Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 1, 2008, Pages

  Ejemot, Regina I ^a   Ehiri, J E ^b   Meremikwu, M M ^b   Critchley, J A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR   (Nigeria)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAND WASHING; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH PROMOTION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYGIENE; MORBIDITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 44949087639     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Bartlett 1988 {published data only} Bartlett AV, Jarvis BA, Ross V, Katz TM, Dalia MA, Englender SJ, et al.Diarrheal illness among infants and toddlers in day care centers: effects of active surveillance and staff training without subsequent monitoring. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988;127(4):808-17.
2. Black 1981 {published data only} Black RE, Dykes AC, Anderson KE, Wells JG, Sinclair SP, Gary GW, et al.Handwashing to prevent diarrhea in day-care centers. American Journal of Epidemiology 1981;113(4):445-51.
3. Bowen 2007 {published data only} Bowen A, Ma H, Ou J, Billhimer W, Long T, Mintz E, et al.A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007;76(6):1166-73.
4. Butz 1990 {published data only} Butz AM, Larson E, Fosarelli P, Yolken R. Occurrence of infectious symptoms in children in day care homes. American Journal of Infection Control 1990;18(6):347-53.
5. Carabin 1999 {published data only} Carabin H, Gyorkos TW, Soto JC, Joseph L, Payment P, Collect JP. Effectiveness of a training program in reducing infections in toddlers attending day care centers. Epidemiology 1999;10(3):219-27.
6. Haggerty 1994 {published data only} Haggerty PA, Muladi K, Kirkwood BR, Ashworth A, Manunebo M. Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire: impact of the intervention on diarrhoeal morbidity. International Journal of Epidemiology 1994;23(5):1050- 9.
7. Han 1989 {published data only} Han AM, Hlaing T. Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1989;83(1):128-31.
8. Huang 2007 {published data only} Huang DB, Zhou J. Effect of intensive handwashing in the prevention of diarrhoeal illness among patients with AIDS: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2007;56(5):659-63.
9. Kotch 1994 {published data only} Kotch JB, Weigle KA, Weber DJ, Clifford RM, Harms TO, Loda FA, et al.Evaluation of an hygienic intervention in child day-care centers. Pediatrics 1994;94(6 Suppl 2):991-4.
10. Ladegaard 1999 {published data only} Ladegaard MB, Stage V. Hand-hygiene and sickness among small children attending day care centres. An intervention study [Hand-hygiejne og smabornssygelighed i daginstitutioner: En intervention-sundersogelse (Danish)]. Ugeskr Laeger 1999;161(31): 4396-400.
11. Luby 2004a {published data only} *Luby SP, Agboattwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billheimer W, Hoekstra R. Effect of handwashing in child health: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:225-33.
12. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer WL, Hoekstra RM. Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291(21):2547-54.
13. Luby 2006 {published and unpublished data} Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Keswick B, Altaf A, Billhimer W, et al.Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhea prevention, a cluster randomised control trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2006;11(4):479-89.
14. Roberts 2000 {published data only} Roberts L, Jorm L, Patel M, Smith W, Douglas RM, McGilchrist C. Effect of infection control measures on the frequency of diarrheal episodes in child care: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000;105(4):743-6.
15. Stanton 1987 {published data only} Stanton BF, Clemens JD. An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987;125(2):292-301.
16. Ahmed 1993 Ahmed NU, Zeitlin MF, Beiser AS, Super CM, Gershoff SN. A longitudinal study of the impact of behavioural change intervention on cleanliness, diarrhoeal morbidity and growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Social Science & Medicine 1993;37(2):159-71.
17. Alam 1989 Alam N, Wojtyniak B, Henry FJ, Rahaman MM. Mothers' personal and domestic hygiene and diarrhoea incidence in young children in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Epidemiology 1989;18(1):242- 7.
18. Barros 1999 Barros AJ, Ross DA, Fonseca WV, Williams LA, Moreira-Filho DC. Preventing acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea in child care centres. Acta Paediatrics 1999;88(10):1113-8.
19. Clemens 1987 Clemens JD, Stanton BF. An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. 1. Application of the case-control method for development of an intervention. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987;125(2):284-91.
20. Curtis 2001 Curtis V, Kanki B, Cousen S, Diallo I, Kpozehouen A, Sangare M, et al.Evidence of behaviour change following a hygiene promotion programme in Burkina Faso. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001;79(6):518-27.
21. Doebbeling 1992 Doebbling BN, Stanley GL, Sheetz CT, Pfalier MA, Houston AK, Annis L, et al.Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327(2):88-93.
22. Dyer 2000 Dyer DL, Shinder A, Shinder F. Alcohol-free instant hand sanitizer reduces elementary school illness absenteeism. Family Medicine 2000;32(9):633-8.
23. Guinan 2002 Guinan M, McGuckin M, Ali Y. The effect of a comprehensive hand-washing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. American Journal of Infection Control 2002;30(4):217-20.
24. Hammond 2000 Hammond B, Ali Y, Fendler E, Dolan M, Donovan S. Effect of hand sanitizer use on elementary school absenteeism. American Journal of Infection Control 2000;28(5):340-6.
25. Khan 1982 Khan MU. Interruption of shigellosis by hand washing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1982;76(2):164-8.
26. Larson 2003 Larson E, Aiello A, Lee LV, Della-Latta P, Gomez-Duarte C, Lin S. Short- and long-term effects of handwashing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community. Journal of Community Health 2003;28(2):139-50.
27. Larson 2004 Larson EL, Lin SX, Gomez-Pichardo C, Delta-Latta P. Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;140(5):321-9.
28. Lee 1991 Lee W, Stoeckel J, Jintaganont P, Romanarak T, Kullavanijaya S. The impact of a community based health education program on the incidence of diarrheal disease in Southern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1991;22(4):548-56.
29. Luby 2001 Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Raza A, Sobel J, Mintz ED, Baier K, et al.Microbiologic effectiveness of hand washing with soap in an urban squatter settlement, Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiology of Infections 2001;127(2):237-44.
30. Luby 2004b Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Hoekstra RM, Rahbar MH, Billhimer W, Keswick BH. Delayed effectiveness of home-based intervention in reducing childhood diarrhea, Karachi, Pakistan. American Journal of Medicine and Hygiene 2004;71(4):420-7.
31. Master 1997 Master D, Hess Longe SH, Dickson H. Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population. Family Medicine 1997;29(5):336-9.
32. Morton 2004 Morton JL, Schultz AA. Healthy Hands: Use of alcohol gel as an adjunct to handwashing in elementary school children. Journal of School Nursing 2004;20(3):161-7.
33. Peterson 1998 Peterson EA, Roberts L, Toole MJ, Peterson DE. Effect of soap distribution on diarrhoea: Nyamithuthu Refugee Camp. International Journal of Epidemiology 1998;27(3):520-4.
34. Pinfold 1996 Pinfold JV, Horan NJ. Measuring the effect of a hygiene behaviour intervention by indicators of behaviour and diarrhoeal disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1996;90(4):366-71.
35. Shahid 1996 Shahid NS, Greenough WB, Samadi AR, Huq MI, Rahaman N. Handwashing with soap reduces diarrhoea and spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 1996;14(2):85-9.
36. Sircar 1987 Sircar BK, Sengupta PG, Mondal SK, Gupta DN, Saha NC, Ghosh S, et al.Effect of handwashing on the incidence of diarrhoea in a Calcutta slum. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 1987;5(2):112-4.
37. White 2003 White C, Kolble R, Carison R, Lipson N, Dolan M, Ali Y, et al.The effect of hand hygiene on illness rate among students in university residence halls. American Journal of Infection Control 2003;31(6):364-70.
38. Wilson 1991 Wilson JM, Chandler GM. Sustained improvements in hygiene behaviour amongst village women in Lombok, Indonesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1993;87(6):615-6.
39. *Wilson JM, Chandler GN, Muslihatun, Jamiluddin. Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: a study in Lombok, Indonesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;85(6):819-21.
40. Benneh 1993 Benneh G, Songsore J, Nabila JS, Amuzu AT, Tutu KA, Yangyuoru Y, et al.Environmental problems and the urban household in Greater Accra Metropolitan area (GAMA)-Ghana. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute 1993.
41. Bern 1992 Bern C, Martines J, de Zoysa I, Glass RI. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal diseases: a ten-year update. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992;70(6):705-14.
42. Black 1989 Black RE, Lopez de Romana G, Brown KH, Bravo N, Bazalar OG, Kanashiro HC. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. American Journal of Epidemiology 1989;129(4):785-99.
43. Borghi 2002 Borghi J, Guinness L, Ouedraogo J, Curtis V. Is hygiene promotion cost-effective? A case study in Burkina Faso. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2002;7(11):960-9.
44. Cave 1999 Cave B, Curtis V. Effectiveness of promotional techniques in environmental health. WELL Study No.165. www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ resources/well-studies/full-reports-pdf/task0165.pdf 1999 (accessed 1 September 2007).
45. Clasen 2006 Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3.Art. No.: CD004794. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004794.pub2.
46. Curtis 1995 Curtis V, Kanki B, Mertens T, Traore E, Diallo I, Tall F, et al.Potties, pits and pipes: explaining hygiene behaviour in Burkina Faso. Social Science and Medicine 1995;41(3):383-93.
47. Curtis 1997 Curtis V. Hygienic, happy and healthy. A series of practical manuals designed to help you set up a hygiene promotion programme. Part I: planning a hygiene promotion programme. New York: UNICEF, 1997.
48. Curtis 2000 Curtis V, Cairncross S, Yonli R. Domestic hygiene and diarrhoea - pinpointing the problem. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2000;5(1):22-32.
49. Curtis 2003 Curtis V, Cairncross S. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2003;3(5):275-81.
50. Ehiri 2001 Ehiri JE, Azubuike MC, Ubbaonu CN, Anyanwu EC, Ibe KM, Ogbonna MO. Critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in eastern Nigeria. Bullentin of World Health Organization 2001;79(5):423-33.
51. Esrey 1989 Esrey SA, Feachem RG. Interventions for control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of food hygiene [WHO/CDD/89.30]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989.
52. Feachem 1983 Feachem RG, Hogan RC, Merson MH. Diarrhoeal disease control: reviews of potential interventions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1983;61(4):637-40.
53. Fewtrell 2004 Fewtrell L, Colford JM. Water, sanitation and hygiene: interventions and diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Report No 34960]. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2004.
54. Fewtrell 2005 Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM Jr. Water, sanitation, and hyiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2005;5(1):42-52.
55. Guevara 2004 Guevara JP, Berlin JA, Wolf FM. Meta-analytic methods for pooling rates when follow-up duration varies: a case study. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2004;12:4-17.
56. Hayes 2000 Hayes RJ, Alexander ND, Bennett S, Cousens SN. Design and analysis issues in cluster-randomized trials of interventions against infectious diseases. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2000;9(2):95-116.
57. Higgins 2006 Higgins J, Green S, editors. Highly sensitive search strategies for identifying reports of randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.6 [updated September 2006]; Appendix 5b. www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/hbook.htm (accessed 1 May 2007).
58. Hoque 1995a Hoque BA, Mahalanabis D, Alam MJ, Islam MS. Post-defecation handwashing in Bangladesh: practice and efficiency perspectives. Public Health 1995;109(1):15-24.
59. Hoque 1995b Hoque BA, Mahalanabis D, Pelto B, Alam MJ. Research methodology for developing efficient handwashing options: an example from Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1995;98(6): 469-75.
60. Juni 2001 Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323(7303):42-6.
61. Kaltenthaler 1991 Kaltenthaler E, Waterman R, Cross P. Faecal indicator bacteria on the hands and the effectiveness of hand-washing in Zimbabwe. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1991;94(5):358- 63.
62. Lanata 1998 Lanata CF, Huttly SR, Yeager BA. Diarrhea: whose feces matter? Reflections from studies in a Peruvian shanty town. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(1):7-9.
63. Larson 1995 Larson EL. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. American Journal of Infection Control 1995;23(4):251-69.
64. LeBaron 1990 LeBaron CW, Furutan NP, Lew JF, Allen JR, Gouvea V, Moe C, et al.Viral agents of gastroenteritis. Public health importance and outbreak management. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports 1990;39(RR-5):1-24.
65. Luby 2001a Luby S. The role of hand washing in improving hygiene and health in low-income countries. American Journal of Infection Control 2001;29(4):239-40.
66. Martines 1993 Martines J, Phillips M, Feachem RG. Diarrhoeal diseases. In: JamisonDT, MoselyWH, MeashamAR, BobdadilliaJL editor(s). Disease control priorities in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993:91-116.
67. Motarjemi 1993 Motarjemi Y, Kaferstein F, Moy G, Quevado F. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and asociated malnutrition. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1993;71(1):79-92.
68. Murray 1996 Murray CJL, Lopez AD, editors. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1996.
69. PHS 1999 US Department of Health Services. Food Code 1999: Recommendations of the US Public Health Services. Publication Number PB99-115925:43 1999.
70. Review Manager 4.2 The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 4.2 for Windows. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2003.
71. Rotter 1999 Rotter ML. Handwashing and hand disinfection. In: MayhallCG editor(s). Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999:1339-55.
72. Schmitt 1997 Schmitt R, Bryan FL, Jermini M, Chilufya EN, Hakalima AT, Zyuulu M, et al.Hazards and critical control points of food preparation in homes in which persons had diarrhoea in Zambia. Journal of Food Protection 1997;60(2):161-71.
73. Traore 1994 Traore E, Cousens S, Curtis V, Mertens T, Tall F, Traore A, et al.Childhood defecation behaviour, stool disposal practices, and childhood diarrhoea in Burkina Faso: results from a case-control study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1994;48(3):270-5.
74. WELL 1999 Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL). DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) 1999.
75. WHO 2002 World Health Organization. The world health report 2002: Reducing risks promoting healthy life [WHO/WHR/02.1]. World Health Organization: Geneva, 2002.
76. WHO 2003 World Health Organization. Treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers [WHO/FCH/CAH/03.7]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
77. Yeager 1999 Yeager BA, Huttly SR, Bartolini R, Rojas M, Lanata CF. Defecation practices of young children in a Peruvian shanty town. Social Science and Medicine 1999;49(4):531-41.