoyama, Y.3
  • 27
    • 0034718496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft-tissue characters in higher primate phylogenetics
    • Gibbs S, Collard M, Wood B (2000) Soft-tissue characters in higher primate phylogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 11130-11132.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.97 , pp. 11130-11132
    • Gibbs, S.1    Collard, M.2    Wood, B.3
  • 28
    • 0036211245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft-tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: A review and phylogenetic analysis
    • Gibbs S, Collard M, Wood B (2002) Soft-tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: A review and phylogenetic analysis. J Anat 200, 3-49.
    • (2002) J Anat , vol.200 , pp. 3-49
    • Gibbs, S.1    Collard, M.2    Wood, B.3
  • 29
    • 33745146529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The terminal thumb phalanx of Orrorin tugenensis (Upper Miocene of Kenya)
    • Gommery D, Senut B (2006) The terminal thumb phalanx of Orrorin tugenensis (Upper Miocene of Kenya). Geobios 39, 372-384.
    • (2006) Geobios , vol.39 , pp. 372-384
    • Gommery, D.1    Senut, B.2
  • 30
    • 42649121943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metacarpal proportions in Australopithecus africanus
    • (in press)
    • Green DJ, Gordon AD (2008) Metacarpal proportions in Australopithecus africanus. J Hum Evol (in press).
    • (2008) J Hum Evol
    • Green, D.J.1    Gordon, A.D.2
  • 31
    • 0007955170 scopus 로고
    • Two views of the origin of man
    • Gregory WK (1927) Two views of the origin of man. Science 65, 601-605.
    • (1927) Science , vol.65 , pp. 601-605
    • Gregory, W.K.1
  • 32
    • 0035849854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
    • Haile-Selassie Y (2001) Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 178-181
    • Haile-Selassie, Y.1
  • 33
    • 0032004110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMG of human flexor pollicis longus muscle: Implications for evolution of hominid tool use
    • Hamrick MW, Churchill SE, Schmitt D, Hylander WL (1998) EMG of human flexor pollicis longus muscle: Implications for evolution of hominid tool use. J Hum Evol 34, 123-136.
    • (1998) J Hum Evol , vol.34 , pp. 123-136
    • Hamrick, M.W.1    Churchill, S.E.2    Schmitt, D.3    Hylander, W.L.4
  • 34
    • 37049179527 scopus 로고
    • Thumbs, tools and early humans
    • Hamrick MW, Inouye SE (1995) Thumbs, tools and early humans. Science 268, 587.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 587
    • Hamrick, M.W.1    Inouye, S.E.2
  • 35
    • 0033597434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids
    • de Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, et al. (1999) Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284, 625-629.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 625-629
    • de Heinzelin, J.1    Clark, J.D.2    White, T.3
  • 36
    • 0010391555 scopus 로고
    • The muscular system
    • In (ed. Hartman CG) New York: Hafner Publishing Co., Inc
    • Howell AB, Straus WL (1933) The muscular system. In The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (ed. Hartman CG), pp. 89-175. New York: Hafner Publishing Co., Inc.
    • (1933) The Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey , pp. 89-175
    • Howell, A.B.1    Straus, W.L.2
  • 38
    • 0000465310 scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny of knuckle-walking hand postures in African apes
    • Inouye S (1994) Ontogeny of knuckle-walking hand postures in African apes. J Hum Evol 26, 459-485.
    • (1994) J Hum Evol , vol.26 , pp. 459-485
    • Inouye, S.1
  • 39
    • 47849117940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in morphology and musculoskeletal stress marker expression of the first dorsal interosseous muscle in catarrhines
    • Jacofsky MC (2003) Variation in morphology and musculoskeletal stress marker expression of the first dorsal interosseous muscle in catarrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol 36, 122 (Suppl).
    • (2003) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.36 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 122
    • Jacofsky, M.C.1
  • 40
    • 0002812733 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the functional anatomy of the wrists in living apes
    • In (ed. Tuttle RH) The Hague: Mouton
    • Jenkins FA, Fleagle JG (1975) Knuckle-walking and the functional anatomy of the wrists in living apes. In Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution (ed. Tuttle RH), pp. 213-228. The Hague: Mouton.
    • (1975) Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution , pp. 213-228
    • Jenkins, F.A.1    Fleagle, J.G.2
  • 41
    • 0020327537 scopus 로고
    • Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1) from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia
    • Johanson DC, Lovejoy CO, Kimbel WH, et al. (1982) Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288-1) from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia. Am J Phys Anthropol 57, 403-451.
    • (1982) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.57 , pp. 403-451
    • Johanson, D.C.1    Lovejoy, C.O.2    Kimbel, W.H.3
  • 42
    • 0030666212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)
    • Jungers WL, Godfrey LR, Simons EL, Chatrath PS (1997) Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 11998-12001.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 11998-12001
    • Jungers, W.L.1    Godfrey, L.R.2    Simons, E.L.3    Chatrath, P.S.4
  • 44
    • 84965235042 scopus 로고
    • Man's posture: Its evolution and disorders
    • 451-454, 499-502, 545-548, 587-590, 624-626
    • Keith A (1923) Man's posture: Its evolution and disorders. Br Med J 1, 451-454, 499-502, 545-548, 587-590, 624-626, 669-672.
    • (1923) Br Med J , vol.1 , pp. 669-672
    • Keith, A.1
  • 45
    • 33846927053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and timing of scaphoid-centrale fusion in hominoids
    • Kivell TL, Begun DR (2007) Frequency and timing of scaphoid-centrale fusion in hominoids. J Hum Evol 52, 321-340.
    • (2007) J Hum Evol , vol.52 , pp. 321-340
    • Kivell, T.L.1    Begun, D.R.2
  • 46
    • 30144440081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placing confidence limits on the molecular age of the human-chimpanzee divergence
    • Kumar S, Filipski A, Swarna V, Walker A, Hedges SB (2005) Placing confidence limits on the molecular age of the human-chimpanzee divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 18842-18847.
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.102 , pp. 18842-18847
    • Kumar, S.1    Filipski, A.2    Swarna, V.3    Walker, A.4    Hedges, S.B.5
  • 47
    • 0032221243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel evolution in the hominoid trunk and forelimb
    • Larson SG (1998) Parallel evolution in the hominoid trunk and forelimb. Evol Anthropol 6, 87-99.
    • (1998) Evol Anthropol , vol.6 , pp. 87-99
    • Larson, S.G.1
  • 48
    • 0007959592 scopus 로고
    • Palaeontological evidence bearing on human evolution
    • Le Gros Clark WE (1940) Palaeontological evidence bearing on human evolution. Biol Rev 15, 202-230.
    • (1940) Biol Rev , vol.15 , pp. 202-230
    • Le Gros Clark, W.E.1
  • 49
    • 0003191496 scopus 로고
    • A new species of the genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge
    • Leakey LSB, Tobias PV, Napier JR (1964) A new species of the genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge. Nature 202, 7-9.
    • (1964) Nature , vol.202 , pp. 7-9
    • Leakey, L.S.B.1    Tobias, P.V.2    Napier, J.R.3
  • 51
    • 0032492898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus anamensis
    • Leakey MG, Feibel CS, McDougall I, Ward C, Walker A (1998) New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus anamensis. Nature 393, 62-66.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 62-66
    • Leakey, M.G.1    Feibel, C.S.2    McDougall, I.3    Ward, C.4    Walker, A.5
  • 52
    • 0002421485 scopus 로고
    • The hominoid os capitatum, with special reference to the fossil bones from Sterkfontein and Olduvai Gorge
    • Lewis OJ (1973) The hominoid os capitatum, with special reference to the fossil bones from Sterkfontein and Olduvai Gorge. J Hum Evol 2, 1-11.
    • (1973) J Hum Evol , vol.2 , pp. 1-11
    • Lewis, O.J.1
  • 54
    • 18744389738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying temporal bone morphology of great apes and humans: An approach using geometric morphometrics
    • Lockwood CA, Lynch JM, Kimbel WH (2002) Quantifying temporal bone morphology of great apes and humans: An approach using geometric morphometrics. J Anat 201, 447-464.
    • (2002) J Anat , vol.201 , pp. 447-464
    • Lockwood, C.A.1    Lynch, J.M.2    Kimbel, W.H.3
  • 55
    • 1842428882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometrics and hominoid phylogeny: Support for a chimpanzee-human clade and differentiation among great ape subspecies
    • Lockwood CA, Kimbel WH, Lynch JM (2004) Morphometrics and hominoid phylogeny: Support for a chimpanzee-human clade and differentiation among great ape subspecies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 4356-4360.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 4356-4360
    • Lockwood, C.A.1    Kimbel, W.H.2    Lynch, J.M.3
  • 56
    • 0033506278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hand and foot remains from the Gran Dolina Early Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)
    • Lorenzo C, Arsuaga JL, Carretero JM (1999) Hand and foot remains from the Gran Dolina Early Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). J Hum Evol 37, 501-522.
    • (1999) J Hum Evol , vol.37 , pp. 501-522
    • Lorenzo, C.1    Arsuaga, J.L.2    Carretero, J.M.3
  • 57
    • 28044470977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do homoiologies impede phylogenetic analyses of the fossil hominids? An assessment based on extant papionin craniodental morphology
    • Lycett SJ, Collard M (2005) Do homoiologies impede phylogenetic analyses of the fossil hominids? An assessment based on extant papionin craniodental morphology. J Hum Evol 49, 618-642.
    • (2005) J Hum Evol , vol.49 , pp. 618-642
    • Lycett, S.J.1    Collard, M.2
  • 58
    • 0014977402 scopus 로고
    • Origin of the human hand
    • Marzke MW (1971) Origin of the human hand. Am J Phys Anthropol 34, 61-84.
    • (1971) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.34 , pp. 61-84
    • Marzke, M.W.1
  • 59
    • 0000507508 scopus 로고
    • Joint function and grips of the Australopithecus afarensis hand, with special reference to the region of the capitate
    • Marzke MW (1983) Joint function and grips of the Australopithecus afarensis hand, with special reference to the region of the capitate. J Hum Evol 12, 197-211.
    • (1983) J Hum Evol , vol.12 , pp. 197-211
    • Marzke, M.W.1
  • 60
    • 0031016198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools
    • Marzke MW (1997) Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools. Am J Phys Anthropol 102, 91-110.
    • (1997) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.102 , pp. 91-110
    • Marzke, M.W.1
  • 61
    • 0023583845 scopus 로고
    • The 3rd metacarpal styloid process in humans - Origin and functions
    • Marzke MW, Marzke RF (1987) The 3rd metacarpal styloid process in humans - origin and functions. Am J Phys Anthropol 73, 415-431.
    • (1987) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.73 , pp. 415-431
    • Marzke, M.W.1    Marzke, R.F.2
  • 62
    • 0026808562 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the power ('squeeze') grip and its morphological correlates in hominids
    • Marzke MW, Wullstein KL, Viegas SF (1992) Evolution of the power ('squeeze') grip and its morphological correlates in hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 89, 283-298.
    • (1992) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.89 , pp. 283-298
    • Marzke, M.W.1    Wullstein, K.L.2    Viegas, S.F.3
  • 63
    • 0031934656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMG study of hand muscle recruitment during hard hammer percussion manufacture of Oldowan tools
    • Marzke MW, Toth N, Schick K, Reece S, Steinberg B, Hunt K (1998) EMG study of hand muscle recruitment during hard hammer percussion manufacture of Oldowan tools. Am J Phys Anthropol 105, 315-332.
    • (1998) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.105 , pp. 315-332
    • Marzke, M.W.1    Toth, N.2    Schick, K.3    Reece, S.4    Steinberg, B.5    Hunt, K.6
  • 64
    • 0032858221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chimpanzee thumb muscle cross sections, moment arms and potential torques, and comparisons with humans
    • Marzke MW, Marzke RF, Linscheid RL, et al. (1999) Chimpanzee thumb muscle cross sections, moment arms and potential torques, and comparisons with humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 110, 163-178.
    • (1999) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.110 , pp. 163-178
    • Marzke, M.W.1    Marzke, R.F.2    Linscheid, R.L.3
  • 65
    • 34548738236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle phalanx skeletal morphology in the hand: Can it predict flexor tendon size and attachments?
    • Marzke MW, Shrewsbury MM, Horner KE (2007) Middle phalanx skeletal morphology in the hand: Can it predict flexor tendon size and attachments? Am J Phys Anthropol 134, 141-151.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.134 , pp. 141-151
    • Marzke, M.W.1    Shrewsbury, M.M.2    Horner, K.E.3
  • 66
    • 0021077463 scopus 로고
    • The capitate of Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus
    • McHenry HM (1983) The capitate of Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus. Am J Phys Anthropol 62, 187-198.
    • (1983) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.62 , pp. 187-198
    • McHenry, H.M.1
  • 68
    • 7744228241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia
    • Morwood MJ, Soejono RP, Roberts RG, et al. (2004) Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. Nature 431, 1087-1091.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 1087-1091
    • Morwood, M.J.1    Soejono, R.P.2    Roberts, R.G.3
  • 69
    • 27144486169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia
    • Morwood MJ, Brown P, Jatmiko, et al. (2005) Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 437, 1012-1017.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Morwood, M.J.1    Brown, P.2
  • 71
    • 16444372525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to comment on 'Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain'
    • Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M, Alba DM, Casanovas-Vilar I, Galindo J (2005) Response to comment on 'Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain'. Science 308, 203d.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308
    • Moyà-Solà, S.1    Köhler, M.2    Alba, D.M.3    Casanovas-Vilar, I.4    Galindo, J.5
  • 72
    • 0015236648 scopus 로고
    • How dextrous was Neanderthal man?
    • Musgrave JH (1971) How dextrous was Neanderthal man? Nature 233, 538-541.
    • (1971) Nature , vol.233 , pp. 538-541
    • Musgrave, J.H.1
  • 74
    • 0001087524 scopus 로고
    • Fossil hand bones from Olduvai Gorge
    • Napier JR (1962) Fossil hand bones from Olduvai Gorge. Nature 196, 409-411.
    • (1962) Nature , vol.196 , pp. 409-411
    • Napier, J.R.1
  • 76
    • 0003885887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Functional Anatomy of Late Pleistocene and Recent Human Carpometacarpal and Metacarpophalangeal Articulations
    • Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
    • Niewoehner WA (2000) The Functional Anatomy of Late Pleistocene and Recent Human Carpometacarpal and Metacarpophalangeal Articulations. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.
    • (2000)
    • Niewoehner, W.A.1
  • 77
    • 0035853150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh early modern human hand remains
    • Niewoehner WA (2001) Behavioral inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh early modern human hand remains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 2979-2984.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.98 , pp. 2979-2984
    • Niewoehner, W.A.1
  • 78
    • 47849121764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A geometric morphometric analysis of Late Pleistocene human metacarpal I base shape
    • In (ed. Slice D) Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Niewoehner WA (2005) A geometric morphometric analysis of Late Pleistocene human metacarpal I base shape. In Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology (ed. Slice D), pp. 285-298. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    • (2005) Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology , pp. 285-298
    • Niewoehner, W.A.1
  • 79
    • 85045089423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neanderthal hands in their proper perspective
    • In (eds Harvati K, Harrison T) Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
    • Niewoehner WA (2006) Neanderthal hands in their proper perspective. In Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives (eds Harvati K, Harrison T), pp. 157-190. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
    • (2006) Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives , pp. 157-190
    • Niewoehner, W.A.1
  • 81
    • 33751073995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA
    • Noonan JP, Coop G, Kudaravallis S, et al. (2006) Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA. Science 314, 1113-1118.
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1113-1118
    • Noonan, J.P.1    Coop, G.2    Kudaravallis, S.3
  • 83
    • 27744500276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The knuckle-walking anteater: A convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae
    • Orr CM (2005) The knuckle-walking anteater: A convergence test of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features of African Hominidae. Am J Phys Anthropol 128, 639-658.
    • (2005) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.128 , pp. 639-658
    • Orr, C.M.1
  • 85
    • 0035151215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catarrhine phylogeny: Noncoding DNA evidence for a diphyletic origin of the mangabeys and for a human-chimpanzee clade
    • Page SL, Goodman M (2001) Catarrhine phylogeny: Noncoding DNA evidence for a diphyletic origin of the mangabeys and for a human-chimpanzee clade. Mol Phylogenet Evol 18, 14-25.
    • (2001) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.18 , pp. 14-25
    • Page, S.L.1    Goodman, M.2
  • 86
    • 0036967899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use
    • Panger MA, Brooks AS, Richmond BG, Wood B (2002) Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evol Anthropol 11, 235-245.
    • (2002) Evol Anthropol , vol.11 , pp. 235-245
    • Panger, M.A.1    Brooks, A.S.2    Richmond, B.G.3    Wood, B.4
  • 87
    • 0344944051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora
    • Pickford M, Senut B, Gommery D, Treil J (2002) Bipedalism in Orrorin tugenensis revealed by its femora. C R Palevol 1, 191-203.
    • (2002) C R Palevol , vol.1 , pp. 191-203
    • Pickford, M.1    Senut, B.2    Gommery, D.3    Treil, J.4
  • 88
    • 0025571788 scopus 로고
    • New Sivapithecus humeri from Pakistan and the relationship of Sivapithecus and Pongo
    • Pilbeam D, Rose MD, Barry JC, Shah SMI (1990) New Sivapithecus humeri from Pakistan and the relationship of Sivapithecus and Pongo. Nature 348, 237-239.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 237-239
    • Pilbeam, D.1    Rose, M.D.2    Barry, J.C.3    Shah, S.M.I.4
  • 89
    • 0001595293 scopus 로고
    • Why the Oldowan? Plio-Pleistocene tool-making and the transport of resources
    • Potts R (1991) Why the Oldowan? Plio-Pleistocene tool-making and the transport of resources. J Anthropol Res 47, 153-176.
    • (1991) J Anthropol Res , vol.47 , pp. 153-176
    • Potts, R.1
  • 90
    • 0003574850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny and biomechanics of phalangeal form in primates
    • Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook
    • Richmond BG (1998) Ontogeny and biomechanics of phalangeal form in primates. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook.
    • (1998)
    • Richmond, B.G.1
  • 91
    • 36248943021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional morphology of the midcarpal joint in knuckle-walkers and terrestrial quadrupeds
    • In (eds Ishida H, Tuttle R, Pickford M, Ogihara N, Nakatsukasa M) USA: Springer
    • Richmond BG (2006) Functional morphology of the midcarpal joint in knuckle-walkers and terrestrial quadrupeds. In Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds (eds Ishida H, Tuttle R, Pickford M, Ogihara N, Nakatsukasa M), pp. 105-122. USA: Springer.
    • (2006) Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds , pp. 105-122
    • Richmond, B.G.1
  • 92
    • 36549025412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of phalangeal curvature
    • Richmond BG (2007) Biomechanics of phalangeal curvature. J Hum Evol 53, 678-690.
    • (2007) J Hum Evol , vol.53 , pp. 678-690
    • Richmond, B.G.1
  • 93
    • 0034704764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor
    • Richmond BG, Strait DS (2000) Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Nature 404, 382-385.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 382-385
    • Richmond, B.G.1    Strait, D.S.2
  • 94
    • 0037830613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of human bipedalism: The knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited
    • Richmond BG, Begun DR, Strait DS (2001) Origin of human bipedalism: The knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 44, 70-105.
    • (2001) Yrbk Phys Anthropol , vol.44 , pp. 70-105
    • Richmond, B.G.1    Begun, D.R.2    Strait, D.S.3
  • 95
    • 0000038857 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the hand of Australopithecus africanus
    • Ricklan DE (1987) Functional anatomy of the hand of Australopithecus africanus. J Hum Evol 16, 643-664.
    • (1987) J Hum Evol , vol.16 , pp. 643-664
    • Ricklan, D.E.1
  • 96
    • 0000025403 scopus 로고
    • The precision grip in Australopithecus africanus: Anatomical and behavioral correlates
    • In (ed. Sperber GH) New York: Wiley-Liss
    • Ricklan DE (1990) The precision grip in Australopithecus africanus: anatomical and behavioral correlates. In From Apes to Angels:ESsays in Anthropology in Honor of Phillip V. Tobias (ed. Sperber GH), pp. 171-183. New York: Wiley-Liss.
    • (1990) From Apes to Angels:Essays in Anthropology in Honor of Phillip V. Tobias , pp. 171-183
    • Ricklan, D.E.1
  • 97
    • 0007894101 scopus 로고
    • Multivariate analysis of an early hominid metacarpal from Swartkrans
    • Rightmire GP (1972) Multivariate analysis of an early hominid metacarpal from Swartkrans. Science 176, 159-161.
    • (1972) Science , vol.176 , pp. 159-161
    • Rightmire, G.P.1
  • 98
    • 0031049003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: Inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets
    • Ruvolo M (1997) Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: Inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets. Mol Biol Evol 14, 248-265.
    • (1997) Mol Biol Evol , vol.14 , pp. 248-265
    • Ruvolo, M.1
  • 99
    • 0242331639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alu elements and hominid phylogenetics
    • Salem AH, Ray DA, Xing J, et al. (2003) Alu elements and hominid phylogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 12787-12791.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 12787-12791
    • Salem, A.H.1    Ray, D.A.2    Xing, J.3
  • 100
    • 51249176825 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joints, its evolutionary and functional implications
    • Sarmiento EE (1988) Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joints, its evolutionary and functional implications. Int J Primatol 9, 281-345.
    • (1988) Int J Primatol , vol.9 , pp. 281-345
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 101
    • 0002717627 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas
    • Sarmiento EE (1994) Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas. Am Mus Nov 3091, 1-56.
    • (1994) Am Mus Nov , vol.3091 , pp. 1-56
    • Sarmiento, E.E.1
  • 102
    • 0345149427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The age of Orrorin tugenensis, an early hominid from the Tugen Hills, Kenya
    • Sawada Y, Pickford M, Senut B, et al. (2002) The age of Orrorin tugenensis, an early hominid from the Tugen Hills, Kenya. C R Palevol 1, 293-303.
    • (2002) C R Palevol , vol.1 , pp. 293-303
    • Sawada, Y.1    Pickford, M.2    Senut, B.3
  • 104
    • 0038060286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates
    • Schmitt D (2003) Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates. J Exp Biol 206, 1437-1448.
    • (2003) J Exp Biol , vol.206 , pp. 1437-1448
    • Schmitt, D.1
  • 105
    • 0001416990 scopus 로고
    • The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates
    • Schultz AH (1930) The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Hum Biol 2, 303-438.
    • (1930) Hum Biol , vol.2 , pp. 303-438
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 106
    • 0030621140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia
    • Semaw S, Renne P, Harris JWK, et al. (1997) 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333-336.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 333-336
    • Semaw, S.1    Renne, P.2    Harris, J.W.K.3
  • 107
    • 12744273143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Pliocene hominids from Gona, Ethiopia
    • Semaw S, Simpson SW, Quade J, et al. (2005) Early Pliocene hominids from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 433, 301-305.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.433 , pp. 301-305
    • Semaw, S.1    Simpson, S.W.2    Quade, J.3
  • 110
    • 0033766173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shape variation of the human pollical distal phalanx and metacarpal
    • Smith SL (2000) Shape variation of the human pollical distal phalanx and metacarpal. Am J Phys Anthropol 113, 329-348.
    • (2000) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.113 , pp. 329-348
    • Smith, S.L.1
  • 111
    • 0032007816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carpal development and morphology in Archontan mammals
    • Stafford BJ, Thorington RW (1998) Carpal development and morphology in Archontan mammals. J Morpol 235, 135-155.
    • (1998) J Morpol , vol.235 , pp. 135-155
    • Stafford, B.J.1    Thorington, R.W.2
  • 112
  • 113
    • 0020966356 scopus 로고
    • The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis
    • Stern JT, Susman RL (1983) The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. Am J Phys Anthropol 60, 279-317.
    • (1983) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.60 , pp. 279-317
    • Stern, J.T.1    Susman, R.L.2
  • 114
    • 0001066530 scopus 로고
    • Rudimentary digits in primates
    • Straus WL (1942) Rudimentary digits in primates. Q Rev Biol 17, 228-243.
    • (1942) Q Rev Biol , vol.17 , pp. 228-243
    • Straus, W.L.1
  • 115
    • 0000618228 scopus 로고
    • The riddle of man's ancestry
    • Straus WL (1949) The riddle of man's ancestry. Q Rev Biol 24, 200-223.
    • (1949) Q Rev Biol , vol.24 , pp. 200-223
    • Straus, W.L.1
  • 116
    • 0023823450 scopus 로고
    • Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member 1, Swartkrans: Fossil evidence for tool behavior
    • Susman RL (1988a) Hand of Paranthropus robustus from Member 1, Swartkrans: Fossil evidence for tool behavior. Science 240, 781-784.
    • (1988) Science , vol.240 , pp. 781-784
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 117
    • 84996105873 scopus 로고
    • New postcranial remains from the Swartkrans and their bearing on the functional morphology and behavior of Paranthropus robustus
    • In (ed. Grine FE) New York: Aldine de Gruyter
    • Susman RL (1988b) New postcranial remains from the Swartkrans and their bearing on the functional morphology and behavior of Paranthropus robustus. In Evolutionary History of the 'Robust' Australopithecines (ed. Grine FE), pp. 149-172. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
    • (1988) Evolutionary History of the 'Robust' Australopithecines , pp. 149-172
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 118
    • 0024311542 scopus 로고
    • New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans Formation (1979-1986 excavations): Postcranial specimens
    • Susman RL (1989) New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans Formation (1979-1986 excavations): Postcranial specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol 79, 451-474.
    • (1989) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.79 , pp. 451-474
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 119
    • 0001171293 scopus 로고
    • Who made the Oldowan tools? Fossil evidence for tool behavior in Plio-Pleistocene hominids
    • Susman RL (1991) Who made the Oldowan tools? Fossil evidence for tool behavior in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. J Anthropol Res 47, 129-149.
    • (1991) J Anthropol Res , vol.47 , pp. 129-149
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 120
    • 0028163989 scopus 로고
    • Fossil evidence for early hominid tool use
    • Susman RL (1994) Fossil evidence for early hominid tool use. Science 265, 1570-1573.
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , pp. 1570-1573
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 121
    • 1542354017 scopus 로고
    • Thumbs, tools and early humans
    • Susman RL (1995) Thumbs, tools and early humans. Science 268, 589.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 589
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 122
    • 0032124912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids
    • Susman RL (1998) Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids. J Hum Evol 35, 23-46.
    • (1998) J Hum Evol , vol.35 , pp. 23-46
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 123
    • 0018642538 scopus 로고
    • Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (OH 7) from Olduvai Gorge
    • Susman RL, Creel N (1979) Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (OH 7) from Olduvai Gorge. Am J Phys Anthropol 51, 311-331.
    • (1979) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.51 , pp. 311-331
    • Susman, R.L.1    Creel, N.2
  • 125
    • 34249888210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches
    • Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH (2007) Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science 316, 1328-1331.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 1328-1331
    • Thorpe, S.K.S.1    Holder, R.L.2    Crompton, R.H.3
  • 126
    • 47849131421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional riddles of the radial wrist: Derived carpal and carpometacarpal joint morphology in the genus Homo and the implications for understanding the evolution of stone tool-related behaviors in hominins
    • Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
    • Tocheri MW (2007) Three-dimensional riddles of the radial wrist: Derived carpal and carpometacarpal joint morphology in the genus Homo and the implications for understanding the evolution of stone tool-related behaviors in hominins. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
    • (2007)
    • Tocheri, M.W.1
  • 127
    • 0141449944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional capabilities of modern and fossil hominid hands: Three-dimensional analysis of trapezia
    • Tocheri MW, Marzke MW, Liu D, et al. (2003) Functional capabilities of modern and fossil hominid hands: Three-dimensional analysis of trapezia. Am J Phys Anthropol 122, 101-112.
    • (2003) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.122 , pp. 101-112
    • Tocheri, M.W.1    Marzke, M.W.2    Liu, D.3
  • 128
    • 28044442713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3D quantitative comparison of trapezium and trapezoid relative articular and nonarticular surface areas in modern humans and great apes
    • Tocheri MW, Razdan A, Williams RC, Marzke MW (2005) A 3D quantitative comparison of trapezium and trapezoid relative articular and nonarticular surface areas in modern humans and great apes. J Hum Evol 49, 570-586.
    • (2005) J Hum Evol , vol.49 , pp. 570-586
    • Tocheri, M.W.1    Razdan, A.2    Williams, R.C.3    Marzke, M.W.4
  • 130
    • 34648826780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The primitive wrist of Homo floresiensis and its implications for hominin evolution
    • Tocheri MW, Orr CM, Larson SG, et al. (2007b) The primitive wrist of Homo floresiensis and its implications for hominin evolution. Science 317, 1743-1745.
    • (2007) Science , vol.317 , pp. 1743-1745
    • Tocheri, M.W.1    Orr, C.M.2    Larson, S.G.3
  • 132
    • 0024809021 scopus 로고
    • Olduvai Hominid 7 trapezial metacarpal 1 articular morphology: Contrasts with recent humans
    • Trinkaus E (1989) Olduvai Hominid 7 trapezial metacarpal 1 articular morphology: Contrasts with recent humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 80, 411-416.
    • (1989) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.80 , pp. 411-416
    • Trinkaus, E.1
  • 133
    • 0025679071 scopus 로고
    • Species attribution of the Swartkrans Member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020
    • Trinkaus E, Long JC (1990) Species attribution of the Swartkrans Member 1 first metacarpals: SK 84 and SKX 5020. Am J Phys Anthropol 83, 419-424.
    • (1990) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.83 , pp. 419-424
    • Trinkaus, E.1    Long, J.C.2
  • 135
    • 84981807505 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands
    • Tuttle RH (1967) Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands. Am J Phys Anthropol 26, 171-206.
    • (1967) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.26 , pp. 171-206
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 136
    • 0014544886 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the anthropoidea: I. The Hominoidea
    • Tuttle RH (1969a) Quantitative and functional studies on the hands of the anthropoidea: I. The Hominoidea. J Morphol 128, 309-363.
    • (1969) J Morphol , vol.128 , pp. 309-363
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 137
    • 0014686998 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the problem of human origins
    • Tuttle RH (1969b) Knuckle-walking and the problem of human origins. Science 166, 953-961.
    • (1969) Science , vol.166 , pp. 953-961
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 138
    • 0001581807 scopus 로고
    • Darwin's apes, dental apes, and the descent of man: Normal science in evolutionary anthropology
    • Tuttle RH (1974) Darwin's apes, dental apes, and the descent of man: normal science in evolutionary anthropology. Curr Anthropol 15, 389-398.
    • (1974) Curr Anthropol , vol.15 , pp. 389-398
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 139
    • 0001943135 scopus 로고
    • Parallelism, brachiation, and hominoid phylogeny
    • In (eds Luckett WP, Szalay FS) New York: Plenum Press
    • Tuttle RH (1975) Parallelism, brachiation, and hominoid phylogeny. In Phylogeny of the Primates: A Multidisciplinary Approach (eds Luckett WP, Szalay FS), pp. 447-480. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1975) Phylogeny of the Primates: A Multidisciplinary Approach , pp. 447-480
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 140
    • 0002435764 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of hominid bipedalism and prehensile capabilities
    • [Biol]
    • Tuttle RH (1981) Evolution of hominid bipedalism and prehensile capabilities. Phil Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 292, 89-94.
    • (1981) Phil Trans R Soc Lond , vol.292 , pp. 89-94
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 141
    • 1542297747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain gene expression profiles
    • Uddin M, Wildman DE, Liu G, et al. (2004) Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain gene expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 2957-2962.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 2957-2962
    • Uddin, M.1    Wildman, D.E.2    Liu, G.3
  • 142
    • 0000433508 scopus 로고
    • Biostratigraphy and chronology, based particularly on Bovidae, of southern hominid-asociated assemblages: Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Taung, Kromdraai, Swartkrans; and also Elandsfontein (Saldanha), Broken Hill (now Kabwe) and Cave of Hearths
    • In (eds DeLumley F, DeLumley MA) Nice: Louis-Jean
    • Vrba ES (1982) Biostratigraphy and chronology, based particularly on Bovidae, of southern hominid-asociated assemblages: Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Taung, Kromdraai, Swartkrans; and also Elandsfontein (Saldanha), Broken Hill (now Kabwe) and Cave of Hearths. In L'Homo erectus et la Place de L'homme de Tautavel parmi les Hominidés Fossils. Prétirage du 1er Congrès International Paléontologie Humaine. Volume 2. (eds DeLumley F, DeLumley MA), pp. 707-752. Nice: Louis-Jean.
    • (1982) L'Homo Erectus Et La Place De L'homme De Tautavel Parmi Les Hominidés Fossils. Prétirage Du 1er Congrès International Paléontologie Humaine , vol.2 , pp. 707-752
    • Vrba, E.S.1
  • 143
    • 0002716045 scopus 로고
    • The postcranial bones
    • In (eds Walker A, Leakey R) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Walker A, Leakey R (1993) The postcranial bones. In The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton (eds Walker A, Leakey R), pp. 95-160. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1993) The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton , pp. 95-160
    • Walker, A.1    Leakey, R.2
  • 145
    • 0033247963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new hominid species Australopithecus anamensis
    • Ward CV, Leakey MG, Walker A (1999b) The new hominid species Australopithecus anamensis. Evol Anthropol 7, 197-205.
    • (1999) Evol Anthropol , vol.7 , pp. 197-205
    • Ward, C.V.1    Leakey, M.G.2    Walker, A.3
  • 146
    • 0002520315 scopus 로고
    • The extremity bones of Sinanthropus pekinensis
    • Weidenreich F (1941) The extremity bones of Sinanthropus pekinensis. Paleontol Sinica New Series D 5, 1-150.
    • (1941) Paleontol Sinica New Series D , vol.5 , pp. 1-150
    • Weidenreich, F.1
  • 147
    • 0028163985 scopus 로고
    • Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia
    • White TD, Suwa G, Asfaw B (1994) Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature 371, 306-312.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.371 , pp. 306-312
    • White, T.D.1    Suwa, G.2    Asfaw, B.3
  • 148
    • 0013151446 scopus 로고
    • The insertion of the flexores pollicis longus et digitorium profundus
    • Wilkinson JL (1953) The insertion of the flexores pollicis longus et digitorium profundus. J Anat 87, 75-91.
    • (1953) J Anat , vol.87 , pp. 75-91
    • Wilkinson, J.L.1
  • 150
    • 0016242388 scopus 로고
    • Olduvai Bed I post-cranial fossils: A reassessment
    • Wood BA (1974) Olduvai Bed I post-cranial fossils: A reassessment. J Hum Evol 3, 373-378.
    • (1974) J Hum Evol , vol.3 , pp. 373-378
    • Wood, B.A.1
  • 151
    • 0033515755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human genus
    • Wood B, Collard MC (1999) The human genus. Science 284, 65-71.
    • (1999) , vol.284 , pp. 65-71
    • Wood, B.1    Collard, M.C.2
  • 152
    • 0033858566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human evolution: Taxonomy and paleobiology
    • Wood B, Richmond BG (2000) Human evolution: Taxonomy and paleobiology. J Anat 197, 19-60.
    • (2000) J Anat , vol.197 , pp. 19-60
    • Wood, B.1    Richmond, B.G.2
  • 153
    • 45849153517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hominin fossil record: Taxa, grades and clades
    • Wood B, Lonergan N (2008) The hominin fossil record: Taxa, grades and clades. J Anat 12, 354-376.
    • (2008) J Anat , vol.12 , pp. 354-376
    • Wood, B.1    Lonergan, N.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.