Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 42, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 4255-4260

  Clasen, Thomas F ^a   Do, Hoang Thao ^b   Boisson, Sophie ^a   Shipin, Oleg ^b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Thailand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLIFORMS; DRINKING WATER; GEOMETRIC MEAN (MG); RURAL COMMUNITIES; VIET NAM; WATER SOURCES;

DRINKING WATER;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DISINFECTION; DRINKING WATER; FECAL COLIFORM; FILTRATION; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HOUSEHOLD SURVEY; MICROBIOLOGY; RURAL AREA; WOOD;

ARTICLE; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; DISINFECTION; FILTRATION; HEATING; MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; RURAL POPULATION; VIET NAM; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; DATA COLLECTION; DEMOGRAPHY; DISINFECTION; HEAT; RURAL HEALTH; VIETNAM; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER SUPPLY;

ASIA; EURASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VIET NAM;

EID: 45249124502     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es7024802     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. WHO. World Health Report 2005; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2005.
2. Schneider, R. E.; Shiftman, M; Faigenblum J. The Potential effect of water on gastrointestinal infections prevalent in developing countries. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978, 31, 2089-2099.
3. Baqui, A. H.; Black RE; Sack, R. B.; Chowdhury, H. R.; Yunus, M; Siddique, A. K. Malnutrition, cell-mediated immune deficiency, and diarrhea: A community-based longitudinal study in rural Bangladeshi children. Am J Epidemiol. 1993, 137, 355-365.
4. Guerrant, D. I.; Moore, S. R.; Lima, A. A.; Patrick, P. D.; Schorling, J. B.; Guerrant, R. L. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61, 707-713.
5. WHO/UNICEF. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade; The World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund: Geneva, 2006.
6. Fewtrell, L; Kaufmann, R; Kay, D; Enanoria, W; Haller, L; Colford, J. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2005, 5, 42-52.
7. Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W-P, Cairncross S. Interventions to Improve Water Quality for Preventing Diarrhoea (Cochrane Review); The Cochrane Library, Issue 3; Update Software; Oxford.
8. Sobsey M. D. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply, (WHO/SDE/WSH/02.07); The World Health Organization: Geneva, 2002.
9. WHO. Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2007.
10. Abadie Rosa M. G. Re-assessing Boiling As a Mean of Treating Drinking Water: An Analysis in Relation to Alternative Available Options. MSc dissertation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2007.
11. Block S. S. Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, 5th ed.;, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2001.
12. Feachem R. G., Bradley, D. J., Garelick H., Mara D. D. Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management, John Wiley and Sons: London, 1983.
13. Iijima, Y; Karama, M; Oundo, J. O.; Honda, T. Prevention of bacterial diarrhoea by pasteurization of drinking water in Kenya. Microbiol. Immunol. 2001, 45, 413-416.
14. CDC. Emergency Preparedness & Response: Emergency Water Storage and Purification; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA, 2005; http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/earthquakes/food.asp.
15. Davis, J.; Lambert, R. Engineering in Emergencies; Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd: London, 2002.
16. WEDC. Emergency Treatment of Drinking Water at Point of Use; Water, Engineering and Development Centre, Loughborough University: Leicestershire, UK, 2005.
17. Nnochiri E. Medical Microbiology in the Tropics; Oxford University Press: London, 1975.
18. World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2004; Vol. 1.
19. Clasen T, Haller L. Water Quality Interventions to Prevent Diarrhoea: Cost and Cost Effectiveness; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2008.
20. Gilman, R. H.; Skillicorn, P. Boiling of drinking-water: can a fuel-scarce community afford it. Bull WHO 1985, 63, 157-163.
21. Rehfuess, E; Mehta, S; Pruss-Ustun, A. Assessing household solid fuel use: multiple implications for the Millennium Development Goals. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114, 373-378.
22. Biran, A.; Abbot, J.; Mace, R. Families and firewood: the costs and benefits of children in firewood collection and use in two rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hum. Ecol. 2004, 32, 1-25.
23. Smith, K. R. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: Recommendations for research. Indoor Air 2002, 12, 198-207.
24. Rossi, L. A.; Braga, E. C.; Barruffini, R. C.; Carvalho, E. C. Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Burns 1998, 24, 416-419.
25. Houangbevi, A. Burns in children in Africa (experience of the burns department at the Lomé University Hospital Center). Ann. Anesthesiol. Fr. 1981, 22, 346-350.
26. Brick, T.; Primrose, B.; Chandrasekhar, R; Roy, S; Muliyil, J; Kang, G. Water contaminationin urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2004, 207, 473-480.
27. Wright, J.; Gundry, S.; Conroy. . Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2003, 9, 106-117.
28. Luby, S. P.; Syed, A. H.; Atiullah, N; Faizan, M. K.; Fisher-Hoch, S. Limited effectiveness of home drinking water purification efforts in Karachi, Pakistan. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 4, 3-7.
29. Gupta, S. K.; Suantio A; Gray, A; Widyastuti, E; Jain, N; Rolos R; Hoekstra, R. M.; Quick, R. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76, 1158-1162.
30. Rechenburg A.; Wieneke F.; Herbst S.; Kristemann T.; Exner M.; Dangerdorf P. the Reality of "Safe Drinking Water" in Rural Areas of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, - 14 September; IWA World Water Congress: Beijing, China, 2006.
31. American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed.; Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/ American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation:Washington, DC, 2001.
32. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en. aspx?tabid=491;Accessed on 24 October 2006
33. Do Hoang T. Assessment of microbiological effectiveness and cost of treating water in the home by boiling in a rural community in Bac Khan, Vietnam. MSc dissertation,London School of Hygiene and tropical Medicine, 2007.
34. Kirchhoff, L. V.; McClelland, K. E.; Do Carmo Pinho, M; Araujo, J. G.; De Sousa, M. A.; Guerrant, R. L. Feasibility and efficacy of in-home caer chlorination in rural North-eastern Brazil J. Hyg.(London) 1985, 94, 173-180.
35. Lantagne D. Investigation of the Potters for Peace Colloidal Silver Impregnated Ceramic Filter, Report 2: Field Investigations; Alethia Environmental: Boston, 2001.
36. Hobbins M. Home-based drinking water purification through sunlight: from effectiveness to health effectiveness. PhD dissertation, University of Basel, 2004.
37. ClasenTGarcia ParraGBoissonSCollinS. Household-based ceramic water filters for the prevention of diarrhoea: a randomized, controlled trial of a pilot program in Colombia. Am J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005 73790-795.
38. Stauber, C. E.; Elliott, M. A.; Koksai, F; Ortiz, G. M.; DiGiano, F. A.; Sobsey, M. D. Characterisation of the biosand filter for E. coli reductions from household drinking water under controlled laboratory and field use conditions. Water Sci. Technol. 2006, 54, 1-7.
39. Roberts, L; Chartier, Y.; Chartier, O; Malenga, G; Toole, M; Rodka, H. Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial. Bull WHO 2001, 79, 280-287.
40. McLaughlin C. Costs of treating drinking water by boiling in Virar, Vasai and Nalasopara, India. MSc dissertation,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2006.