Bidirectional effects on autoimmunity and reproduction

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 359-366

  Cervera, Ricard ^a   Balasch, Juan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antiphospholipid antibodies; Infertility; Pregnancy loss; Systemic lupus erythematosus

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AUTOANTIBODY; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; HEPARIN; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PREDNISONE;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIBODY SCREENING; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FEMALE FERTILITY; FEMALE INFERTILITY; HUMAN; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDLINE; NONHUMAN; OVARY INSUFFICIENCY; PATIENT CARE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REPRODUCTION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; RISK REDUCTION; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THYROID DISEASE; TREATMENT INDICATION; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ABORTION, HABITUAL; ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; AUTOIMMUNITY; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; OVARIAN FAILURE, PREMATURE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; REPRODUCTION;

EID: 45549089722     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn013     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Abalovich M, Mitelberg L, Allami C, Gutiérrez S, Alcaraz G, Otero P, Levalle O. Subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity in women with infertility. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:279-283.
2. Ahonen P, Koskimies S, Lokki ML, Tiilikainen A, Perheentupa J. The expression of autoimmune polyglandular disease type I appears associated with several HLA-A antigens but not with HLA-DR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:1152-1157.
3. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. A Practice Committee Report: Antiphospholipid Antibodies do not Affect IVF Success. Birmingham, AL, USA: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 1999, 1-3.
4. Anasti JN, Flack MR, Froench J, Nelson LM. The use of human recombinant gonadotropin receptors to search for immunoglobulin G-mediated premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:824-828.
5. Austin GE, Coulam CB, Ryan RJ. A search for antibodies to luteinizing hormone receptors in premature ovarian failure. Mayo Clin Proc 1979;54:394-400.
6. Balasch J, Creus M, Fábregues F, Reverter JC, Carmona F, Tàssies D, Font J, Vanrell JA. Antiphospholipid antibodies and human reproductive failure. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2310-2315.
7. Balasch J, Creus M, Fábregues F, Cívico S, Reverter JC, Carmona F, Tàssies D, Vanrell JA. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the outcome of pregnancy after the first in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer cycle. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1180-1183.
8. Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L. Premature ovarian failure. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;6:1-9.
9. Bendon RW, Wilson J, Getahun B, van der Bel-Kahn J. A maternal death due to thrombotic disease associated with anticardiolipin antibody. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987;111:370-372.
10. Birkenfeld A, Mukaida T, Minichiello L, Jackson M, Kase NG, Yemini M. Incidence of autoimmune antibodies in failed embryo transfer cycles. Am J Reprod Immunol 1994;31:65-68.
11. Blumenfeld Z, Halachmi S, Peretz BA, Shmuel Z, Golan D, Makler A, Brandes JM. Premature ovarian failure. The prognostic application of autoimmunity on conception after ovulation induction. Fertil Steril 1993;59:750-755.
12. Boklage CE. Survival probability of human conceptions from fertilization to term. Int J Fertil 1990;35:75-93.
13. Bose P, Black S, Kadyrov M, Weissenborn U, Neulen J, Regan L, Huppertz B. Heparin and aspirin attenuate placental apoptosis in vitro: implications for early pregnancy failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:23-30.
14. Bottazzo GF, Mirakian R, Drexhage HA. Adrenalitis, oophoritis and autoimmune polyglandular disease. In: Rich RR et al. (eds). Clinical Immunology, Principles and Practice. St Louis, MO, USA: Mosby, 1996,1523-1536.
15. Bustos D, Moret A, Tambutti M, Gogorza S, Testa R, Ascione A, Prigoshin N. Autoantibodies in Argentine women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006;55:201-207.
16. Carmona F, Balasch J. Fetal and obstetric manifestations and infertility in the antiphospholipid syndrome. In: Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, Shoenfeld Y (eds). The Antiphospholipid Syndrome II: Autoimmune Thrombosis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002,205-211.
17. Carmona F, Font J, Cervera R, Muñoz F, Cararach V, Balasch J. Obstetrical outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of 60 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 83:137-142.
18. Carp HJ, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-phospholipid antibodies and infertility. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007;32:159-161.
19. Carreras LO, Defreyn G, Machin SJ, Vermylen J, Deman R, Spitz B, Van Assche A. Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and "lupus" antiocoagulant: Detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1981;i:244-246.
20. Chamley LW, McKay EJ, Pattison NS. Inhibition of heparin/antithrombin III cofactor activity by anticardiolipin antibodies: A mechanism for thrombosis. Thromb Res 1993;71:103 -111.
21. Chamley LW, Duncalf AM, Mitchell MD, Johnson PM. Action of anticardiolipina and antibodies to beta-2-glycoprotein I on trophoblast proliferation as a mechanism ofr fetal death. Lancet 1998;352 1037-1038.
22. Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF. Incidence of premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:604-606.
23. Coulam CB, Branch DW, Clark DA, Gleicher N, Kutteh W, Lockshin MD, Rote NS. American Society for Reproductive Immunology Report of the Committee for establishing criteria for diagnosis of reproductive autoimmune syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999;41:121-132.
24. Davis SR. Premature ovarian failure. Maturitas 1996;23:1-8.
25. De Wolf F, Carreras LO, Moerman P, Vermylen J, Van Assche A, Renaer M. Decidual vasculopathy and extensive placental infarction in a patient with repeated thromboembolic accidents, recurrent fetal loss, and a lupus anticoagulant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142:829-834.
26. Derksen RHWM, Bruinse HW, Groot PG, Kater L. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A prospective study. Lupus 1994;3:149-155.
27. Di Simone N, Caliandro D, Castellani R, Ferrazani S, De Carolis S, Caruso A. Low-molecular weight heparin restore in-vitro trophoblast invasiveness and differentiation in presence of immunoglobulin G fractions obtained from patients with antiphospholipid syiadrome. Hum Reprod 1999; 13:489-495.
28. Di Simone N, Meroni PL, Del Papa N, Raschi E, Caliandro D, De Carolis S, Khamashta MA, Atsumi T, Hughes GR, Balestrieri G et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect trophoblast gonadotrophin secretion through adhered beta-2-glycoportein I. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43 140-150.
29. Empson M, Lassere M, Craig JC, Scott J. Recurrent pregnancy loss with antiphospholipid antibody: A systematic review of therapeutic trials. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:135-144.
30. Farquharson RG, Jauniaux E, Exalto NESHRE Special Interest Group for Early Pregnancy (SIGEP). Updated and revised nomenclature for description of early pregnancy events. Human Reprod 2005;20: 3008-3011.
31. Fishman P, Bakimer R, Blank M, Sredni D, Djaldetti M, Shoenfeld Y. The putative role of cytokines in the induction of primary anti-phospholipid syndrome in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1992;90:266-270.
32. Fishman P, Falach-Vaknine E, Zigelman R, Bakimer R, Sredni D, Djaldetti M, Shoenfeld Y. Prevention of fetal loss in experimental anti-phospholipid syndrome by in vitro administration of recombinant interleukin-3. J Clin Invest 1993; 41:1834-1877.
33. Forges T, Monnier-Barbarino P, Faure GC, Bene MC. Autoimmunity and antigenic targets in ovarian pathology. Hum Reprod Update 2004; 10:163-175.
34. Gharavi AE, Pierangeli SS, Harris EN. Mechanisms of pregnancy loss in antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2001;44:11-19.
35. Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, Spruce L, Thurman JM, Kraus D, Hollmann TJ, Casali P, Caroll MC, Wetsel RA et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphophospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1644-1654.
36. Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon J. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004; 10:1222.
37. Hatasaka HH. Recurrent miscarriage: Epidemiologic factors, definitions and incidence. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1994; 37:325-334.
38. Hatasaka HH, Branch DW, Kutteh WH, Scott JR. Autoantibody screening for infertility: Explaining the unexplained? J Reprod Immunol 1997; 34: 137-153.
39. Hoek A, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HA. Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity. Endocr Rev 1997; 18:107 -134.
40. Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L, Guthridge JM, Molina H, Pierangeli SS, Espinola R, Xiaowei LE, Mao D, Vialpando CG et al. C3 activation is required for anti-phospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med 2002; 195:211-220.
41. Hornstein MD, Davis OK, Massey JB, Paulson RJ, Collins JA. Antiphospholipid antibodies and in vitro fertilization success: A meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2000;73:330-333.
42. Ikematsu W, Luan FL, La Rosa L, Beltrami B, Nicoletti F, Buyon JP, Meroni PL, Balestrieri G, Casali P. Human anticardiolipin monoclonal autoantibodies cause placental necrosis and fetal loss in BALB/c mice. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1026-1039.
43. Inagaki J, Matsuura E, Nomizu M, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Katano K, Kaihara K, Kobayashi K, Kasuda T, Aoki K. IgG anti-laminin 1 autoantibody and recurrent miscarriages. Am J Reprod Immunol 2001;45:232-238.
44. Inagaki J, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Nomizu M, Nakatsuka M, Ikuta K, Suzuki N, Kaihara K, Kobayashi K, Yasuda T, Shoenfeld Y et al. An association of IgG antilaminin 1 autoantibodies with endometriosis in infertile patients. Hum Reprod 2003;18:544-549.
45. Kalantaridou SN, Davis SR, Nelson LM. Premature ovarian failure. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998; 27:989-1006.
46. Kamada M, Daitoh T, Mori K, Maeda N, Hirano K, Irahara M, Aono T, Mori T. Etiological implicition of autoantibodies to zona pellucida in human female infertility. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992;28:104-109.
47. Khamashta MA, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hughes GRV. Systemic lupus erythematosus flares during pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23 15-30.
48. Kutteh WH. Autoimmune factors in assisted reproduction. Minerva Ginecol 2002;54:217-224.
49. Kutteh WH, Yetman DL, Chantiles SJ, Crain J. Effect of antiphospholipid antibodies in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: Role of heparin and aspirin. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1171-1175.
50. La Barbera AR, Miller MM, Ober C, Rebar RW. Autoimmune etiology in premature ovarian failure. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1988; 16:115-122.
51. Levy RA, Avvad E, Oliveira J, Porto LC. Placental pathology in antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1998;7(Suppl 2):S81-S85.
52. Lima F, Buchanan NM, Khamashta MA, Kerslake S, Hughes GRV. Obstetric outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995; 25:184-192.
53. Lockshin MD. Autoimmunity, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies. Lupus 2004;13:669-672.
54. Lyden TW, Vogt E, Ng AK, Johnson PM, Rote NS. Monoclonal antiphospholipid antibody reactivity against human placental trophoblast. J Reprod Immunol 1992; 22:1-14.
55. MacLean MA, Cumming GP, McCall F, Walker ID, Walker JJ. The prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with a history of first trimester miscarriages. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101:103-106.
56. Magid MS, Kaplan C, Sammaritano LR, Peterson M, Druzin ML, Lockshin MD. Placental pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus: A prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:226-234.
57. Marai I, Carp HJA, Shai S, Shabo R, Fishman G, Shoenfeld Y. Autoantibody panel screening in recurrent miscarriages. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004;51:235-240.
58. McMurray RW, Keisler D, Izui S, Walker SE. Effects of parturition, suckling and pseudopregnancy on variables of disease activity in the B/W mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1993; 20:1143 -1151.
59. Miller JF, Williamson E, Glue J. Fetal loss after implantation: A prospective study. Lancet 1980;i:554-556.
60. Nossent HC, Swaak TJG. Systemic lupus erythematosus VI. Analysis of the interrelationship with pregnancy. J Rheumatol 1990;17 771-776.
61. Oshiro BT, Silver RM, Scott JR, Yu H, Branch DW. Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:489-493.
62. Ostensen M, Khamashta MA, Lockshin M, Parke A, Brucato A, Carp H, Doria A, Rai R, Meroni PL, Cetin I et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:209. (doi:10.1186/ar1957).
63. Out HJ, Kooijman CD, Bruinse HW, Derksen RH. Histopathological findings in placentae from patients with intra-uterine fetal death and anti-phospholipid antibodies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991; 41:179-186.
64. Parazzini F, Acaia B, Faden D, Lovotti M, Marelli G, Cortelazzo S. Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:854-858.
65. Parke AL, Wilson D, Maiet D. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, women with successful pregnancies and women who have never been pregnant. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1231-1235.
66. Petri M, Howard D, Repke J. Frequency of lupus flare in pregnancy. The Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center experience. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34:1538-1545.
67. Pierangeli SS, Girardi G, Vega-Ostertag ME, Liu X, Espinola RG, Salmon J. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:2120-2124.
68. Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Female infertility and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18:153-165.
69. Poppe K, Glinoer D, Tournaye H, Devroey P, Schiettecatte J, Haentjens P, Velkeniers B. Thyroid autoimmunity and female infertility. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 2006;68:357-377.
70. Quenby S, Mountfield S, Cartwright JE, Whitley GS, Chamley L, Vince G. Antiphospholipid antibodies prevent extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:691-698.
71. Rai RS, Clifford K, Cohen H, Regan L. High prospective fetal loss rate in untreated pregnancies of women with recurrent miscarriage and antiphospholipid antibodies. Hum Reprod 1995; 10:3301-3304.
72. Rand JH, Wu XX, Guller S, Gil J, Guha A, Scher J, Lockwood CJ. Reduction of annexin-V (placental anticoagulant protein-I) on placental villi of women with antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1566-1572.
73. Rand JH, Wu XX, Andree HA, Lockwood CJ, Guller S, Scher J, Harpel PC. Pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome-a possible thrombogenic mechanism. N Engl J Med 1997;337:154-160.
74. Rand JH, Wu XX, Andree HA, Ross JB, Rusinova E, Gascon-Lema MG, Calandri C, Harpel PC. Antiphospholipid antibodies accelerate plasma coagulation by inhibiting annexin-V binding to phospholipids: A "lupus procoagulant" phenomenon. Blood 1998;92:1652-1660.
75. Reimand K, Talja I, Metskula. K, Kadastik U, Matt K, Uibo R. Autoantibody studies of female patients with reproductive failure. Reprod Immunol 2001;51:167-176.
76. Roussev RG, Kaider BD, Price DE, Coulam CB. Laboratory evaluation of women experiencing reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996; 35:415-420.
77. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J, Khamashta MA, Simpson J, Hughes GRV, Buchanam NMM. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: A prospective study of 78 pregnancies. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:133-138.
78. Salmon JE, Girardi G, Holers VM. Complement activation as a mediator of antiphospholipid antibody induced pregnancy loss and thrombosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:46-50.
79. Sammaritano LR, Gharavi AE, Soberano C, Levy RA, Lockshin MD. Phospholipid binding of antiphospholipid antibodies and placental anticoagulant protein. J Clin Immunol 1992;12:27-35.
80. Schenk LM, Butler L, Morris JP. Heparin and aspirin treatment yields higher implantation rates in IVF patients with antiphospholipid antibody seropositivity compared to untreated seronegative patients. American Society of Reproductive Medicine Meeting. Boston, MA, USA, November 1996. Abstract O-076.
81. Schorer AE, Duane PG, Woods VL, Niewoehner DE. Some antiphospholipid antibodies inhibit phospholipase A2 activity. J Lab Clin Med 1992;120:67-77.
82. Sebire NJ, Fox H, Backos M, Rai R, Paterson C, Regan L. Defective endovascular trophoblast invasion in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome- associated early pregnancy failure. Hum Reprod 2002;7 1067-1071.
83. Sebire NJ, Backos M, Gaddal EL S, Goldin RD, Regain L. Placental pathology, antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy outcome in recurrent miscarriage patients. Obstet Gynaecol 2003;101 258-263.
84. Shatavi SV, Llanes B, Luborsky JL. Association of unexplained infertility with gonadotropin and ovarian antibodies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 56:286-291.
85. Sher G, Feinman M, Zouves C, Kuttner G, Maassarani G, Salem R, Matzner W, Ching W, Chong P. High fecundity rates following antiphospholipid antibody seropositive women treated with heparin and aspirin. Hum Reprod 1994;9:2278-2283.
86. Shoenfeld Y, Sherer Y, Blank M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy-animal models and clinical implications. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 107(Suppl):33-36.
87. Shoenfeld Y, Carp HJA, Molina V, Blank M, Cervera R, Balasch J, Tincani A, Faden D, Lojacono A, Doria A et al. Autoantibodies and prediction of reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006;56 337-344.
88. Shurtz-Swirskis R, Inbar O, Blank M, Cohen J, Bakimer R, Barnea ER, Shoenfeld Y. In vitro effect of anticardiolipin autoantibodies upon total and pulsatile placental hCG secretion during early pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993;29:206-210.
89. Smith S, Hosid S. Premature ovarian failure associated with autoantibodies to zona pellucida. Int J Fertil Menopaus Stud 1994;39:316-319.
90. Sthoeger ZM, Mozes E, Tartakovsky B. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies induce pregnancy failure by impairing embryonic implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:6464-6467.
91. Sundblad V, Bussmann L, Chiauzzi VA, Pancholi V, Charreau EH. Alpha-enolase: A novel autoantigen in patients with premature ovarian failure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:745-751.
92. Tang VW, Faiman C. Premature ovarian failure: A search for circulating factors against gonadotropin receptors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;146: 816-821.
93. Taylor PV, Campbell JM, Scott JS. Presence of autoantibodies in women with unexplained infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161 377-379.
94. Tincani A, Faden D, Tarantini M, Lojacono A, Gastaldi A, Di Mario C, Spatola L, Cattaneo R, Balestrieri G. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: A prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992;10: 439-446.
95. Tong ZB, Gold L, De Pol A, Vanevski K, Dorward H, Sena P, Palumbo C, Bondy CA, Nelson LM. Developmental expression and subcellular localization of mouse MATER, an oocyte-specific protein essential for early development. Endocrinol 2004;145:1427-1434.
96. Tuohy VK, Altuntas CZ. Autoimmunity and premature ovarian failure. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007;19:366-369.
97. Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Stewart J, McDonald J. Lupus and pregnancy studies. Arthritis Rheum 1993;10:1392-1397.
98. Von Landenberg P, Matthias T, Zaech J, Schultz M, Lorber M, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Antiprothrombin antibodies are associated with pregnancy loss in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003;49:51-56.
99. Van Voorhis BJ, Stovall DW. Autoantibodies and infertility: A review of the literature. J Reprod Immunol 1997;33:239-256.
100. Van Weissenbruch MM, Hoek A, van Vliet-Bleeker I, Schoemaker J, Drexhage H. Evidence for existence of immunoglobulins that block ovarian granulosa cell growth in vitro. A putative role in resistant ovary syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:360-367.
101. Walker JH, Boustead CM, Koster JJ, Bewley M, Waller DA. Annexin V, a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein. Biochem Soc Trans 1992;20:828-833.
102. Wheatcroft NJ, Toogood AA, Li TC, Cooke ID, Weetman AP. Detection of antibodies to ovarian antigens in women with premature ovarian failure. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;96:122-128.
103. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O'Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP, Canfield RE, Armstrong EG, Nisula BC. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1988;319:189-194.
104. Wilson C, Eade OE, Elstein M, Lloyd R, Wright R. Smooth-muscle antibodies in infertility. Lancet 1975;i:238-239.
105. Wong KL, Chan FY, Lee CP. Outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:269-273.
106. Yetman DL, Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody panels and recurrent pregnancy loss: Prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies compared with other antiphospholipid antibodies. Fertil Steril 1996;66 540-546.
107. Ziporen L, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-phospholipid syndrome: From patient's bedside to experimental animal models and back to the patient's bedside. Hematol Cell Ther 1998;40:175-182.