Evaluating and controlling pharmaceutical emissions from dairy farms: a critical first step in developing a preventative management approach

Journal of Cleaner Production

Volumn 16, Issue 14, 2008, Pages 1437-1446

  Fisher, Peter M J ^a   Scott, Ross ^b  

^a CENTRAL QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Gippsland Environment Group River Management   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Aquatic environment; Dairy farms; Lakes; Leachate; Monitoring; Prevention; Testing; Trace concentrations; Veterinary pharmaceuticals; Wetlands

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING; AIR POLLUTION; CHEMICALS; COMPUTER NETWORKS; DRAINAGE; DRUG PRODUCTS; HEALTH; INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS; INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT; IRRIGATION; MANAGEMENT; MIXTURES; MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING; OFFSHORE OIL WELL PRODUCTION; QUALITY MANAGEMENT; TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

AGRICULTURAL SECTOR; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; DAIRY FARMS; DRAINAGE CHANNELS; ELSEVIER (CO); EMISSIONS (ASPHALT); ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICAL (EDC); FARM MANAGEMENT; FOOT PRINTING; INSECT REPELLENTS; PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCP); SEWERAGE SYSTEMS; TOPICAL APPLICATIONS; TRACE CONCENTRATIONS; TREATMENT PLANTS; VETERINARY PHARMACEUTICALS; VICTORIA , AUSTRALIA; WATER QUALITY MONITORING;

FARMS;

HEXAPODA;

EID: 45449111935     PISSN: 09596526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.024     Document Type: Article

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19. It is difficult to take a water quality sample in the MID and not be too far from a dairy shed. The average farm is 300 acres (120 ha) or about half a square mile. The old surveyors always set out elongated allotments with narrow river and road frontages. So assuming that these 300 acre farms are 800 m by 1600 m, then along a road festooned in dairy sheds; you can expect to smell cow dung at about 800 m to 1 km intervals.
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40. The majority of these plantations are in the upper reaches of the Morwell River catchment. The Morwell River flows into the Latrobe River from the south and is part of Latrobe catchment. There are also plantations in several more sub-catchments of the Latrobe River notably the Moe Drain catchment; Fynns Creek (Strzeleckis); Traralgon Creek (Strzeleckis; Skillion Creek; Deep Creek (south side); Rosedale/Longford region); Anderson Creek; Moodarra Reservoir; Toongabbie Creek, etc. on the north side of the river. Most of the new blue gum plantations in the region are being planted around Stratford, which is outside of the Latrobe River and Macalister River catchments but these still drain to Lake Wellington via the Avon River.
41. Ambush, Armicide, Amistar, Ladex, Bravo, Lexone, Lontril, Maxim, MCPA, Nitrofol, Pyrethroids, Ridomi, Rontril, Round-up, Score, Select, Sencor, Simcor, Slowgrow, Sprayseed, Starane, Stomper and Thistle Killem.
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50. For example, the December 2007 Presidents Report of the Friends of the Gippsland Lakes describes the discovery of four dead dolphins in October and November 2007. These dolphins were infected with fungal skin lesions - something that has never been witnessed before amongst the local population - certainly not before the June 2007 flood. A Monash University survey in November 2007 identified 40 per cent of the Lakes dolphin population as having signs of the lesions; yet images from March and June 2007 surveys showed no lesions. Testing of tissue samples taken from the dead dolphins indicate a high level of heavy metals. The Synechococcus algal bloom continues, but with reduced cell count, in June 2008.
51. A major algal bloom (Synechoccus) broke out on Lake Victoria (first reported 27 November 2007) in the wake of a huge wildfire and later flood in the MID catchment; See Plate 4. Vast areas of the lake were a sickly pea soup green; with no water birds to be seen. Intense rain in the Logan and Albert catchments in Brisbane some 1500 km to the north during December 2007 led to a similar pulse of water carrying significant loads of sediment and nutrients into Moreton Bay. This event triggered an "emergency contingency monitoring program" to conduct measurements of water quality and ecological condition in the Albert and Logan Rivers and southern Moreton Bay. A similar program would seem a minimum requirement for the MID. See: How about that rain! Healthy Waterways; 27 March 2008; 1.
52. A recent South Australian study has recorded a range of steroidal estrogens and xenoestrogens in rivers of that state, generally at concentrations an order of magnitude lower than those recorded for sulphonamides in MID streams. See: Williams Mike, Woods Marianne, Kumar Anu, Ying Guo Ying, Karkkainen Michael, Kookana Rai. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the Australian riverine environment: a pilot study on estrogenic compounds. A joint project between CSIRO and land & water Australia; November 2007, ISBN 9781 92 1253 898.
53. DEET is known to be an irritant as well as a strong solvent of plastic. The fact that it should not be used near a tent, synthetic clothes or near an open wound indicates a potency that warrants further examination in respect of its possible impact abroad in the environment. DEET has been shown to interfere with a neuronological molecule in mosquitoes that normally responds to 1-octen-3-ol, a chemical that people sweat and exhale. See: Ditzen M, Pellegrino M, Vosshall LB. Science 2008; doi:10.1126/science.1153121.
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