Hemodynamic derangement and cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis

Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 90-97

  Gentilini, Paolo ^a   La Villa, Giorgio ^a   Laffi, Giacomo ^a   Pinzani, Massimo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiac dysfunction; Hemodynamic derangement; Liver cirrhosis

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; DIURETIC AGENT;

ANIMAL; ASCITES; DIASTOLE; DIURESIS; HEART; HEART DISEASE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; METABOLISM; NATRIURESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PLASMA VOLUME; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; RAT; REVIEW; SYSTOLE; TIME; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS; ANIMALS; ASCITES; DIASTOLE; DIURESIS; DIURETICS; HEART; HEART DISEASES; HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PORTAL; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; NATRIURESIS; PLASMA VOLUME; RATS; SYSTOLE; TIME FACTORS; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 4544275378     PISSN: 03939340     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Gentilini P, Laffi G, La Villa G, et al. Long course and prognostic factors of virus-induced cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1-7.
2. Gentilini P, Laffi G. Pathophysiology and treatment of ascites and the hepatorenal syndrome. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 6: 581-607.
3. Bernardi M, Di Marco C, Trevisani F, et al. Renal sodium retention during upright posture in preascitic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 188-93.
4. Bernardi M, Fornale L, Di Marco C, et al. Hyperdynamic circulation of advanced cirrhosis: a re-appraisal based on posture-induced changes in hemodynamics. J Hepatol 1995; 22: 309-18.
5. Arroyo V, Gines P, Jimenez W, et al. Ascites, renal failure and electrolyte disorders in cirrhosis. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. In: McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, eds. Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1991: 429-70.
6. Gentilini P, Vizzutti F, Gentilini A, Zipoli M, Foschi M, Romanelli RG. Update on ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2002; 34: 592-605.
7. Llach J, Gines P, Arroyo V, et al. Prognostic value of arterial pressure, endogenous vasoactive systems, and renal function in cirrhotic patients admitted to the hospital for the treatment of ascites. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 482-7.
8. Arroyo V, Gines P, Gerbes AL, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996; 27: 114-20.
9. Burroughs AK, Mezzanotte G, Phillips A, McCormick PA, McIntyre N. Cirrhotics with variceal hemorrhage: the importance of the time interval between admission and the start of analysis for survival and rebleeding rates. Hepatology 1989; 9: 801-7.
10. D'Amico G, Luca A. Natural history. Clinical-hemodynamic correlations. Prediction of the risk of bleeding. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 11: 243-56.
11. Bosch J, D'Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC. Portal hypertension. In: Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds. Schiff's diseases of the liver. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2003: 429-85.
12. Bosch J, Garcia-Pagan JC. Complications of cirrhosis. I. Portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2000; 32 (Suppl 1): 141-56.
13. Okuda K, Ohnishi K, Rimura K, et al. Incidence of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis. An angiographic study in 708 patients. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 279-86.
14. Popper H, Hutterer F. Hepatic fibrogenesis and disturbance of hepatic circulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970; 170: 88-92.
15. Pinzani M, Failli P, Rocco C, et al. Fat-storing cells as liver-specific pericytes. Spatial dynamics of agonist-stimulated intra-cellular calcium transients. J Clin Invest 1192; 90: 642-6.
16. Rockey DC. The cellular pathogenesis of portal hypertension: stellate cell contractility, endothelin and nitric oxide. Hepatology 1997; 25: 2-5.
17. Pinzani M, Gentilini P. Biology of hepatic stellate cells and their possible relevance in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 397-410.
18. Graf J, Haussinger D. Ion transport in hepatocytes: mechanisms and correlations to cell volume, hormone actions and metabolism. J Hepatol 1996; 24 (Suppl 1): 53-77.
19. Clemens, MG. Nitric oxide in the liver. In: Arias IM, Boyer JL, Chisari FV, Fausto N, Schachter D, Shafritz DA, eds. The liver: biology and pathobiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 555-64.
20. Martin PY, Ginès P, Schrier RW. Nitric oxide as a mediator of hemodynamic abnormalities and sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 533-41.
21. Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodes J. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1151-7.
22. Gentilini P, Laffi G, Buzzelli G, et al. Functional renal alterations in chronic liver diseases. Digestion 1980; 20: 73-8.
23. Pizcueta P, Pique JM, Fernandez M, et al. Modulation of the hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats by nitric oxide inhibition. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1909-15.
24. McDaid J, McCormik PA, Docherty JR. Cardiovascular actions of nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the portal hypertensive rat. J Auton Pharmacol 1998; 18: 357-62.
25. Bandi JC, Fernàndez M, Vernardich C, et al. Hyperkinetic circulation and decreased sensitivity to vasoconstrictors following portacaval shunt in the rat. Effects of chronic nitric oxide inhibition. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 719-24.
26. La Villa F, Barletta F, Pantaleo P, et al. Hemodynamic, renal and endocrine effects of acute inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 2001; 34: 19-27.
27. Spahr L, Martin PY, Giostra E, et al. Acute effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on systemic, hepatic and renal hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. J Investig Med 2002; 50: 116-24.
28. Laffi G, Foschi M, Masini E, et al. Increased production of nitric oxide by neutrophils and monocytes from cirrhotic patients with ascites and hyperdynamic circulation. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1666-73.
29. Sherwin R, Joshi P, Hendler R, Felig P, Conn HO. Hyperglucagonemia in Laennec's cirrhosis: the role of portal-systemic shunting. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 239-42.
30. Sieber CC, Groszmann RJ. Nitric oxide mediates in vitro hypore-activity to vasopressor in mesenteric vessels of portal hypertensive rats. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 235-9.
31. Epstein M, Berk DP, Hollenberg NK, et al. Renal failure in the patient with cirrhosis. Role of active vasoconstriction. Am J Med 1970; 49: 175-85.
32. Kew MC, Varma RR, Williams HS, Hourigan KJ, Williams HS, Sherlock S. Renal and intrarenal blood flow in cirrhosis of the liver. Lancet 1971; ii: 504-9.
33. Wilkinson SP, Smith IK, Clarke M, et al. Intrarenal distribution of plasma flow in cirrhosis as measured by transit renography: relationship with plasma renin activity and sodium and water excretion. Clin Sci Mol Med 1977; 52: 469-75.
34. Witte MH, Witte CL, Dumond AE. Progress in liver disease: physiological factors involved in the causation of cirrhotic ascites. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 742-50.
35. Levy M. Sodium retention and ascites formation in dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 1977; 233: F572-F585.
36. Lieberman FL, Denison EK, Reynolds TB. The relationship of plasma volume, portal hypertension, ascites and renal sodium retention in liver cirrhosis: the overflow theory of ascites formation. Ann NY Acad Sci USA 1970; 170: 202-12.
37. Lieberman FL, Reynolds TB. Plasma volume in cirrhosis of the liver: relation to portal hypertension, ascites and renal failure. J Clin Invest 1967; 46: 1297-1308.
38. Gentilini P, Laffi G, Pinzani M, et al. Alterations of the kidney in liver disease. In: Arias IM, Boyer JL, Chisari FV, Fausto N, Schachter D, Shafritz DA, eds. The liver: biology and pathobiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 549-660.
39. Wong F, Liu P, Allidina Y, Blendis L. Pattern of sodium handling and its consequences in patients with preascitic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1820-7.
40. Wong F, Massie D, Hsu P, Dudley F. Renal response to a saline load in well compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 873-81.
41. Denison EK, Lieberman FL, Reynolds TB. 9-alphafluorohydrocortisone induces ascites in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 497-503.
42. Benoit JN, Granger DN. Splanchnic hemodynamics in chronic portal hypertension. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6: 287-98.
43. Sugita S, Ohnishi K, Saito M, Okuda K. Splanchnic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive dogs with portal fibrosis. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: 6748-54.
44. Genecin P, Polio JC, Groszmann RJ. Sodium restriction blunts expansion of plasma volume and ameliorates hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertension. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: G498-G503.
45. Reznick RK, Langer B, Taylor BR, Seif S, Blendis LM. Hyponatremia and arginine vasopressin secretion in patients with refractory hepatic ascites undergoing peritoneovenous shunting. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 713-8.
46. Bichet D, Szatalozicz V, Chaimovits C, Schrier RW. Role of vasopressin in abnormal water excretion in cirrhotic patients. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 413-7.
47. Gines A, Escorsell A, Gines P, et al. Incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 229-36.
48. Bernardi M, Di Marco C, Trevisani F, et al. The hemodynamic status of preascitic cirrhosis: an evaluation under steady-state conditions and after postural change. Hepatology 1992; 16: 341-6.
49. Laffi G, Barletta G, La Villa G, et al. Altered cardiovascular responsiveness to active tilting in non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 891-8.
50. Gentilini P, Romanelli RG, Laffi G, et al. Cardiovascular and renal function in normotensive and hypertensive patients with compensated cirrhosis: effects of posture. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 623-8.
51. La Villa G, Barletta G, Romanelli RG, et al. Cardiovascular effects of canrenone in patients with preascitic cirrhosis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 1441-8.
52. Gould L, Sharif M, Zahir M, Di Leito M. Cardiac hemodynamics in alcoholic patients with chronic liver disease and a presystolic gallop. J Clin Invest 1969; 48: 860-8.
53. Limas CJ, Guiha NH, Lekagui O. Impaired left ventricular function in alcoholic cirrhosis. Circulation 1974; 49: 755-60.
54. Caramelo C, Fernandes-Munoz D, Santos JC, et al. Effect of volume expansion on hemodynamic, capillary permeability and renal function in conscious, cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1986; 6: 129-34.
55. Lee SS, Marty J, Mantz J, Samain E, Braillon A, Lebrec D. Desensitization of myocardial alpha-adrenergic receptors in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1990; 12: 481-5.
56. Ingles AC, Hernandez I, Garci-Estan J, Quesada T, Carbonell LF. Limited cardiac preload reserve in conscious cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: H1912-H1917.
57. Bernardi M, Calandra S, Colantoni A, et al. Q-T interval prolongation in cirrhosis: prevalence, relationship with severity and etiology of disease and possible pathogenetic factors. Hepatology 1998; 27: 28-34.
58. Ma Z, Meddings JB, Lee SS. Cardiac plasma membrane physical properties and alpha-adrenergic receptor function are unaltered in portal-hypertensive rats. Hepatology 1995; 22: 188-93.
59. Ma Z, Lee SS, Meddings JB. Effects of altered cardiac membrane fluidity on alpha-adrenergic receptor signaling in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 904-12.
60. Jaue DN, Ma Z, Lee SS. Cardiac muscarinic receptor function in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1361-5.
61. Ma Z, Miyamoto A, Lee SS. Role of altered alpha-adrenergic receptor signal transduction in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in rats. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1191-8.
62. Ma Z, Meddings JB, Lee SS. Membrane physical properties determine cardiac alpha-adrenergic receptor function in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: G87-G93.
63. Van Obbergh L, Vallieres Y, Blaise G. Cardiac modifications occurring in the ascitic rat with biliary cirrhosis are nitric oxide related. J Hepatol 1996; 24: 747-52.
64. Liu H, Ma Z, Lee SS. Contribution of nitric oxide to the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated rats. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 937-44.
65. Liu H, Song D, Lee SS. Role of the heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide pathway in the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280: G68-G74.
66. Ma Z, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: getting to the heart of the matter. Hepatology 1996; 24: 451-9.
67. La Villa G, Romanelli RG, Casini Raggi V, et al. Plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1992; 16: 156-61.
68. Wong F, Liu P, Lilly L, Bomzon A, Blendis L. The role of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in the pathogenesis of hyperdynamic circulation and renal sodium retention in cirrhosis. Clin Sci 1999; 97: 259-67.
69. Pozzi M, Carugo S, Boari G, et al. Functional and structural cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1131-7.
70. Leenen FH, Yuan B. Dietary-sodium-induced cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rat versus Wistar-Kyoto rat. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 885-92.
71. Park SC, Beerman LB, Gartner JC, et al. Echocardiographic findings before and after liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 1373-8.
72. Myers RP, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000; 6 (Suppl 1): S44-S52.
73. Wong F, Gigrah N, Graba J, Allidina Y, Liu P, Blendis L. The effect of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy on the cardiac response to exercise in cirrhosis. Gut 2001; 49: 268-75.
74. Epstein SK, Ciubotaru RL, Zilberberg MD, et al. Analysis of impaired exercise capacity in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 4: 1701-7.
75. Finucci G, Desideri A, Sacerdoti D, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis. Scan J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 279-84.
76. Kadambi VJ, Ponniah S, Harrer JM, et al. Cardiac specific over-expression of phospholamban alters calcium kinetics and resultant cardiomyocyte mechanics in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 533-9.
77. Weber KT, Sun Y, Tyagi SC, Cleutjens JP. Collagen network of the myocardium: function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994; 26: 279-92.
78. Guevara M, Bru C, Gines P, et al. Increased cerebrovascular resistance in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 1998; 28: 39-44.
79. Lagi A, Laffi G, Cencetti S, et al. Impaired sympathetic regulation of cerebral blood flow in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Clin Sci 2002; 103: 43-51.
80. Henriksen JH, Bendtsen F, Sorensen TI, Stadeager C, Ring-Larsen H. Reduced central blood volume in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1506-13.
81. Moller S, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH. Effect of volume expansion on systemic hemodynamics and central and arterial blood volume in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1917-25.
82. Kiszka-Kanowitz M, Henriksen JH, Moller S, Bendtsen F. Blood volume distribution in patients with cirrhosis: aspects of the dual-head gamma-camera technique. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 605-12.
83. Wong F, Liu P, Tobe S, Morali G, Blendis L. Central blood volume in cirrhosis: measurement radionuclide angiography. Hepatology 1994; 19: 312-21.