Relevance of openness as a personality dimension in Chinese culture: Aspects of its cultural relevance

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 81-108

  Cheung, Fanny M ^a   Cheung, Shu Fai ^b   Zhang, Jianxin ^c   Leung, Kwok ^d   Leong, Frederick ^e   Yeh, Kuang Hui ^f  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MACAU   (Macao)

^c INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY   (China)

^d CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^e MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f ACADEMIA SINICA   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Chinese personality; CPAI 2; Openness

Indexed keywords

EID: 45449095401     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: 15525422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022107311968     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Allik, J., Laidra, K., Realo, A., & Pullmann, H. (2004). Personality development from 12 to 18 years of age: Changes in mean levels and structure of traits. European Journal of Personality, 18, 445-462.
2. Aluja, A., Garcia, O., & Garcia, L.F. (2003). Relationships among extraversion, openness to experience, and sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 671-680.
3. Ashton, M.C., & Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15, 327-353.
4. Berings, D., De Fruyt, F., & Bouwen, R. (2004). Work values and personality traits as predictors of enterprising and social vocational interests. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 349-364.
5. Berry, J.W. (1989). Imposed etics-emics-derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology, 6, 721-735.
6. Brokken, F.B. (1983). Orthogonal Procrustes rotation maximizing congruence. Psychometrika, 48, 343-352.
7. Caruso, J.C. (2000). Reliability generalization of the NEO Personality Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 236-254.
8. Chan, D.W., & Chan, L.K. (1999). Implicit theories of creativity: Teachers' perception of student characteristics in Hong Kong. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 185-195.
9. Cheung, F.M., Cheung, S.F., Leung, K., Ward, C., & Leong, F. (2003). The English version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory: Derived etics in a mirror position. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 433-452.
10. Cheung, F.M., & Leung, K. (1998). Indigenous personality measures: Chinese examples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 233-248.
11. Cheung, F.M., Leung, K., Zhang, J.X., Sun, H.F., Gan, Y.G., Song, W.Z.,et al.(2001). Indigenous Chinese personality constructs: Is the five-factor model complete? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 407-433.
12. Cheung, F.M., Leung, K., Fan, R., Song, W.Z., Zhang, J.X., & Zhang, J.P. (1996). Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 181-199.
13. Cheung, P.C., Conger, A.J., Hau, K., Lew, W.J.F., & Lau, S. (1992). Development of the Multi-Trait Personality Inventory (MTPI): Comparison among four Chinese populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 8, 528-551.
14. Chiu, L.H. (1972). A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children. International Journal of Psychology, 7, 235-242.
15. Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
16. Costa, P.T., Jr., McCrae, R.R., Zonderman, A.B., Barbano, H.E., Lebowitz, B., & Larson, D.M. (1986). Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample: 2. Stability in Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness. Psychology and Aging, 1, 144-149.
17. Dawis, R.V. (1987). Scale construction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 481-489.
18. De Raad, G., & Barelds, D.P.H. (2006). A new taxonomy of Dutch personality traits based on a comprehensive and unrestricted list of descriptors. Unpublished manuscript.
19. De Raad, G., & Van Heck, G. L. (Eds.). (1994). The fifth of the Big Five. European Journal of Personality, 8, Special Issue.
20. Digman, J.M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.
21. Glorfeld, L.W. (1995). An improvement on Horn's parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 377-393.
22. Goldberg, L.R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42.
23. Jaquish, G.A., & Ripple, R.E. (1984). Adolescent divergent thinking: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, 95-104.
24. Katigbak, M.S., Church, A.T., & Guanzon-Lapena, M.A. (2002). Are indigenous personality dimensions culture specific? Philippine inventories and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 89-101.
25. Kohnstamm, G.A., Mervielde, I., Besevegis, E., & Halverson, Jr., C.F. (1995). Tracing the Big Five in parents' free descriptions of their children. European Journal of Personality, 9, 283-304.
26. Lau, L.Y., & Ranyard, R. (1999). Chinese and English speakers' linguistic expression of probability and probabilistic thinking. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 411-421.
27. Leung, K., Cheung, F.M., Zhang, J.X., Song, W.Z., & Xie, D. (1997). The five factor model of personality in China. In K. Leung, Y. Kashima, U. Kim, & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 231-244). Singapore: John Wiley.
28. Ling, W.C., & Fang, L.L. (2003). The Chinese leadership theory. In W. H. Mobley & P. W. Dorfman (Eds.), Advances in global leadership (Vol. 3, pp. 183-204). Oxford: Elsevier Science.
29. Liu, S.H. (1988). On the Confucian ideal of sageliness within and kingliness without. In proceedings of the International Symposium on Confucianism and the Modern World (pp. 401-422), Taipei.
30. Lodhi, P.H., Deo, S., & Belhekar, V.M. (2002). The five-factor model of personality: Measurement and correlates in the Indian context. In R. R. McCrae & J. Allik (Eds.), The five-factor model of personality across cultures (pp. 227-248). New York: Kluwer Academic.
31. Long, J.S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Mastor, K.A., Jin, P., & Cooper, M. (2000). Malay culture and personality: A Big Five perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 95-111.
33. McCrae, R.R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258-1265.
34. McCrae, R.R. (1994). Openness to experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V. European Journal of Personality, 8, 251-272.
35. McCrae, R.R. (1996). Social consequences of experiential openness. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 323-337.
36. McCrae, R.R. (2002). Cross-cultural research on the five-factor model of personality. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 6, Chapter 1). Bellingham, WA: Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University. Available online at http://www.wwu.edu/~culture.
37. McCrae, R.R. (2004). Human nature and culture: A trait perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 3-14.
38. McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (Eds.). (2002). The five-factor model across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum.
39. McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T., Jr. (1997). Conceptions and correlates of openness to experience. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 825-847). San Diego: Academic Press.
40. McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Jr., Del-Pilar, G.H., Rolland, J.P., Parker, W.D. (1998). Cross-cultural assessment of the five-factor model: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 71-188.
41. McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Jr., de Lima, M.P., Simoes, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A.,et al.(1999). Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology, 35, 466-477.
42. McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Jr., Yik, M.S.M. (1996). Universal aspects of Chinese personality structure. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology. (pp. 189-207). NY: Oxford University Press.
43. McCrae, R.R., & John, O.P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
44. McCrae, R.R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547-561.
45. McCrae, R.R., Yik, M.S.M., Trapnell, P.D., Bond, M.H., & Paulhus, D.L. (1998). Interpreting personality profiles across cultures: Bilingual, acculturation, and peer rating studies of Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1041-1055.
46. McCrae, R.R., Zonderman, A.B., Costa, P.T. Jr., Bond, M.H., & Paunonen, S.V. (1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552-566.
47. Mervielde, I., De Fruyt, F., & Jarmuz, S. (1998). Linking openness and intellect in childhood and adulthood. In G. A. Kohnstamm, C. F. Halverson, I. Mervielde, & V. Havill (Eds.), Parental descritpios of child personality: Developmental antecedents of the Big Five? (pp. 105-126). Mahwah: NJ: Erlbaum.
48. Mulaik, S.A. (1972). The foundations of factor analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49. Norman, W.T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
50. O'Connor, B.P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavioral Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396-402.
51. Peng, K., & Nisbett, R.E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54, 741-754.
52. Pound, E. (Trans. & commentary). (1951). Confucius: The great digest and the unwobbling pivot, and the analects. New York: New Directions.
53. Rudowicz, E., & Hui, A. (1997). The creative personality: Hong Kong perspective. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 139-157.
54. Rudowicz, E., & Yue, X.D. (2000). Concepts of creativity: Similarities and differences among mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Creative Behavior, 34, 175-192.
55. Triandis, H.C., & Suh, E.M. (2002). Cultural influences on personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 133-160.
56. Wang, D.F., & Cui, H. (2003). Processes and preliminary results in the construction of the Chinese Personality Scale (QZPS). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 35, 127-136. (in Chinese).
57. Wang, D., Cui, H., & Zhou, F. (2005). Measuring the personality of Chinese: QZPS versus NEO PI-R. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 97-122.
58. Wang, D.F., Fang, L., & Zuo, Y.T. (1995). A psycho-lexical study on the Chinese personality from natural language. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 27, 400-406. (in Chinese).
59. Wright, G.N., & Phillips, L.D. (1980). Cultural variation in probabilistic thinking: Alternative ways of dealing with uncertainty. International Journal of Psychology, 15, 239-257.
60. Yang, J., McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T., Jr., Dai, X., Yao, S. Cai, T.,et al.(1999). Cross-cultural personality assessment in psychiatric populations: The NEO-PI-R in the People's Republic of China. Psychological Assessment, 11, 359-368.
61. Yang, K.S., & Bond, M.H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1087-1095.
62. Yik, M.S., & Bond, M.H. (1993). Exploring the dimensions of Chinese person perception with indigenous and imported constructs: Creating a culturally balanced scale. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 75-95.
63. Zhang, Z.Y., Wang, L., & Qi, M. (1998). Basic dimensions of Chinese personality traits: A factor analysis of the self description in a sample of Chinese college students. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 30, 85-92. (in Chinese).