Withdrawal from glucocorticosteroid therapy: Clinical practice recommendations

Jornal de Pediatria

Volumn 84, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 192-202

  Alves, Crésio ^a,c   Robazzi, Teresa Cristina Vicente ^a,b   Mendonça, Milena ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA   (Brazil)

^b Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria

^c Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria ^*  (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adrenal insufficiency; Corticosteroid; Cushing's syndrome; Steroid withdrawal therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BECLOMETASONE; BETAMETHASONE; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CORTISONE; CORTISONE ACETATE; CORTROSINA; DEFLAZACORT; DEXAMETHASONE; ESTROGEN; FLUNISOLIDE; FLUTICASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; KETOCONAZOLE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METYRAPONE; MOMETASONE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACOSACTIDE; TRIAMCINOLONE;

ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONVALESCENCE; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CORTICOTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; CORTICOTROPIN TEST; CUSHINGOID SYNDROME; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG USE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST; KIDNEY DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; PHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; PUBLICATION; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RELAPSE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STRESS; SUPPLEMENTATION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URINALYSIS; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; HUMANS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 45249104402     PISSN: 00217557     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2223/JPED.1773     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Alves C, Moreira LA.Princípios para a retirada da corticoterapia. Resenha Médica do Hospital São Rafael.1992;1:75-80.
2. Glyn J. The discovery and early use of cortisone. J R Soc Med. 1998;91:513-7.
3. Kountz DS, Clark CL. Safely withdrawing patients from chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Am Fam Physician. 1997;55:521-5.
4. Chakrabarti P, Wong HY, Scantlebury VP, Jordan ML, Vivas C, Ellis D, et al. Outcome after steroid withdrawal in pediatric renal transplant patients receiving tracolimus-based immunossupression. Transplantation. 2000;70:760-4.
5. Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP. Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocr Rev. 2003; 24:523-38.
6. Krasner AS. Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. JAMA. 1999;282:671-6.
7. Prigent H, Maxime V, Annane D. Clinical review: corticotherapy in sepsis. Critical Care. 2004;8:122-9.
8. Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids - new mechanism for old drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1711-23.
9. Damiani D, Kuperman H, Dichtchekenian V, Della Manna T, Setian N. Corticoterapia e suas repercussões: a relação custo-benefício. Pediatria (São Paulo). 2001;23:71-82.
10. de Castro M.Efeitos antiinflamatórios e antiproliferativos dos glicocorticóides: concordância ou discordância? Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2005;49:334-6.
11. Cooper MS, Stewart PM. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:727-34.
12. Longui CA. Corticoterapia. In: Monte O, Longui CA, Calliari LE, Kochi C, editores. Endocrinologia para o pediatra. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2006. p.317-24.
13. Brandon DD, Isabelle LM, Samuels MH,Kendall JW, Loriaux DL. Cortisol production rate measurement by stable isotope dilution using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionizationmass spectrometry. Steroids. 1999;64:372-8.
14. Shulman DI, Palmert MR, Kemp SF; Lawson Wilkins Drug and Therapeutic Committee. Adrenal insufficiency: still a cause of morbidity and death in childhood. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e484-94.
15. Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, Haussler U. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44:61-98.
16. Lamberts SW, Bruining HA, de Jong FH. Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1285-92.
17. Laxer RA. Pharmacology and drug therapy. In: Cassidy JT, Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB, editors. Textbook of pediatric rheumatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005. p. 76-141.
18. Faiçal S, Uehara MH. Efeitos sistêmicos e síndrome de retirada em tomadores crônicos de corticosteróides. Rev Ass Med Bras. 1998;44:69-74.
19. Bhattacharyya A, Kaushal K, Tymms DJ, Davis JR. Steroid withdrawal syndrome after successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome: a reminder. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153:207-10.
20. Patradoon-Ho P, Gunasekera H, Ryan MM, Ambler GR. Inhaled corticosteroids, adrenal suppression and benign intracranial hypertension. Med J Aust. 2006;185:279-80.
21. Dorin RI, Qualls CR, Crapo LM. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:194-204.
22. da Silva NA, Schiff D. Adrenal insufficiency secondary to glucocortioid withdrawal in patients with brain tumor. Surg Neurol. 2007;67:508-10.
23. Goichot B, Vinzio S, Luca F, Schlienger JL. Do we still have glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency? Presse Med. 2007; 36:1065-71.
24. Felner EL, Thompson MT, Ratlifff AF, White PC, Dickson BA. Time course of recovery of adrenal function treated for leukemia. J Pediatr. 2000;137:21-4.
25. Vollenweider P, Waeber G. How to plan glucocorticoid withdrawal: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 2003;92:1675-82.
26. Zaloga GP, Marik PM. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17:25-41.
27. Arlt W, Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2003;361:1881-93.
28. Zöllner EW. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in asthmatic children on inhaled corticosteroids: part 1. Which test should be used? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18:401-9.
29. Dichtchekenian V. Doenças do córtex adrenal. In: Setian N, editor. Endocrinologia Pediátrica. São Paulo: Sarvier; 2002. p. 374.
30. Margolin L, Cope DK, Bakst-Sisser R, Greenspan J. The steroid withdrawal syndrome: a review of the implications, etiology and treatments. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33:224-8.
31. Amatruda TT Jr, Hollingsworth DR, D'Esopo ND, Upton GV, Bondy PK. A study of the mechanism of the steroid withdrawal syndrome. Evidence for integrity of the hypothalamicpituitary adrenal system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1960;20:339-54.
32. Silva IN, Cunha CF, Finch FL, Colosimo EA. Avaliação da recuperação do eixo hipotalâmicohipofisário-adrenal após corticoterapia por meio do cortisol basal. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006;50:118-23.
33. Saracco P, Bertorello N, Faarinasso L, Einaudi S, Barisone E, Altare F, et al. Steroid withdrawal syndrome during steroid tapering in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a controlled study comparing prednisone versus dexamethasone in induction phase. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005;27:141-4. Erratum in: J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005;27:242.
34. Stuart FA, Segal TY, Keady S. Adverse psychological effects of corticosteroids in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:500-6.
35. Ilowite NT. Current treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics. 2002;109:109-15.
36. Petty RE, Cassidy JT. Systemic Arthritis. In: Cassidy JT, Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB, editors. Textbook of pediatric rheumatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005. p. 291-303.
37. Axelrod L. Perioperative management of patients treated with glucocorticoids. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:367-83.
38. Graber AL, Ney RL, Nicholson WE, Island DP, Liddle GW. Natural history of pituitary-adrenal recovery following long-term suppression with corticosteroids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1965.25:11-6.
39. Mieure KD, Smith KM, Winstead PS. Supplemental glucocorticoid therapy. Orthopedics.2007;30:116-9.
40. Baid SK, Nieman LK. Therapeutic doses of glucocorticoids: implications for oral medicine. Oral Dis. 2006;12:436-42.
41. Kiess W, Pfaeffle R. Steroid analysis in saliva: a noninvasive tool for pediatric research and clinical practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83:97-9.
42. Silva ML, Mallozi MC, Ferrari GF. Salivary cortisol to assesss the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in healthy children under 3 years old. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83:121-6.
43. Shah A, Stanhope R, Matthew D. Hazards of pharmacological tests of growth hormone secretion in childhood. BMJ. 1992;304:173-4.
44. Oelkers W. Adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1206-12.
45. Arend EA, Fischer GB, Debiasi M, Schmid H. Inhaled corticosteroid treatment and growth of asthmatic children seen at outpatient clinics. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82:197-203.
46. Lima JG, Nóbrega LH, Nóbrega ML, Rodrigues AB Jr, Pereira AF. Supressão hipotálamohipófise-adrenal e risco de insuficiência adrenal secundária devido ao uso de dexametasona nasal.Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 46:193-6.
47. Gulliver T, Eid N. Effects of glucocorticoids on the hypothalamic- pituitary axis in children and adults. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am.2005;25:541-55, vii.
48. Kuperman H. Corticoterapia. In: Setian N (ed). Endocrinologia Pediátrica. São Paulo: Sarvier; 2002. p. 404.
49. Deshmukh CT. Minimizing side effects of systemic corticosteroid in children. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:218-21.
50. Salem M, Tainsh RE Jr, Bromber J, Loriaux DL, Chernow B. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage. A reassessment 42 years after emergence of a problem. Ann Surg. 1994;219:416-25.
51. Key SJ, Hodder SC, Davies R, Thomas DW, Thompson S. Perioperative corticosteroid supplementation and dento-alveolar surgery. Dent Update. 2003;30:316-20.
52. Goichot B, Wicky C, Grunenberger F, Schlienger JL. Hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical function during and after steroid therapy: recent data and critical review. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2000;61:452-8.