Eating disorders and menstrual dysfunction in adolescents

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1135, Issue , 2008, Pages 253-264

  Vyver, Ellie ^a   Steinegger, Cathleen ^a   Katzman, Debra K ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Amenorrhea; Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia nervosa; Eating disorders; Hypothalamic hypogonadism; Menarche; Menstrual dysfunction; Oligomenorrhea; Pubertal delay

Indexed keywords

FAT; LEPTIN;

AMENORRHEA; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BODY FAT; BODY WEIGHT; BONE MINERAL; BULIMIA; COGNITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; EATING DISORDER; EXERCISE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MENTAL STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PUBERTY; QUALITY OF LIFE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 45549088716     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1429.013     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (109)

1. Fisher, M., N.H. Golden & D.K. Katzman, et al. 1995. Eating disorders in adolescents: a background paper. J. Adolesc. Health 16 : 420 437.
2. Sullivan, P. 1995. Mortality in anorexia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry 152 : 1073 1074.
3. Steiner, H. & J. Lock. 1998. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 37 : 352 359.
4. Rome, E.S. & S. Ammerman. 2003. Medical complications of eating disorders: an update. J. Adolesc. Health 33 : 418 426.
5. Katzman, D.K. 2005. Medical complications in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 37 : S52 S59.
6. Pinheiro, A.P., L.M. Thornton & K.H. Plotonicov, et al. 2007. Patterns of menstrual disturbance in eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 40 : 424 434.
7. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC.
8. Nicholls, D., R. Chater & B. Lask. 2000. Children into DSM don't go: a comparison of classification systems for eating disorders in childhood and early adolescence. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 28 : 317 324.
9. Golden, N.H., D.K. Katzman & R.E. Kreipe, et al. 2003. Eating disorders in adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 33 : 496 503.
10. Workgroup for Classification of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents. 2007. Classification of child and adolescent eating disturbances. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 40 : S117 S122.
11. Hoek, H.W. & D. van Hoeken. 2003. Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 34 : 383 396.
12. Bulik, C.M., P.F. Sullivan, F. Tozzi, et al. 2006. Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 : 305 312.
13. Herzog, D.B., M.B. Keller & P.W. Lavori. 1988. Outcome in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a review of the literature. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 176 : 131 143.
14. Ratnasuriya, R., I. Eisler, G. Szmukler & G. Russell. 1991. Anorexia nervosa: outcome and prognostic factors after 20 years. Br. J. Psychiatry 158 : 495 502.
15. Steinhausen, H., Christoph & R. Seidel. 1993. Outcome in adolescent eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 14 : 487 496.
16. Casper, R.C. & L.N. Jabine. 1996. An eight-year follow-up: Outcome from adolescent compared to adult onset anorexia nervosa. J. Youth Adolesc. 25 : 499 517.
17. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B.M., C. Wewetzer, E. Schulz & H. Remschmidt. 1996. Course and outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 19 : 335 345.
18. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B.M., C. Wewetzer, E. Schulz & H. Remschmidt. 1996. Outcome, psychosocial functioning, and prognostic factors in adolescent anorexia nervosa as determined by prospective follow-up assessment. J. Youth Adolesc. 25 : 455 471.
19. Wentz, E., C. Gillberg, I.C. Gillberg & M. Rastam. 2001. Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: psychiatric disorders and overall functioning scales. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiat. 42 : 613 622.
20. Fichter, M.M. & N. Quadflieg. 1997. Six-year course of bulimia nervosa. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 22 : 361 384.
21. Keel, P.K., J.E. Mitchell, K.B. Miller, T.L. Davis & S.J. Crow. 1999. Long-term outcome of bulimia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56 : 63 69.
22. Herzog, D.B., D.J. Dorer & P.K. Keel, et al. 1999. Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5-year follow-up study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 38 : 829 837.
23. Fairburn, C.G., P.A. Norman, S.L. Welch, et al. 1995. A prospective study of outcome in bulimia nervosa and the long-term effects of three psychological treatments. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52 : 304 312.
24. Fairburn, C.G., Z. Cooper, H.A. Doll, et al. 2000. The natural course of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder in young women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57 : 659 665.
25. Laessle, R.G., H.U. Wittchen, M.M. Fichter & K.M. Pirke. 1989. The significance of subgroups of bulimia and anorexia nervosa: lifetime frequency of psychiatric disorders. Int. J. Eat Disord. 8 : 569 574.
26. Turner, H. & R. Bryant-Waugh. 2004. Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS): profiles of clients presenting at a community eating disorder service. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 12 : 18 26.
27. Fairburn, C.G. & K. Bohn. 2005. Eating disorder NOS (EDNOS): an example of the troublesome "not otherwise specified" (NOS) category in DSM-IV. Behav. Res. Ther. 43 : 691 701.
28. Fairburn, C.G., Z. Cooper, K. Bohn, et al. 2007. The severity and status of eating disorder NOS: Implications for DSM-V. Behav. Res. Ther. 45 : 1705 1715.
29. Peebles, R., J.L. Wilson & J.D. Lock. 2006. How do children with eating disorders differ from adolescents with eating disorders at initial evaluation? J. Adolesc. Health 39 : 800 805.
30. Ricca, V., E. Mannucci & B. Mezzani, et al. 2001. Psychopathological and clinical features of outpatients with an eating disorder not otherwise specified. Eating Weight Disord. 6 : 157 165.
31. Fairburn, C.G. & P.J. Cooper. 1982. Self-induced vomiting and bulimia nervosa: an undetected problem. Br. Med. J. (Clinical Research edition) 284 : 1153 1155.
32. Fairburn, C. & P. Cooper. 1984. The clinical features of bulimia nervosa. Br. J. Psychiatry 144 : 238 246.
33. Garner, D., P. Garfinkel & M. O'Shaughnessy. 1985. The validity of the distinction between bulimia with and without anorexia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry 142 : 581 587.
34. Pirke, K.M., M.M. Fichter & C. Chlond, et al. 1987. Disturbances of the menstrual cycle in bulimia nervosa. Clin. Endocrinol. 27 : 245 251.
35. Cantopher, T., C. Evans, J.H. Lacey & J.M. Pearce. 1988. Menstrual and ovulatory disturbance in bulimia. Br. Med. J. 297 : 836 837.
36. Gendall, K.A., C.M. Bulik, P.R. Joyce, et al. 2000. Menstrual cycle irregularity in bulimia nervosa. J. Psychosom. Res. 49 : 409 415.
37. Crow, S.J., P. Thuras, P.K. Keel & J.E. Mitchell. 2002. Long-term menstrual and reproductive function in patients with bulimia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry 159 : 1048 1050.
38. Garfinkel, P., E. Lin & P. Goering, et al. 1996. Should amenorrhoea be necessary for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa? Evidence from a Canadian community sample. Br. J. Psychiatry 168 : 500 506.
39. Marshall, J.C. & T.R. Fraser. 1971. Amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa: assessment and treatment with clomiphene citrate. Br. Med. J. 4 : 590 592.
40. Marshall, J. & R. Kelch. 1979. Low dose pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: a model of human pubertal development. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49 : 712 718.
41. Sherman, B., K. Halmi & R. Zamudio. 1975. LH and FSH response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: effect of nutritional rehabilitation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41 : 135 142.
42. Kakarla, N. & K.D. Bradshaw. 2003. Disorders of pubertal development: precocious puberty. Semin. Reprod. Med. 21 : 339 351.
43. Boyar, R.M., J. Katz & J.W. Finkelstein, et al. 1974. Anorexia nervosa: immaturity of the 24-hour luteinizing hormone secretory pattern. N. Engl. J. Med. 291 : 861 865.
44. Golden, N.H., M.S. Jacobson, J. Schebendach, et al. 1997. Resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 151 : 16 21.
45. Shomento, S.H. & R.E. Kreipe. 1994. Menstruation and fertility following anorexia nervosa. Adolesc. Pediatr. Gynecol. 7 : 142 146.
46. Swenne, I. 2004. Weight requirements for return of menstruations in teenage girls with eating disorders, weight loss and secondary amenorrhoea. Acta Paediat. 93 : 1449 1455.
47. Mason, H.D., A. Key, R. Allan & B. Lask. 2007. Pelvic ultrasonography in anorexia nervosa: what the clinician should ask the radiologist and how to use the information provided. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 15 : 35 41.
48. Treasure, J.L. 1988. The ultrasonographic features in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a simplified method of monitoring hormonal states during weight gain. J. Psychosom. Res. 32 : 623 634.
49. Lai, K., R. Bruyn, B. Lask, et al. 1994. Use of pelvic ultrasound to monitor ovarian and uterine maturity in childhood onset anorexia nervosa. Arch. Dis. Child. 71 : 228 231.
50. Key, A., H. Mason, R. Allan & B. Lask. 2002. Restoration of ovarian and uterine maturity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 32 : 319 325.
51. Frisch, R.E. & J.W. McArthur. 1974. Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 185 : 949 951.
52. Misra, M., R. Prabhakaran & K.K. Miller, et al. 2006. Role of cortisol in menstrual recovery in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Pediatr. Res. 59 : 598 603.
53. Miller, K.K., S. Grinspoon & S. Gleysteen, et al. 2004. Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 : 4434 4438.
54. Matejek, N., E. Weimann, C. Witzel, et al. 1999. Hypoleptinaemia in patients with anorexia nervosa and in elite gymnasts with anorexia athletica. Int. J. Sports Med. 20 : 451 456.
55. Chan, J.L. & C.S. Mantzoros. 2005. Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. Lancet 366 : 74 85.
56. Mehler, P.S., R.H. Eckel & W.T. Donahoo. 1999. Leptin levels in restricting and purging anorectics. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 26 : 189 194.
57. Nakai, Y., S. Hamagaki, S. Kato, et al. 1999. Role of leptin in women with eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 26 : 29 35.
58. Nakai, Y., S. Hamagaki, S. Kato, et al. 1999. Leptin in women with eating disorders. Metabolism 48 : 217 220.
59. Morgan, J.F., J. Bolton, P.M. Sedgwick, et al. 1999. Changes in plasma concentrations of leptin and body fat composition during weight restoration in anorexia nervosa. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 : 2257.
60. Hebebrand, J., T.D. Muller, K. Holtkamp & B. Herpertz-Dahlmann. 2007. The role of leptin in anorexia nervosa: clinical implications. Mol. Psychiatry 12 : 23 35.
61. Kopp, W., W.F. Blum & S. von Prittwitz, et al. 1997. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females. Mol. Psychiatry 2 : 335 340.
62. Welt, C.K., J.L. Chan & J. Bullen, et al. 2004. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N. Engl. J. Med. 351 : 987 997.
63. Audi, L., C.S. Mantzoros, A. Vidal-Puig, et al. 1998. Leptin in relation to resumption of menses in women with anorexia nervosa. Mol. Psychiatry 3 : 544 547.
64. Halmi, K.A. 1974. Anorexia nervosa: demographic and clinical features in 94 cases. Psychosomatic Med. 36 : 18 26.
65. Hurd, H.P., P.J. Palumbo & H. Gharib. 1977. Hypothalamic-endocrine dysfunction in anorexia nervosa. Mayo Clinic Proc. 52 : 711 716.
66. Loucks A.B., M. Verdun & E.M. Heath. 1998. Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women. J. Appl. Physiol. 84 : 37 46.
67. Warren, M.P. & N.E. Perlroth. 2001. The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. J. Endocrinol. 170 : 3 11.
68. Marcus, M.D., T.L. Loucks & S.L. Berga. 2001. Psychological correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil. Steril. 76 : 310 316.
69. Schneider, L.F. & M.P. Warren. 2006. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with elevated ghrelin and disordered eating. Fertil. Steril. 86 : 1744 1749.
70. Davis, C., D.K. Katzman & S. Kaptein, et al. 1997. The prevalence of high-level exercise in the eating disorders: etiological implications. Compr. Psychiatry 38 : 321 326.
71. Shroff, H., L. Reba & L.M. Thornton, et al. 2006. Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 39 : 454 461.
72. Warren, M.P. 1999. Health issues for women athletes: exercise-induced amenorrhea. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 : 1892 1896.
73. Litt, I.F. & L. Glader. 1986. Anorexia nervosa, athletics, and amenorrhea. J. Pediatr. 109 : 150 153.
74. Falk, J.R. & K.A. Halmi. 1982. Amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa: examination of the critical body weight hypothesis. Biol. Psychiatry 17 : 799 806.
75. Halmi, K.A., E. Eckert, P. Marchi, et al. 1991. Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses in anorexia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48 : 712 718.
76. Herzog, D.B., M.B. Keller, N.R. Sacks, et al. 1992. Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking anorexics and bulimics. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 31 : 810 818.
77. Geist, R., R. Davis & M. Heinmaa. 1998. Binge/purge symptoms and comorbidity in adolescents with eating disorders. Can. J. Psychiatry 43 : 507 512.
78. Young, E.A. & A. Korszun. 2002. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in mood disorders. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 31 : 63 78.
79. leGrange, D., Loeb, K., S. VanOrman & C. Jellar. 2004. Bulimia nervosa in adolescents: a disorder in evolution? Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 158 : 478 482.
80. Schweiger, U., K. Pirke, R. Laessle & M. Fichter. 1992. Gonadotropin secretion in bulimia nervosa. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74 : 1122 1127.
81. Pirke, K.M., M.M. Fichter, U. Schweiger, et al. 1987. Gonadotropin secretion pattern in bulimia nervosa. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 6 : 655 661.
82. Pirke, K.M., M. Dogs, M.M. Fichter & R.J. Tuschl. 1988. Gonadotrophins, oestradiol and progesterone during the menstrual cycle in bulimia nervosa. Clin. Endocrinol. 29 : 265 270.
83. Devlin, M.J., B.T. Walsh & J.L. Katz, et al. 1989. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Psychiatry Res. 28 : 11 24.
84. Resch, M., G. Szendei & P. Haász. 2004. Bulimia from a gynecological view: hormonal changes. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 24 : 907 910.
85. Naessen, S., K. Carlstrom, L. Garoff, et al. 2006. Polycystic ovary syndrome in bulimic women: an evaluation based on the new diagnostic criteria. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 22 : 388 394.
86. McCluskey, S.E., J.H. Lacey & J.M. Pearce. 1992. Binge-eating and polycystic ovaries. Lancet 340 : 723.
87. Raphael, F.J., D.A. Rodin, A. Peattie, et al. 1995. Ovarian morphology and insulin sensitivity in women with bulimia nervosa. Clin. Endocrinol. 43 : 451 455.
88. Morgan, J.F., S.E. McCluskey, J.N. Brunton & J. Hubert Lacey. 2002. Polycystic ovarian morphology and bulimia nervosa: a 9-year follow-up study. Fertil. Steril. 77 : 928 931.
89. McCluskey, S.E., C. Evans, J.H. Lacey, et al. 1991. Polycystic ovary syndrome and bulimia. Fertil. Steril. 55 : 287 291.
90. Jahanfar, S., J.A. Eden & T.V. Nguyent. 1995. Bulimia nervosa and polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 9 : 113 117.
91. Palla, B. & I.F. Litt. 1988. Medical complications of eating disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics 81 : 613 623.
92. Lantzouni, E., G.R. Frank, N.H. Golden & R.I. Shenker. 2002. Reversibility of growth stunting in early onset anorexia nervosa: a prospective study. J. Adolesc. Health 31 : 162 165.
93. Misra, M., A. Aggarwal & K.K. Miller, et al. 2004. Effects of anorexia nervosa on clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and bone density parameters in community-dwelling adolescent girls. Pediatrics 114 : 1574 1583.
94. Juul, A. 2001. The effects of oestrogens on linear bone growth. Hum. Reprod. Update 7 : 303 313.
95. Misra, M., K.K. Miller & J. Bjornson, et al. 2003. Alterations in growth hormone secretory dynamics in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and effects on bone metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 : 5615 5623.
96. Misra, M. & A. Klibanski. 2006. Anorexia nervosa and osteoporosis. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 7 : 91 99.
97. Giedd, J.N., J. Blumenthal & N.O. Jeffries, et al. 1999. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat. Neurosci. 2 : 861 863.
98. Giedd, J.N., J. Blumenthal & N.O. Jeffries, et al. 1999. Development of the human corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 23 : 571 588.
99. Katzman D.K., E.K. Lambe, D.J. Mikulis, et al. 1996. Cerebral gray matter and white matter volume deficits in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J. Pediatr. 129 : 794 803.
100. Golden, N.H., M. Ashtari & M.R. Kohn, et al. 1996. Reversibility of cerebral ventricular enlargement in anorexia nervosa, demonstrated by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. J. Pediatr. 128 : 296 301.
101. Gordon, I., B. Lask, R. Bryant-Waugh, et al. 1997. Childhood-onset anorexia nervosa: towards identifying a biological substrate. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 22 : 159 165.
102. Lambe, E.K., D.K. Katzman, D.J. Mikulis, et al. 1997. Cerebral gray matter volume deficits after weight recovery from anorexia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54 : 537.
103. Lask, B., I. Gordon, D. Christie, et al. 2005. Functional neuroimaging in early-onset anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 37 : S49 S51.
104. Frank, G.K., U.F. Bailer & C.C. Meltzer, et al. 2007. Regional cerebral blood flow after recovery from anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 40 : 488 492.
105. Katzman, D.K., R.B. Zipursky, E.K. Lambe & D.J. Mikulis. 1997. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of brain changes in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 151 : 793 797.
106. Chui, H.T., B. Christensen, R.B. Zipursky & D.K. Katzman. 2007. Effects of menstrual function and weight restoration on cognitive function in females with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. J. Adolesc. Health 40 : S12 S12.
107. Miller, K.J., J.C. Conney, N.L. Rasgon, et al. 2002. Mood symptoms and cognitive performance in women estrogen users and nonusers and men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 50 : 1826 1830.
108. Nappi, R.E., E. Sinforiani, M. Mauri, et al. 1999. Memory functioning at menopause: impact of age in ovariectomized women. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 47 : 29 36.
109. Ross, J.L., G.A. Stefanatos & H. Kushner, et al. 2004. The effect of genetic differences and ovarian failure: Intact cognitive function in adult women with premature ovarian failure versus Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 : 1817 1822.