Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of chloroethane disposition in mice, rats, and women

Toxicological Sciences

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 54-66

  Gargas, Michael L ^a,e   Sweeney, Lisa M ^a   Himmelstein, Matthew W ^b   Pottenger, LLynn H ^c   Bus, James S ^c   Holder, James W ^d  

^a Sapphire Group   (United States)

^b DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

^c DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY   (United States)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chloroethane; Glutathione; GST; P450; PBPK model; Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

Indexed keywords

CHLOROETHANE; CYTOCHROME P450; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; ALKYLATING AGENT; GLUTATHIONE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CARCINOGENICITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSIMETRY; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DISPOSITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PHARMACODYNAMICS; RAT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RODENT; UTERUS TUMOR; ANIMAL; BLOOD; FISCHER 344 RAT; MALE; METABOLISM; MOUSE STRAIN; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

MUS; RATTUS; RODENTIA;

ALKYLATING AGENTS; ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANIMALS; ETHYL CHLORIDE; FEMALE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; HUMANS; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED STRAINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RATS; RATS, INBRED F344; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 45549095989     PISSN: 10966080     EISSN: 10960929     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn064     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. ATSDR. (1998). Toxicological profile for chloroethane, December 1998.
2. Bolt, H. M., and Gansewendt, B. (1993). Mechanisms of carcinogenicity of methyl halides. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 23(3), 237-253.
3. Brown, R. P., Delp, M. D., Lindstedt, S. L., Rhomberg, L. R., and Beldes, R. P. (1997). Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Toxicol. Ind. Health 13, 407-484.
4. Bruce, N. W. (1976). The distribution of blood flow to the reproductive organs of rats near term. J. Reprod. Fertil. 46, 359-362.
5. Bucher, J. R., Morgan, D. L., Adkins, B., Jr., Traylos, G. S., Davis, B. J., Morris, R., and Elwell, M. R. (1995). Early changes in sex hormones are not evident in mice exposed to the uterine carcinogens chloroethane or bromoethane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 130, 169-173.
6. Chellman, G. J., Morgan, K. T., Bus, J. S., and Working, P. K. (1986b). Inhibition of methyl chloride toxicity in male F-344 rats by the anti-inflammatory agent BW755C. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 85 367-379.
7. Chellman, G. J., White, R. D., Norton, R. M., and Bus, J. S. (1986a). Inhibition of the acute toxicity of methyl chloride in male B6C3F1 mice by glutathione depletion. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 86, 93-104.
8. Dallas, C. E., Chen, X. M., O'Barr, K., Muralidhara, S., Varkonyi, P., and Bruckner, J. V. (1994). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for perchloroethylene using tissue concentration-time data. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 128, 50-59.
9. Deerberg, F., and Kaspareit, J. (1987). Endometrial carcinoma in BD II/ Han rats: Model of a spontaneous hormone-dependent tumor. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78, 1245-1251.
10. Delbanco, E. H., Bolt, H. M., Huber, W. W., Beken, S., Geller, F., Phihppou, S., Brands, F. H., Bruning, T., and Their, R. (2001). Glutathione transferase activities in renal carcinomas and adjacent normal renal tissues: Factors influencing renal carcinogenesis induced by xenobiotics. Arch. Toxicol. 74, 688-694.
11. Dodd, D. E., Bus, J. S., and Barrow, C. S. (1982). Nonprotein sulfhydryl alterations in F-344 rats following acute methyl chloride inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62, 228-236.
12. Evans, M. V., Crank, W. D., Yang, H., and Simmons, J., E. (1994). Applications of sensitivity analysis to a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for carbon tetrachloride in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 128, 36-44.
13. Fedtke, N., Certa, H., Ebert, R., and Wiegand, H. J. (1994a). Species differences in the biotrainsformation of ethyl chloride. I. Cytochrorne P450-dependent metabolism. Arch. Toxicol. 68, 158-166.
14. Fedtke, N., Certa, H., Ebert, R., and Wiegand, H. J. (1994b). Species differences in the biotransformation of ethyl chloride. II. GSH-dependent metabolism. Arch. Toxicol. 68, 217-223.
15. Gargas, M. L., Andersen, M. E., and Clewell, H. J., III. (1986). A physiologically based simulation approach for determining metabolic constants from gas uptake data. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 86 341-352.
16. Gargas, M. L., Clewell, H. J., III., and Andersen, M. E. (1990). Gas uptake inhalation techniques and the rates of metabolism of chloromethanes, chloroethanes, and chloroethylenes in the rat. Inhal. Toxicol. 2, 295-319.
17. Haller, J., Fuchs, E., Halasz, J., and Makara, G. B. (1999). Defeat is a major stressor in white male while social instability is stressful mainly in females: Towards the development of a social stress model in female rats. Brain Res. Bull. 50, 33-39.
18. Ivanetich, K. M., and Goold, R. D. (1989). A rapid equilibrium random sequential bi-bi mechanism for human placenta glutathione S-transferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 998, 7-13.
19. Jager, R., Peter, H., Sterzel, W., and Bolt, H. M. (1988). Biochemical effects of methyl chloride in relation to its tumorigenicity. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 114, 64-70.
20. Judd, H. L., Davidson, B. J., Frumar, A. M., Shamonki, I. M., Lagasse, L. D., and Ballon, S. C. (1980). Serum androgens and estrogens in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 136, 859-871.
21. Key, T. L. (1995). Hormones and cancer in humans. Mutat. Res. 333, 59-67.
22. Kornbrust, D. J., and Bus, J. S. (1982). Metabolism of methyl chloride to formate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 65, 135-143.
23. Kornbrust, D. J., and Bus, J. S. (1983). The role of glutathione and cytochrome P-450 in the metabolism of methyl chloride. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 67, 246-256.
24. 14C] methyl chloride with macromolecules from various rat tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 65, 122-134.
25. Landry, T. D., Ayres, J. A., Johnson, K. A., and Wall, J. M. (1982). Ethyl chloride: A two-week inhalation toxicity study and effects on liver non-protein sulfhdryl concentrations. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 2, 230-4.
26. Landry, T. D., Johnson, K. A., Phillips, J. E., and Weiss, S. K. (1989). Ethyl chloride: 11-Day continuous exposure inhalation toxicology study in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13, 516-522.
27. Lawson, J. I. (1965). Ethyl chloride. Br. J. Anaesth. 37, 667-670.
28. Mack, T. M., Pike, M. C., Henderson, B. E., Pfeffer, R. I., Gerkins, V. R., Arthur, M., and Brown, S. E. (1976). Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community. N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 1262-1267.
29. Meissner, W. A., Sommers, S. C., and Sherman, G. (1957). Endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial carcinoma, and endometriosis produced experimentally by estrogen. Cancer 10, 500-508.
30. Mollerstrom, G., Carlstrom, K., Lagrelius, A., and Einhorn, N. (1993). Is there an altered steroid profile in patients with endometrial carcinoma? Cancer 72, 173-181.
31. Morgan, A., Black, A., and Belcher, D. R. (1970). The excretion in breath of some aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons following administration by inhalation. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 13, 219-233.
32. Morikawa, S., Sekiya, S., Naitoh, M., Iwasawa, H., Takeda, B., and Takamizawa, H. (1982). Spontaneous occurrence of atypical hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the uterus in androgen-sterilized SD rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 69, 95-101.
33. Morris, J. B. (1997). Carcinogenicity of inspired acetaldehyde in the rat. Mutat. Res. 380, 113-124.
34. Nichols, J. W., McKim, J. M., Andersen, M. E., Gargas, M. L., Clewell, H. J., III., and Erickson, R. J. (1990). A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals in fish. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106, 433-447.
35. NTP. (1989). NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of chloraethane (ethyl chloride) (CAS No. 75-00-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). TR 346.
36. Pare, W. P., Blair, G. R., Klucznski, J., and Tejani-Butt, S. (1999). Gender differences in acute and chronic stress in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci. 34(4), 227-241.
37. Pemble, S. E., Schroder, K. R., Taylor, J. B., Spencer, S. R., Hallier, E., Bolt, H. M., Ketterer, B., and Taylor, J. (1994). Human glutathione-S-transferase theta (GSTT1): CDNA cloning and the characterization of a genetic polymorphism. Biochem. J. 300, 271-276.
38. Peter, H., Laib, R. B., Ottenwalder, H., Topp, H., Rupprich, N., and Bolt, H. M. (1985). DNA-binding assay of methyl chloride. Arch. Toxicol. 57, 84-87.
39. Plowchalk, D. R., and Teeguarden, J. (2002). Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for estradiol m rats and humans: A biologically motivated quantitative framework for evaluating responses to estradiol and other endocrine-active compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 69, 60-78.
40. Potischman, N., Hoover, R. N., Brinton, L. A., Siiteri, P., Dorgan, J. F., Swanson, C. A., Berman, M. L., Mortel, R., Twiggs, L. B., Barrett, R. J., et al. (1996). Case-control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1127-1135.
41. Pottenger, et al. (1992). Ethyl chloride: Disposition and metabolism in female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following inhalation exposure. Toxicology Research Laboratory, Health and Environmental Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Report dated December 31, 1992
42. Potter, D. W., and Tran, T. B. (1993). Apparent rates of glutathione turnover in rat tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 120, 186-192.
43. Raijmakers, M. T., Steegers, E. A., and Peters, W. H. (2001). Glutathione S-transferases and thiol concentrations in embryonic and early fetal tissues. Hum. Reprod. 16, 2445-2450.
44. Reiche, E. M., Nunes, S. O., and Morimoto, H. K. (2004). Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 5, 617-625.
45. Reitz, R. H., Gargas, M. L., Andersen, M. E., Provan, W. M., and Green, T. L. (1996). Predicting cancer risk from vinyl chloride exposure with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 137, 253-267.
46. Rivier, C. (1999). Gender, sex steroids, corticotropin-releasing factor, nitric oxide, the HPA response to stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 64, 739-751.
47. Rollins, D., Larsson, A., Steen, B., Krishnaswamy, K., Hagenfeldt, L., Moldeus, P., and Rane, A. (1981). Glutathione and gamma-glutamyl cycle enzymes in human fetal liver. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 217, 697-700.
48. Seitz, H. K., Poschl, G., and Simanowski, U. A. (1998). Alcohol and cancer. Recent Dev. Alcohol. 14, 67-95.
49. Serviddio, G., Loverro, G., Vicino, M., Prigigallo, F., Grattagliano, I., Altemare, E., and Vendemiale, G. (2002). Modulation of endometrial redox balance during the menstrual cycle: Relation with sex hormones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 2843-2848.
50. Spiegel, D., Giese-Davis, J., Taylor, C. B., and Kraemer, H. (2006). Stress sensitivity in metastatic breast cancer: Analysis of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, 1231-1244.
51. Sweeney, L. M., Gargas, M. L., Strother, D. E., and Kedderis, G. L. (2003). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model parameter estimation and sensitivity and variability analyses for acrylonitrile disposition in humans. Toxicol. Sci. 71, 27-40.
52. Tang, F. Y., Bonfiglio, T. A., and Tang, L. K. (1984). Effect of estrogen and progesterone on the development of endometrial hyperplasia in the Fischer rat. Biol. Reprod. 31, 399-413.
53. Thier, R., Wiebel, F. A., Hinkel, A., Burger, A., Bruning, T., Morgenroth, K., Senge, T., Wilhelm, M., and Schulz, T. G. (1998). Species differences in the glutathione transferase GSTT1-1 activity towards the model substrates methyl chloride and dichloromethane in liver and kidney. Arch. Toxicol. 72, 622-629.
54. Vrezas, I., Willenberg, H. S., Mansmann, G., Hiroi, N., Fritzen, R., and Bornstein, S. R. (2003). Ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production in the adrenal gland: Basic and clinical aspects. Microsc. Res. Tech. 61, 308-314.
55. Watanabe, H., Suzuki, A., Mizutani, T., Khono, S., Lubahn, D. B., Handa, H., and Iguchi, T. (2002). Genome-wide analysis of changes in early gene expression induced by oetrogen. Genes Cells 7, 497-507.
56. Wheeler, J. B., Stourman, N.,V., Armstrong, R. N., and Guengerich, F. P. (2001). Conjugation of haloalkanes by bacterial and mammalian glutathione transferases: Mono- and vicinal dihaloethanes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14, 1107-1117.
57. Zeil, H. K. (1982). Estrogen's role in endometrial cancer. Obstet. Gynecol. 60, 509-515.
58. Zusterzeel, P. L., Peters, W. H., De Bruyn, M. A., Knapen, M. F., Merkus, H. M., Ad Steegers, E. A. (1999). Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in decidua and placenta of preeclamptic pregnancies. Obstet. Gynecol. 94, 1033-1038.