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It is possible that additive-induced polymorphism is far more widespread than has been actually documented. In industrial crystallization, it is known, for example, that the crystal form of a substance obtained from the reaction mixture is sometimes different from the forms obtained upon subsequent crystallization of purified material. Considering that the synthetic precursor of a particular molecule of interest is likely to have a related chemical structure, it may well be able to behave as an unintended crystallization auxiliary. For a general reference on industrial crystallization, see Crystal Growth of Organic Materials (Eds.: A.S. Myerson, D.A. Green, P. Meenan), ACS Conference Proceedings Series, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1996.
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4544356357
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There is solitary report in the patent literature, [G. B. Ravich, O. F. Bogush, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 1962, 142, 831-834] but the forms reported there do not bear a resemblance to the new crystal forms in the present work.
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Ravich, G.B.1
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37
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4544252270
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The crystal structure of TNB has been determined by C. S. Choi, J. E. Abel, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 1972, 23, 198-201 using neutron radiation at room temperature. We redetermined the structure using X-ray radiation at 183 K (see ref. [15]), and our analysis is based on this data.
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Choi, C.S.1
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Desiraju, G.R.7
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39
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0032826154
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TI was synthesized by using a literature procedure (S. Kotha, K. Chakraborty, E. Brahmachary, Synlett 1999, 1621-1623). TNB was either synthesized by using a literature procedure (P. Segura, J. F. Bunnett, L. Villanova, J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 1041-1049) or obtained from Dynamit Nobel AG. We attempted to cocrystallize TNB and TI in 1:1 and 2:1 proportions from chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, dioxane, nitromethane, and from solvent combinations but in none of these cases could we isolate any diffraction-quality crystals of any molecular complexes.
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Synlett
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Kotha, S.1
Chakraborty, K.2
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40
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0001183276
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-
TI was synthesized by using a literature procedure (S. Kotha, K. Chakraborty, E. Brahmachary, Synlett 1999, 1621-1623). TNB was either synthesized by using a literature procedure (P. Segura, J. F. Bunnett, L. Villanova, J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 1041-1049) or obtained from Dynamit Nobel AG. We attempted to cocrystallize TNB and TI in 1:1 and 2:1 proportions from chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, dioxane, nitromethane, and from solvent combinations but in none of these cases could we isolate any diffraction-quality crystals of any molecular complexes.
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J. Org. Chem.
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Segura, P.1
Bunnett, J.F.2
Villanova, L.3
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41
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4544298698
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2 with SHELXTL (Version 6.10 and 6.12). Non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically and the H atoms of the phenyl groups were generated at idealized geometries and refined isotropically using a riding model. CCDC 213310-213312 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB21EZ, UK; fax: (+ 44) 1223-336-033; or deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk).
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d) R. K. R. Jetti, P. K. Thallapally, A. Nangia, C.-K. Lam, T. C. W. Mak, Chem. Commun. 2002, 952-953.
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-
48
-
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4544295620
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-
note
-
See Supporting Information for details of the calculated crystal morphology.
-
-
-
-
49
-
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4544378237
-
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note
-
4, benzene-hexane, EtOAc-hexane, and benzene-MeCN, were also tried. Invariably, we obtained crystals of Form I or TI. In all, approximately 100 single crystals from different crystallization experiments were selected for cell measurements. While the crystals very often had different morphologies, all of them turned out to be those of either Form I or TI.
-
-
-
-
50
-
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0004236464
-
-
Academic Press, New York
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A. I. Kitaigorodskii, Molecular Crystals and Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1973. By "normal" is meant a three-dimensionally close-packed structure without any easily identifiable substructural motifs, such as V-shaped troughs, molecular tapes.
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(1973)
Molecular Crystals and Molecules
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Kitaigorodskii, A.I.1
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0141589748
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a) P. K. Thallapally, A. K. Katz, H. L. Carrell, G. R. Desiraju, CrystEngComm 2003, 5, 87-92;
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Thallapally, P.K.1
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52
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0033813001
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b) P. K. Thallapally, K. Chakraborty, H. L. Carrell, S. Kotha, G. R. Desiraju, Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 6721-6728.
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Desiraju, G.R.5
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53
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4544295621
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-
note
-
We carried out around 150 crystallization experiments with TNB. In roughly 50 of these trials, we did not use any TI. In these cases, there were two outcomes. For non-aromatic solvents, only Form I was obtained. With some aromatic solvents (benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, mesitylene) we obtained solvates with a greater or lesser degree of difficulty.[23] With other aromatic solvents (nitrobenzene, bromobenzene, triflurotoluene, pyridine, collidine, picolines), only Form I was obtained.
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54
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0345014863
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R. K. R. Jetti, P. K. Thallapally, R. Boese, G. R. Desiraju, Cryst. Growth Des. 2003, 3, 1033-1040.
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Jetti, R.K.R.1
Thallapally, P.K.2
Boese, R.3
Desiraju, G.R.4
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55
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4544280927
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The current version of the CSD contains 61 (CSD version 5.23, April 2002) of these molecular complexes; F. H. Allen, O. Kennard, Chem. Des. Autom. News 1993, 8, 1-57.
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(2002)
Chem. Des. Autom. News
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-
Allen, F.H.1
Kennard, O.2
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56
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0004267508
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Springer, Berlin, (Springer Series in Solid-State Science 33)
-
A. I. Kitaigorodskii, Mixed Crystals, Springer, Berlin, 1984 (Springer Series in Solid-State Science 33).
-
(1984)
Mixed Crystals
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Kitaigorodskii, A.I.1
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57
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0007401069
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We redetermined the crystal structure of pure TI (the earlier CSD known crystal structure is of limited precision with no hydrogen-atom positions reported; E. R. Boyko, P. O. Vaughan, Acta Crystallogr. 1964, 17, 152-154; see ref. [15]) but this is quite different from any of the forms of TNB. If the structures were isomorphous, solid-solution formation would be more likely.
-
(1964)
Acta Crystallogr.
, vol.17
, pp. 152-154
-
-
Boyko, E.R.1
Vaughan, P.O.2
-
58
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4544243609
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The lattice energies were carried out using "Smart Minimizer" option of the Cerius2 package. All molecules in the crystal were treated as rigid entries. Atom-atom potentials were estimated using Dreiding 2.21 force field and atomic charges were estimated using the charge equilibration method. Cerius2, Accelrys, Cambridge (UK). See www.accelrys.com.
-
-
-
-
59
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4544235623
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note
-
These energy values include the small variations in energy owing to the conformational differences between the nitro groups in the three forms.
-
-
-
-
62
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4544332518
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-
note
-
The relationship between the kinetic accessibility, higher relative energy, and high density of the most common Form I and the explosive character of TNB is an aspect that might need to be investigated in the future.
-
-
-
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63
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4544279014
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-
note
-
We estimate that at a 20% loading of the additive, the embryonic TNB crystal contains 24580 molecules (crystal radius 107 A) if the additive coats the crystal at monomolecular thickness, this is reasonable for a crystal in the very early stages of growth. Both TNB and TI are assumed to be spherical and the embryonic crystal is also assumed to be spherical. We thank Mr. T. Omlor for these calculations.
-
-
-
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65
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4544282888
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We do not rule out the possibility that Form II may be isolated in another laboratory at a future date, see for example the work on tetraacetyl ribofuransose by P. Bombicz, M. Czugler, R. Tellgren, A. Kálmán, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2001-2004; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1957-1960.
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Angew. Chem.
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-
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Bombicz, P.1
Czugler, M.2
Tellgren, R.3
Kálmán, A.4
-
66
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0038215527
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We do not rule out the possibility that Form II may be isolated in another laboratory at a future date, see for example the work on tetraacetyl ribofuransose by P. Bombicz, M. Czugler, R. Tellgren, A. Kálmán, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2001-2004; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1957-1960.
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, vol.42
, pp. 1957-1960
-
-
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67
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0004186265
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(Eds.: D. Fox, M. M. Labes, A. Weissberger), Interscience, New York
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W. C. McCrone, Polymorphism in Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid-State (Eds.: D. Fox, M. M. Labes, A. Weissberger), Interscience, New York, 1965.
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(1965)
Polymorphism in Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid-State
-
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McCrone, W.C.1
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68
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4544249133
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-
note
-
One of us (GRD) has pointed out on several occasions that despite rigorous experimentation, compounds such as benzoic acid, anthracene, and D-glucose do not yield normal pressure polymorphs.
-
-
-
-
69
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4544262196
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-
note
-
Leiserowitz et al. made a similar observation with PAN (see refs. [1f, 1g]).
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-
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