Measuring protection: Mission impossible?

Journal of Economic Surveys

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 577-616

  Cipollina, Maria ^a   Salvatici, Luca ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MOLISE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Protection; Tariff and non tariff barriers; Tariff and non tariff measures

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL TRADE; MEASUREMENT METHOD; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; PROTECTIONISM; TARIFF STRUCTURE; TRADE FLOW; TYPOLOGY;

EID: 45249113562     PISSN: 09500804     EISSN: 14676419     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00543.x     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Aitken, B.J. (1973) The effect of the EEC and EFTA on European trade: A temporal cross-section analysis. American Economic Review 63(5): 881-892.
2. Anderson, J. (1991) The coefficient of trade utilization: The cheese case. In R. Baldwin (ed.), Empirical Studies of Commercial Policy. Chicago, IL: NBER and University of Chicago Press.
3. Anderson, J. (1994) The theory of protection. In D. Greenaway and L.A. Winters (eds), Surveys of International Trade. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
4. Anderson, J. (1995) Tariff-index theory. Review of International Economics 3(2): 156-173.
5. Anderson, J. (1998a) Trade restrictiveness benchmarks. The Economic Journal 44: 1111-1125.
6. Anderson, J. (1998b) Effective protection redux. Journal of International Economics 44: 21-44.
7. Anderson, K. (2002) Measuring effects of trade policy: How far have we come? CEPR Discussion Paper 3579.
8. Anderson, J.E. and Martin, W. (1993) The welfare analysis of fiscal policy: A simple unified account. Working Paper of the Department of Economics, Boston College.
9. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (1990) The coefficient of trade utilization: back to the Baldwin envelope. In R.W. Jones and A.O. Krueger (eds), The Political Economy of International Trade (pp. 49-71). London: Basil Blackwell.
10. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (1992) Trade reform with quotas, partial rent retention and tariffs. Econometrica 60(1): 57-76.
11. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (1994) Measuring the restrictiveness of trade policy. World Bank Economic Review 8(2): 151-170.
12. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (1996) A new approach to evaluating trade policy. World Bank Economic Review 63: 107-125.
13. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (2003) The mercantilist index of trade policy. International Economic Review 44(2): 627-649.
14. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (2005) Measuring trade policy restrictiveness: A non-technical introduction. In J. Anderson and P. Neary (eds), Measuring the Restrictiveness of International Trade Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Anderson, J. and Neary, P. (2007) Welfare vs. market access: The implications of tariff structure for tariff reform. Journal of International Economics 71(1): 187-205.
16. Anderson, J.E., Bannister, G.J. and Neary, P.J. (1995) Domestic distortions and international trade. International Economic Review 36: 139-156.
17. Ando, M. and Fujii, T. (2001) The costs of trade protection: Estimating tariff equivalents of non-tariff measures in APEC economies. Mimeo, Keio University.
18. Andriamananjara, S. and Nash J. (1997) Have trade policy reforms led to greater openness in developing countries? The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 1730.
19. Andriamananjara, S., Dean, J.M., Feinberg, R., Ferrantino, M.J., Ludema, R. and Tsigas, M. (2004) The effects of non-tariff measures on prices, trade, and welfare: CGE implementation of policy-based price comparisons. Paper prepared for the APEC Capacity-Building Workshop on Quantitative Methods for Assessing NTMs and Trade Facilitation, Bangkok, Thailand.
20. Antimiani, A. (2004) A new index to evaluate the effective protection: an application in a CGE context. Paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis Trade, Poverty, and the Environment, Washington, DC.
21. Antimiani, A. and Salvatici, L. (2005) EU trade policies: Benchmarking protection in a general equilibrium framework. Paper presented at the ETSG 2005 Dublin, 7th Annual Conference, University College Dublin.
22. Antimiani, A., Conforti, P. and Salvatici, L. (2003) The effective rate of protection of European agrifood sector. Working Paper Osservatorio sulle politicheagricole dellUE 20, INEA, Rome.
23. Bacchetta, M. and Bora, B. (2001) Post-Uruguay Round market access barriers for industrial products. UNCTAD Study Series on Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities 12.
24. Bach, M. and Martin, W. (2001) Would the right tariff aggregator please stand up? Journal of Policy Modeling 23(6): 621-635.
25. Balassa, B. (1965) Tariff protection in industrial countries: An evaluation. Journal of Political Economy 73: 573-594.
26. Balassa, B. (1985) Exports, policy choices and economic growth in developing countries after the 1973 oil shock. Journal of Development Economics 18: 23-35.
27. Baldwin, R. (1989) Measuring nontariff trade policies. NBER Working Paper 2978.
28. Baldwin, R. (2003) Openness and growth: What's the empirical relationship? NBER Working Paper 9578.
29. Barro, R.J. and Lee, J.-W. (1994) Data set for a panel of 138 countries. Harvard, MA.
30. Beghin, J.C. and Bureau, J.C. (2001) Quantitative policy analysis of sanitary, phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade. Économie Internationale 87: 107-130.
31. Bhagwati, J. (1965) On the equivalence of tariffs and quotas. In R.E. Caves, H.G. Johnson and P.B. Kenen (eds.), Trade Growth and the Balance of Payments. Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally.
32. Bhagwati, J. (1978) Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Anatomy and Consequences of Exchange Control Regimes. New York: NBER.
33. Bhagwati, J.N. and Srinivasan, T.N. (1984) Lectures on International Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
34. Bora, B., Kuwahara, A. and Laird, S. (2002) Quantification of non-tariff measures. Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series 18.
35. Bouët, A., Decreux, Y., Fontagné, L., Jean, S. and Laborde, D. (2004) A consistent ad valorem equivalent measure of protection across the world. The MacMAP-HS6 database. CEPII Working Paper 2004-22.
36. Bradford, S. (2003) Paying the price: Final goods protection in OECD countries. Review of Economics and Statistics 85(1): 24-37.
37. Bruno, M. (1979) Protection and tariff change under general equilibrium. International Economic Review 3: 205-226.
38. Bureau, J.-C. and Kalaitzandonakes, N. (1995) Measuring effective protection as a superlative index number. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77: 279-290.
39. Bureau, J.-C. and Salvatici, L. (2004a) WTO negotiations on market access in agriculture: A comparison of alternative tariff cut proposals for the EU and the US. Topics in Economic Analysis and Policy 4(1): Article 8, available at http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/topics/vol4/iss1/ art8.
40. Bureau, J.-C. and Salvatici, L. (2004b) WTO negotiations on market access: What we know, what we don't and what we should in agricultural policy reform and the WTO: Where are we heading? In G. Anania, M.E. Bohman, C.A. Carter and A.F. McCalla (eds). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
41. Bureau, J.-C. and Salvatici, L. (2005) Agricultural trade restrictiveness in the European Union and the United States. Agricultural Economics 33: 479-490.
42. Bureau, J.-C., Fulponi, L. and Salvatici, L. (2000) Comparing EU and US trade liberalisation under the Uruguay Round agreement on agriculture. European Review of Agricultural Economics 27(3): 1-22.
43. Bureau, J.-C., Bernard, F., Gallezot, J. and Gozlan, E. (2004) The measurement of protection on the value added of processed food products in the EU, the US, Japan and South Africa. A Preliminary Assessment of its Impact on Exports of African Products, Final Report, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
44. Cadot, O., Carrere, C., de Melo, J. and Tumurchudur, B. (2005) Product specific rules of origin in EU and US preferential trading agreements: an assessment. CEPR Discussion Paper 4998.
45. Calvin, L. and Krissoff, B. (1998) Technical barriers to trade: A case study of phytosanitary barriers and US-Japanese apple trade. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 23(2): 351-356.
46. Chau, N.H., Färe, R. and Grosskoff, S. (2003) Trade restrictiveness and efficiency. International Economic Review 44(3): 1079-1095.
47. Chen, B.L. (1999) Trade openness and economic growth: Evidence in East Asia and Latin America. Journal of Economic Integration 14(2): 265-295.
48. Cline, W.R. (2002) An index of industrial country trade policy toward developing countries. Center for Global Development Working Paper 14.
49. Cline, W.R. (2005) Enhancing the IMF's index of trade restrictiveness. IMF Working Paper, quoted by IMF.
50. Corden, M. (1966) The effective protective rate, the uniform tariff equivalent and the average tariff. Economic Record 200-216.
51. Dean, J.M., Feinberg, R. and Ferrantino, M. (2003) Estimating the tariff-equivalent of NTMs. Office of Economics Working Paper 2003-12-B, US International Trade Commission.
52. Deardorff, A.V. and Stern, R.M. (1997) Measurement of non-tariff barriers, OECD Economics Department Working Paper 179 (OCDE/GD(97)/129). Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
53. Deardorff, A.V. and Stern, M.R. (1998) Measurement of Nontariff Barriers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
54. Deaton, A. (1979) The distance function in consumer behaviour with applications to index numbers and optimal taxation. Review of Economic Studies 46(3): 391-405.
55. Debreu, G. (1951) The coefficient of resource utilization. Econometrica, 19: 273-292.
56. Dee, P. and Ferrantino, M. (2005) Quantitative Methods for Assessing the Effects of Non-tariff Measures and Trade Facilitation (Introductory chapter, pp. 13-41). Singapore: APEC Secretariat and World Scientific.
57. Dixit, A.K. and Norman, V. (1980) Theory of International Trade: A Dual, General Equilibrium Approach. London: Cambridge University Press.
58. Dollar, D. (1992) Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985. Economic Development and Cultural Change 40: 523-544.
59. Dollar, D. and Kraay, A. (2004) Trade, growth, and poverty. The Economic Journal 114: F22-F49.
60. Donnelly, W.A. and Manifold, D. (2005) A compilation of reported non-tariff measures: Description of the information. Office of Economics Working Paper 2005-05-A, US International Trade Commission.
61. Edwards, S. (1993) Openness, trade liberalization and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Literature, XXXI: 1358-1393.
62. Edwards, S. (1998) Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know? The Economic Journal 108: 383-398.
63. Estevadeordal, A. (2000) Negotiating preferential access: The case of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Journal of World Trade 34(1): 141-166.
64. Feenstra, R.C. (1995) Estimating the effects of trade policy. In G. Grossman and K. Rogoff (eds), Handbook of International Economics, Vol. III. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
65. Feenstra, R.C. and Boorstein, R. (1991) Quality upgrading and its welfare cost in U.S. steel imports, 1969-74. International Trade and Trade Policy (pp. 167-186). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Ferrantino, M.J. (2006) Quantifying the trade and economic effects of non-tariff measures. OECD Trade Policy Working Paper 28.
67. Fontagné, L., von Kirchbach, F. and Mimouni, M. (2001) A first assessment of environmental-related trade barriers. CEPII Working Paper 2001/01.
68. Frankel, J.A. and Romer, D. (1999) Does trade cause growth? American Economic Review 89(3): 379-399.
69. Gehlhar, M. and Wainio, J. (2002) A reevaluation of processed food tariffs facing exporters: Implications for liberalization. Paper presented at the 5th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Taipei, Taiwan.
70. Gibson, P., Wainio, J., Whitley, D. and Bohman, M. (2001) Profiles of tariffs in global agricultural markets. USDA Agricultural Economic Report 796, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
71. Greenaway, D. and Milner, C.R. (2003) Effective protection, policy appraisal and trade policy reform. World Economy 26(4): 441-456.
72. Harrigan, J. (1997) Technology, factor supplies, and international specialization: Estimating the neoclassical model. American Economic Review 87(4): 475-494.
73. Harrison, A., (1996) Openness and growth: A time-series, cross-country analysis for developing countries. Journal of Development Economics 48: 419-447.
74. Heitger, B. (1987) Import protection and export performance - their impact on economic growth. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 123(2): 249-261.
75. IMF (2005) Enhancing the IMF's index of trade restrictiveness. IMF Working Paper.
76. Jank, M.S., Fuchsloch, I. and Kutas, G. (2002) Agricultural liberalization in multilateral and regional trade negotiations. Inter American Development Bank, Washington, DC.
77. Kee, H.-L., Nicita, A. and Olarreaga, M. (2004a) Import demand elasticities and trade distortions. CEPR Working Paper 4669, London.
78. Kee, H.-L., Nicita, A. and Olarreaga, M. (2004b) Ad-valorem equivalents of non-tariff barriers. Mimeo, The World Bank.
79. Kee, H.-L., Nicita, A. and Olarreaga, M. (2006) Estimating trade restrictiveness indices. Policy Research Working Paper 3840, The World Bank.
80. Kohli, U. (1991) Technology, Duality and Foreign Trade: The GNP Function Approach to Modeling Imports and Exports. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
81. Krueger, A.O. (1978) Liberalization Attempts and Consequences. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
82. Laird, S. and Yeats, A. (1990) Quantitative Methods for Trade-Barrier Analysis. New York: Macmillan.
83. Leamer, E. (1988) Measures of openness. In R. Baldwin (ed.), Trade Policy issues and Empirical Analysis (pp. 147-200). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
84. Leamer, E. (1990) Latin America as a target of trade barriers erected by the major developed countries in 1983. Journal of Development Economics 32: 337-368.
85. Leith, J.C. (1968) Substitution and supply elasticities in calculating the effective protection rate. Quarterly Journal of Economics 82(4): 588-601.
86. Lindland, J. (1997) The impact of the Uruguay Round on tariff escalation in agricultural products. Food Policy 22(6): 487-500.
87. Linkins, L.A. and Arce, H.M. (1994) Estimating tariff equivalents of nontariff barriers. Office of Economics Working Paper 94-06-A(r), US International Trade Commission.
88. Lloyd, P.J. (1975) Substitution effects and biases in non-true price indices. American Economic Review 65(3): 301-313.
89. Lloyd, P.J. and MacLaren, D. (2002) Measures of trade openness using CGE analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling 24: 67-81.
90. Manole, V. and Martin, W. (2005) Keeping the devil in the details: A feasible approach to aggregating trade distortions. Paper presented at the VII ETSG Conference. Dublin, 7-9 September.
91. Nash, J. (1993) Trade policy reform implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: How much heat and how much light? The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1218, Washington, DC.
92. Neary, J.P. (1998) Pitfalls in the theory of international trade policy: concertina reforms of tariffs and subsidies to high-technology. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 100(1): 187-206.
93. Nogues, J., Olechowski, A. and Winters, L.A. (1986) The extent of nontariff barriers to industrial countries' imports. World Bank Economic Review 1: 181-199.
94. OECD (1994) Barriers to Trade with the Economies in Transition. Paris: OECD.
95. O'Rourke, K.H. (1997) Measuring protection: A cautionary tale. Journal of Development Economics 53: 169-183.
96. Piermartini, R. and The, R. (2005) Demystifying modelling methods for trade policy. Discussion Paper 10. Economic Research and Statistics Division, World Trade Organization, Geneva.
97. Pritchett, L. (1996) Measuring outward orientation in LDCs: Can it be done? Journal of Development Economics 49(2): 307-335.
98. Pritchett, L. and Sethi, G. (1994) Tariff rates, tariff revenue, and tariff reform: Some new facts. World Bank Economic Review 8(1): 1-16.
99. Rodrìguez, F. and Rodrik, D. (1999) Trade policy and economic growth: A skeptic's guide to the cross-national evidence. NBER Working Paper 7081.
100. Sachs, J.D. and Warner, A.M. (1995) Economic reform and the process of economic integration. Brookings Papers of Economic Activity 95(1): 1-118.
101. Salvatici, L. (2001) Trade distortion indexes and multi-regional AGE models: The case of the common agricultural policy. Working paper of the Dipartimento di Economia Pubblica 45, Universitàdegli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza'.
102. Sandrey, R. (2000) The relative tariff ratio index. New Zealand Trade Consortium Working Paper 7, New Zealand Trade Consortium with the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research.
103. Sharma, R. (2006) On the equivalence of tariffs and quotas for sensitive products in the WTO agricultural negotiations. Commodities and Trade Division, Rome: FAO.
104. UNCTAD (2005) Methodologies, classifications, quantification and development impacts of non-tariff barriers. Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities. Note by the UNCTAD secretariat, TD/B/ COM.1/EM.27/2.
105. Woodland, A.D. (1982) International Trade and Resource Allocation. Amsterdam: North Holland.
106. World Bank (1987) World Development Report 1987. New York: Oxford University Press.
107. Yanikkaya, H. (2003) Trade openness and economic growth: A cross-country empirical investigation. Journal of Development Economics 72: 57-89.
108. Yue, C., Beghin, J.C. and Jensen, H.H. (2006) Tariff equivalent of technical barriers to trade with imperfect substitution and trade costs. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88(4): 947-960.