Shared and unique features of evolutionary diversification

American Naturalist

Volumn 164, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 335-349

  Langerhans, R Brian ^a,b   DeWitt, Thomas J ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Convergent evolution; Divergent natural selection; Ecomorphology; Geometric morphometrics; Historical contingency; Population differentiation

Indexed keywords

DIVERGENCE; ECOMORPHOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT; EVOLUTION; SELECTION;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FISH; GENETIC SELECTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HISTOLOGY; MALE;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FISHES; GENETIC VARIATION; MALE; SELECTION (GENETICS); SELECTION, GENETIC; VARIATION (GENETICS);

BRACHYRHAPHIS; BRACHYRHAPHIS RHABDOPHORA; CYPRINODONTIFORMES; GAMBUSIA; GAMBUSIA AFFINIS; PISCES; POECILIA; POECILIA RETICULATA;

EID: 4544284410     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/422857     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Aiken, L. S., and S. G. West. 1991. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newbury Park, Calif.
2. Ballaré, C. L. 1999. Keeping up with the neighbours: phytochrome sensing and other signalling mechanisms. Trends in Plant Science 4:97-102.
3. Bookstein, F. L. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark data. Cambridge University Press, New York.
4. Breden, F., and G. Stoner. 1987. Male predation risk determines female preference in the Trinidad guppy. Nature 329:831-833.
5. Breden, F., M. A. Scott, and E. Michel. 1987. Genetic differentiation for antipredator behavior in the Trinidad guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Animal Behaviour 35:618-620.
6. Bussing, W. A. 1998. Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose.
7. Cadle, J. E., and H. W. Greene. 1993. Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the ecological structure of Neotropical snake assemblages. Pages 281-293 in R. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, eds. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
8. Cody, M. L., and H. A. Mooney. 1978. Convergence versus nonconvergence in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:265-321.
9. Cramer, E. M., and W. A. Nicewander. 1979. Some symmetric, invariant measures of multivariate association. Psychometrika 44:43-54.
10. Donohue, K., D. Messiqua, E. H. Hammond-Pyle, M. S. Heschel, and J. Schmitt. 2000. Evidence of adaptive divergence in plasticity: density- and site-dependent selection on shade-avoidance responses in Impatiens capensis. Evolution 54:1956-1968.
11. Downhower, J. F., L. P. Brown, and M. L. Matsui. 2000. Life history variation in female Gambusia hubbsi. Environmental Biology of Fishes 59:415-428.
12. Eaton, R. C., R. A. Bombardieri, and D. L. Meyer. 1977. The Mauthner-initiated startle response in teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 66:65-81.
13. Endler, J. A. 1978. A predator's view of animal color patterns. Evolutionary Biology 11:319-364.
14. _. 1980. Natural selection on color patterns in Poecilia reticulata. Evolution 34:76-91.
15. _. 1982. Convergent and divergent effects of natural selection on color patterns in two fish faunas. Evolution 36:178-188.
16. _. 1983. Natural and sexual selection on color patterns in poeciliid fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9:173-190.
17. _. 1995. Multiple-trait coevolution and environmental gradients in guppies. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10:22-29.
18. Fajen, A., and F. Breden. 1992. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among natural populations of the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Evolution 46:1457-1465.
19. Ghalambor, C. K., D. N. Reznick, and J. A. Walker. In press. Constraints on adaptive evolution: the functional trade-off between reproduction and fast-start swimming performance in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). American Naturalist.
20. Ghedotti, M. J. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the poecilioid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130:1-53.
21. Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. Norton, New York.
22. Gould, S. J., and D. S. Woodruff. 1990. History as a cause of area effects: an illustration from Cerion on Great Inagua, Bahamas. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40:67-98.
23. Harper, D. G., and R. W. Blake. 1990. Fast-start performance of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri and northern pike Esox lucius. Journal of Experimental Biology 150:321-342.
24. Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
25. Hendry, A. P., and M. T. Kinnison. 2001. An introduction to microevolution: rate, pattern, process. Genetica 112:1-8.
26. Hotelling, H. 1936. Relations between two sets of variates. Biometrika 28:321-377.
27. Houde, A. E. 1997. Sex, color, and mate choice in guppies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
28. Howland, H. C. 1974. Optimal strategies for predator avoidance: the relative importance of speed and maneuverability. Journal of Theoretical Biology 47:333-350.
29. Huey, R. B., G. W. Gilchrist, M. L. Carlson, D. Berrigan, and L. Serra. 2000. Rapid evolution of a geographic cline in size in an introduced fly. Science 287:308-309.
30. Jackman, T. R., A. Larson, K. de Queiroz, and J. B. Losos. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships and tempo of early diversification in Anolis lizards. Systematic Biology 48:254-285.
31. Jennions, M. D., and S. R. Telford. 2002. Life-history phenotypes in populations of Brachyrhaphis episcopi (Poeciliidae) with different predator communities. Oecologia (Berlin) 132:44-50.
32. Johannesson, K. 2003. Evolution in Littorina: ecology matters. Journal of Sea Research 49:107-117.
33. Johnson, J. B. 2001a. Adaptive life-history evolution in the livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora: genetic basis for parallel divergence in age and size at maturity and a test of predator-induced plasticity. Evolution 55:1486-1491.
34. _. 2001b. Hierarchical organization of genetic variation in the Costa Rican livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora (Poeciliidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72:519-527.
35. _. 2002. Evolution after the flood: phylogeography of the desert fish Utah chub. Evolution 56:948-960.
36. Johnson, J. B., and M. C. Belk. 2001. Predation environment predicts divergent life-history phenotypes among populations of the livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora. Oecologia (Berlin) 126:142-149.
37. Krumholz, L. 1963. Relationships between fertility, sex ratio, and exposure to predation in populations of the mosquitofish, Gambusia manni at Bimini, Bahamas. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie 48:201-256.
38. Langerhans, R. B., C. A. Layman, A. K. Langerhans, and T. J. DeWitt. 2003. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80:689-698.
39. Langerhans, R. B., C. A. Layman, A. M. Shokrollahi, and T. J. DeWitt. In press. Predator-driven phenotypic diversification in Gambusia affinis. Evolution.
40. Lardner, B. 2000. Morphological and life history responses to predators in larvae of seven anurans. Oikos 88:169-180.
41. Liley, N. R., and B. H. Seghers. 1975. Factors affecting the morphology and behavior of guppies in Trinidad. Pages 92-118 in G. P. Baerends, C. Beer, and A. Manning, eds. Function and evolution in behaviour. Clarendon, Oxford.
42. Losos, J. B. 1990. The evolution of form and function: morphology and locomotor performance in West Indian Anolis lizards. Evolution 44:1189-1203.
43. _. 1992. The evolution of convergent structure in Caribbean Anolis communities. Systematic Biology 41: 403-420.
44. Losos, J. B., T. R. Jackman, A. Larson, K. de Queiroz, and L. Rodriguez-Schettino. 1998. Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science 279:2115-2118.
45. Magurran, A. E., B. H. Seghers, G. R. Carvalho, and P. W. Shaw. 1992. Behavioral consequences of an artificial introduction of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in North Trinidad: evidence for the evolution of antipredator behavior in the wild. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 248:117-122.
46. Magurran, A. E., B. H. Seghers, P. W. Shaw, and G. R. Carvalho. 1995. The behavioral diversity and evolution of guppy, Poecilia reticulata, populations in Trinidad. Advances in the Study of Behavior 24:155-202.
47. Marcus, L. F., M. Corti, A. Loy, G. J. P. Naylor, and D. E. Slice. 1996. Advances in morphometrics. Plenum, New York.
48. Matos, M., T. Avelar, and M. R. Rose. 2002. Variation in the rate of convergent evolution: adaptation to a laboratory environment in Drosophila subobscura. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15:673-682.
49. Mattingly, H. T., and M. J. Butler. 1994. Laboratory predation on the Trinidadian guppy: implications for the size-selective predation hypothesis and guppy life history evolution. Oikos 69:54-64.
50. McGuigan, K., C. E. Franklin, C. Moritz, and M. W. Blows. 2003. Adaptation of rainbow fish to lake and stream habitats. Evolution 57:104-118.
51. McPeek, M. A. 1995. Morphological evolution mediated by behavior in the damselflies of two communities. Evolution 49:749-769.
52. McPhail, J. D. 1993. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): origin of the species pairs. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:515-523.
53. _. 1994. Speciation and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the sticklebacks (Gasterosteus) of southwestern British Colombia. Pages 399-437 in M. A. Bell and S. A. Foster, eds. Evolutionary biology of the three-spine stickleback. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
54. Meacham, C. A. 1993. MorphoSys: an interactive machine vision program for acquisition of morphometric data. Pages 393-402 in R. Fortuner, ed. Advances in computer methods for systematic biology: artificial intelligence, databases, computer vision. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md.
55. Meffe, G. K., and F. F. Snelson. 1989a. An ecological overview of poeciliid fishes. Pages 13-31 in G. K. Meffe and F. F. Snelson, eds. Ecology and evolution of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
56. _. 1989b. Ecology and evolution of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
57. Monaco, T. A., and D. D. Briske. 2001. Contrasting shade avoidance responses in two perennial grasses: a field investigation in simulated sparse and dense canopies. Plant Ecology 156:173-182.
58. Muller, K. E., and B. L. Peterson. 1984. Practical methods for computing power in testing the multivariate general linear hypothesis. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 2:143-158.
59. Olejnik, S., and J. Algina. 2000. Measures of effect size for comparative studies: applications, interpretations, and limitations. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25:241-286.
60. O'Steen, S., A. J. Cullum, and A. F. Bennett. 2002. Rapid evolution of escape ability in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution 56:776-784.
61. Parenti, L. R., and M. Rauchenberger. 1989. Systematic overview of the poeciliines. Pages 3-12 in G. K. Meffe and F. F. Snelson, eds. Ecology and evolution of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
62. Peer, W. A., W. R. Briggs, and J. H. Langenheim. 1999. Shade-avoidance responses in two common coastal redwood forest species, Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae) and Satureja douglasii (Lamiaceae), occurring in various light quality environments. American Journal of Botany 86:640-645.
63. Pianka, E. R. 1986. Ecology and natural history of desert lizards. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
64. Pigliucci, M., H. Pollard, and M. B. Cruzan. 2003. Comparative studies of evolutionary responses to light environments in Arabidopsis. American Naturalist 161:68-82.
65. Price, T., I. J. Lovette, E. Bermingham, H. L. Gibbs, and A. D. Richman. 2000. The imprint of history on communities of North American and Asian warblers. American Naturalist 156:354-367.
66. Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
67. Rencher, A. C. 2002. Methods of multivariate analysis. Wiley, New York.
68. Reznick, D. N. 1982. The impact of predation on life-history evolution in Trinidadian guppies: genetic basis of observed life history patterns. Evolution 36:1236-1250.
69. _. 1989. Life-history evolution in guppies. II. Repeatability of field observations and the effects of season on life histories. Evolution 43:1285-1297.
70. _. 1996. Life history evolution in guppies: a model system for the empirical study of adaptation. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 46:172-190.
71. Reznick, D. N., and H. A. Bryga. 1996. Life-history evolution in guppies (Poecilia reticulata: Poeciliidae). V. Genetic basis of parallelism in life histories. American Naturalist 147:339-359.
72. Reznick, D. N., F. H. Shaw, F. H. Rodd, and R. G. Shaw. 1997. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 275:1934-1937.
73. Richardson, J. M. L. 2001. A comparative study of activity levels in larval anurans and response to the presence of different predators. Behavioral Ecology 12:51-58.
74. Robinson, B. W., and D. S. Wilson. 1994. Character release and displacement in fishes: a neglected literature. American Naturalist 144:596-627.
75. Rodd, F. H., and D. N. Reznick. 1997. Variation in the demography of guppy populations: the importance of predation and life histories. Ecology 78:405-418.
76. Rohlf, F. J. 2000. TpsRegr. Version 1.26. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
77. Rohlf, F. J., and L. F. Marcus. 1993. A revolution in morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8:129-132.
78. Rosen, D. E., and R. M. Bailey. 1963. The poeciliid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes), their structure, zoogeography, and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 126:1-176.
79. Ruzzante, D. E., S. J. Walde, V. E. Cussac, P. J. Macchi, M. F. Alonso, and M. Battini. 2003. Resource polymorphism in a Patagonian fish Percichthys trucha (Percichthyidae): phenotypic evidence for interlake pattern variation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78:497-515.
80. Schluter, D. 1996a. Adaptive radiation along genetic lines of least resistance. Evolution 50:1766-1774.
81. _. 1996b. Ecological causes of adaptive radiation. American Naturalist 148(suppl.):S40-S64.
82. _. 1996c. Ecological speciation in postglacial fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 351:807-814.
83. _. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
84. Schluter, D., and J. D. McPhail. 1992. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. American Naturalist 140:85-108.
85. Seghers, B. H. 1973. Analysis of geographic variation in the antipredator adaptations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
86. _. 1974. Schooling behavior in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): an evolutionary response to predation. Evolution 28:486-489.
87. Shaffer, J. P., and M. W. Gillo. 1974. A multivariate extension of the correlation ratio. Educational and Psychological Measurement 34:521-524.
88. Smith, H., and G. C. Whitelam. 1997. The shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes. Plant Cell and Environment 20:840-844.
89. Smith, T. B., and S. Skúlason. 1996. Evolutionary significance of resource polymorphisms in fishes, amphibians, and birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27:111-133.
90. Sohn, J. J. 1977. Consequences of predation and competition upon demography of Gambusia manni (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Copeia 1977:224-227.
91. Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 2001. Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
92. Taylor, E. B., and J. D. McPhail. 2000. Historical contingency and ecological determinism interact to prime speciation in sticklebacks, Gasterosteus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267:2375-2384.
93. Travisano, M., J. A. Mongold, A. F. Bennett, and R. E. Lenski. 1995. Experimental tests of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution. Science 267:87-90.
94. Van Buskirk, J. 2002. A comparative test of the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: relationships between habitat and phenotype in anuran larvae. American Naturalist 160:87-102.
95. Walker, J. A. 1997. Ecological morphology of lacustrine threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Gasterosteidae) body shape. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 61:3-50.
96. Webb, P. W. 1982. Avoidance responses of fathead minnow to strikes by four teleost predators. Journal of Comparative Physiology 147A:371-378.
97. _. 1984. Body form, locomotion, and foraging in aquatic vertebrates. American Zoologist 24:107-120.
98. _. 1986. Effect of body form and response threshold on the vulnerability of four species of teleost prey attacked by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:763-771.
99. Weihs, D., and P. W. Webb. 1983. Optimization of locomotion. Pages 339-371 in P. W. Webb and D. Weihs, eds. Fish biomechanics. Praeger, New York.
100. Weinig, C. 2000. Plasticity versus canalization: population differences in the timing of shade-avoidance responses. Evolution 54:441-451.
101. Wilks, S. S. 1932. Certain generalizations in the analysis of variance. Biometrika 24:471-494.
102. Williams, E. E. 1983. Ecomorphs, faunas, island size, and diverse end points in island radiations of Anolis. Pages 326-370 in R. B. Huey, E. R. Pianka, and T. W. Schoener, eds. Lizard ecology: studies of a model organism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
103. Winemiller, K. O. 1991. Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs 61:343-365.
104. _. 1992. Ecomorphology of freshwater fishes. National Geographic Research and Exploration 8:308-327.
105. Winemiller, K. O., M. Leslie, and R. Roche. 1990. Phenotypic variation in male guppies from natural inland populations: an additional test of Haskins' sexual selection/predation hypothesis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 29:179-191.