The Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease-An Australian Guideline

Heart Lung and Circulation

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 271-289

  Walsh, Warren ^a   Brown, Alex ^b   Carapetis, Jonathan ^c  

^a PRINCE OF WALES HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^c MENZIES SCHOOL OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aortic regurgitation; Heart valve disease; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve stenosis; Rheumatic heart disease; Valvular heart disease

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMIODARONE; AMPICILLIN; ANGIOTENSIN ANTAGONIST; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIGOXIN; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DIHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DISOPYRAMIDE; DIURETIC AGENT; FUROSEMIDE; GENTAMICIN; HEPARIN; HYDRALAZINE; METOPROLOL; NIFEDIPINE; NITRATE; PENICILLIN G; PROCAINAMIDE; QUINIDINE; SOTALOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASODILATOR AGENT; WARFARIN;

ABORIGINE; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTICOAGULATION; AORTA STENOSIS; AORTA VALVE REGURGITATION; AORTA VALVE REPLACEMENT; AORTIC VALVE REPAIR; AUSTRALIA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EMBOLISM; EMBRYOTOXICITY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART PROARRHYTHMIA; HEART TAMPONADE; HEART VALVE BIOPROSTHESIS; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG CONGESTION; LUNG DISEASE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE REPAIR; MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT; MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS; PACIFIC ISLANDER; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHETIC VALVE THROMBOSIS; REOPERATION; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SURVIVAL RATE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THYROID DISEASE; TRANSLUMINAL VALVULOPLASTY; VAGINAL DELIVERY;

AUSTRALIA; CARDIOVASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES; CHRONIC DISEASE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; OCEANIC ANCESTRY GROUP; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE;

EID: 44749093548     PISSN: 14439506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2007.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rheumatic heart disease: all but forgotten in Australia except among Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (2004), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra
2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The health and welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (2005), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra
3. Gruen R.L., Bailie R.S., d'Abbs P.H., O'Rourke I.C., O'Brien M.M., and Verma N. Improving access to specialist care for remote Aboriginal communities: evaluation of a specialist outreach service. Med J Aust 174 10 (2001) 507-511
4. Salustri A., and Trambaiolo P. Point-of-care echocardiography: small, smart and quick. Eur Heart J 23 19 (2002) 1484-1487
5. Carapetis J.R., Powers J.R., Currie B.J., Sangster J.F., Begg A., Fisher D.A., Kilburn C.J., and Burrow J.N.C. Outcomes of cardiac valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease in Aboriginal Australians. Asia Pacific Heart J 8 3 (2000) 138-147
6. Smyth T. Anticoagulation in patients with metallic valvular prosthesis in the Top End of the Northern Territory. 39th CARPA Conference Central Australian Rural Practitioners Association in conjunction with the Royal Australasian College of Physicians NT Annual Scientific Meeting. Alice Springs (2003)
7. Gill J.M., and Landis M.K. Benefits of a mobile, point-of-care anticoagulation therapy management program. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 28 11 (2002) 625-630
8. Carapetis JR. Ending the heartache: the epidemiology and control of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the top end of the northern territory, 1998. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney.
9. Carabello B.A., and Crawford F.A. Valvular heart disease. New Engl J Med 337 1 (1997) 32-41
10. Enriquez-Sarano M., Basmadjian A.J., Rossi A., Bailey K.R., Seward J.B., and Tajik A.J. Progression of mitral regurgitation-a prospective Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 4 (1999) 1137
11. Marcus R.H., Sareli P., Pocock W.A., and Barlow J.B. The spectrum of severe rheumatic mitral valve disease in a developing country. Correlations among clinical presentation, surgical pathologic findings, and hemodynamic sequelae. Ann Int Med 120 3 (1994) 177-183
12. Meira Z.M.A., Goulart E.M.A., Colosimo E.A., and Mota C.C.C. Long term follow up of rheumatic fever and predicators of severe rheumatic valvular disease in Brazilian children and adolescents. Heart 91 (2005) 1019-1022
13. Rodriguez L., and Gillinov A.R. Mitral valve disease. In: Topol E.J., and Califf R.M. (Eds). Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine (2006), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
14. Otto C.M. Evaluation and management of chronic mitral regurgitation. N Eng J Med 345 10 (2001) 740-746
15. Essop M.R., and Nkomo V.T. Rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular heart disease: epidemiology, management and prevention in Africa. Circulation 112 23 (2005) 3584-3591
16. Enriquez-Sarano M., Avierinos J.F., Messika-Zeitoun D., Detaint D., Capps M., Nkomo V., Scott C., Schaff H.V., and Tajik A.J. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 352 9 (2005) 875-883
17. Borer J.S., and Bonow R.O. Contemporary approach to aortic and mitral regurgitation. Circulation 108 20 (2003) 2432-2438
18. Thourani V.H., Weintraub W.S., Guyton R.A., Jones E.L., Williams W.H., Elkabbani S., and Craver J.M. Outcomes and long-term survival for patients undergoing mitral valve repair versus replacement. Effects of age and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 108 3 (2003) 298-304
19. Yau T., El-Ghoneimi Y.A., Armstrong S., Ivanov J., and David T.E. Mitral valve repair and replacement for rheumatic heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119 1 (2000) 53-61
20. Chauvaud S., Fuzellier J.F., Berrebi A., Deloche A., Fabiani J.N., and Carpentier A. Long term(29 years) results of reconstructive surgery in rheumatic mitral valve insufficiency. Circulation 104 12 Suppl. 1 (2001) I12-I15
21. Skoularigis J., Sinovich V., Joubert G., and Sareli P. Evaluation of the long-term results of mitral valve repair in 254 young patients with rheumatic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 90 5 Pt 2 (1994) 167-174
22. Salem D.N., Stein P.D., Al-Ahmad A., Bussey H.I., Horstkotte D., Miller N., and Pauker S.G. Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease-native and prosthetic. Chest 126 3 Suppl. (2004) 457S-482S
23. McLean A., Waters M., Spencer E., and Hadfield C. Experience with cardiac valve operations in Cape York Peninsula and Torres Strait Islanders, Australia. MJA 186 11 (2007) 560-563
24. Rahimtoola S.H. Choice of prosthetic heart valve for adult patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 6 (2003) 893-904
25. Wisenbaugh T., Skudicky D., and Sareli P. Prediction of outcome after valve replacement for rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the era of chordal preservation. Circulation 89 1 (1994) 191-197
26. Otto C.M., and Salerno C.T. Timing of surgery in asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med 352 9 (2005) 928-929
27. Bonow R.O., Carabello B.A., Chatterjee K., de Leon Jr. A.C., Faxon D.P., Freed M.D., Gaasch W.H., Lytle B.W., Nishirmura R.A., O'Gara P.T., O'Rourke R.A., Otto C.M., Shah P.M., and Shanewise J.S. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practical Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). Circulation 114 (2006) e84-e231
28. Rowe J.C., Bland E.F., Sprague H.B., and White P.D. The course of mitral stenosis without surgery: ten-and twenty-year perspectives. Ann Intern Med 52 (1960) 741-749
29. Olesen K.H. The natural history of 217 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment. Brit Heart J 24 (1962) 349
30. Sagie A., Freitas N., Padial L.R., Leavitt M., Morris E., Weyman A.E., and Levine R.A. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of long-term progression of mitral stenosis in 103 patients: valve area and right heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 2 (1996) 472-479
31. Carabello B.A. Modern management of mitral stenosis. Circulation 112 3 (2005) 432-437
32. Keren G., Etzion T., Sherez J., Zelcer A.A., Megidish R., Miller H.I., and Laniado S. Atrial fibrillation and atrial enlargement in patients with mitral stenosis. Am Heart J 114 5 (1987) 1146-1155
33. Chiang C.W., Lo S.K., Ko Y.S., Cheng N.J., Lin P.J., and Chang C.H. Predictors of systemic embolism in patients with mitral stenosis. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 128 11 (1998) 885-889
34. Lutas E.M., Devereux R.B., Borer J.S., and Goldstein J.E. Echocardiographic evaluation of mitral stenosis: a critical appraisal of its clinical value in detection of severe stenosis and valvular calcification. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2 (1983) 131
35. Fuster V., Ryden L.E., Asinger R.W., Cannom D.S., Crijns H.J., Frye R.L., Halperin J.L., Kay G.N., Klein W.W., Levy S., McNamara R.L., Prystowsky E.N., Wann L.S., and Wyse D.G. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation; executive summary; a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). Circulation 104 (2001) 2118-2150
36. Klein A.L., Grimm R.A., Murray R.D., Apperson-Hansen C., Asinger R.W., Black I.W., Davidoff R., Erbel R., Halperin J.L., Orsinelli D.A., Porter T.R., and Stoddard MF. Assessment of cardioversion using transesophageal echocardiography investigators. Use of transoesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 344 19 (2001) 1411-1420
37. Turi Z.G., Reyes V.P., Raju B.S., Raju A.R., Kumar D.N., Rajagopal P., Sathyanarayana P.V., Rao D.P., Srinath K., and Peters P. Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. A prospective randomized trial. Circulation 83 4 (1991) 1179-1185
38. Hernandez R., Banuelos C., Alfonso F., Goicolea J., Fernandez-Ortiz A., Escaned J., Azcona L., Almeria C., and Macaya C. Long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up after percutaneous valvuloplasty with the Inoue balloon. Circulation 99 12 (1999) 1580-1586
39. Iung B., Garbarz E., Michaud P., Helou S., Farah B., Berdah P., Michel P.L., Cormier B., and Vahanian A. Late results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy in a series of 1024 patients. Analysis of late clinical deterioration: frequency, anatomic findings, and predictive factors. Circulation 99 25 (1999) 3272-3278
40. Vahanian A., and Palacios I.F. Percutaneous approaches to valvular disease. Circulation 109 13 (2004) 1572-1579
41. Reyes V.P., Raju B.S., Wynne J., Stephenson L.W., Raju R., Fromm B.S., Rajagopal P., Mehta P., Singh S., Rao D.P., Satyanarayana P.V., and Turi Z.G. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. N Engl J Med 331 15 (1994) 961-967
42. Pendergast B.D., Shaw T.R., Iung B., Vahanian A., and Northridge D.B. Contemporary criteria for the selection of patients for percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Heart 87 5 (2002) 401-404
43. Doukas G., Samani N.J., Alexiou C., Oc M., Chin D.T., Stafford P.G., Ng L.L., and Spyt T.J. Left atrial frequency ablation during mitral valve surgery for continuous atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294 18 (2005) 2323-2329
44. Lee J.W., Park N.H., Choo S.J., Jo M.S., Song H., and Song M.G. Surgical outcome of the maze procedure for atrial fibrillation in mitral valve disease: rheumatic versus degenerative. Ann Thorac Surg 75 1 (2003) 57-61
45. Stewart W.J., and Carabello B. Chronic aortic valve disease. In: Topol E.J. (Ed). Textbook of cardiovascular medicine (2003), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
46. Enriquez-Sarano M., and Tajik A.J. Aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med 351 15 (2004) 139-146
47. Jaffe W.M., Roche A.H., Coverdale H.A., McAlister H.F., Ormiston J.A., and Greene E.R. Clinical evaluation versus Doppler echocardiography in the quantitative assessment of valvular heart disease. Circulation 78 2 (1988) 267-275
48. Perry G.L., Helmcke F., Nanda N.C., Byard C., and Soto B. Evaluation of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 9 4 (1987) 952-959
49. Scognamiglio R., Rahimtoola S.H., Fasoli G., Nistri S., and Dalla Volta S. Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. N Engl J Med 331 11 (1994) 689-694
50. Wisenbaugh T., Sinovich V., Dullabh A., and Sareli P. Six-month pilot study of captopril for mildly symptomatic severe isolated mitral and isolated aortic regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 3 2 (1994) 197-204
51. Evangelista A., Tornos P., Sambola A., Permanyer-Miralda G., and Soler-Soler J. Long term vasodilator therapy in patients with severe aortic regurgitation. New Engl J Med 353 13 (2005) 1342-1349
52. Tarasoutchi F., Grinberg M., Spina G.S., Sampaio R.O., Cardoso L.F., Rossi E.G., Pomerantzeff P., Laurindo F., da Luz P.L., and Ramires J.A. Ten-year clinical laboratory follow-up after application of a symptom-based therapeutic strategy to patients with severe chronic aortic regurgitation of predominant rheumatic etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 8 (2003) 1316-1324
53. Dujardin K.S., Enriquez-Sarano M., Schaff H.V., Bailey K.R., Seward J.B., and Tajik A.J. Mortality and morbidity of aortic regurgitation in clinical practice. A long-term follow-up study. Circulation 99 14 (1999) 1851-1857
54. Ishii D., Hirota Y., Suwa M., Kita Y., Onaka H., and Kawamura K. Natural history and left ventricular response in chronic aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 78 3 (1996) 357-361
55. Vongpatanasin W., Hillis L.D., and Lange R.A. Prosthetic heart valves. New Engl J Med 335 6 (1996) 407-416
56. Hammermeister K., Sethi G.K., Henderson W.G., Grover F.L., Oprian C., and Rahimtoola S.H. Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 4 (2000) 1152-1158
57. Yun K.L., Miller D.C., Moore K.A., Mitchell R.S., Oyer P.E., Stinson E.B., Robbins R.C., Reitz B.A., and Shumway N.E. Durability of the Hancock MO bioprosthesis compared with the standard aortic valve bioprosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg 60 2 Suppl. (1995) S221-S228
58. David T.E., Feindel C.M., Scully H.E., Bos J., and Rakowski H. Aortic valve replacement with stentless porcine aortic valves: a ten-year experience. J Heart Valve Dis 7 3 (1998) 250-254
59. Barratt-Boyes B.G., Roche A.H., Subramanyan R., Pemberton J.R., and Whitlock R.M. Long-term follow-up of patients with antibiotic-sterilized aortic homograft inserted freehand in the aortic position. Circulation 75 4 (1987) 768-777
60. Clarke D.R., Campbell D.N., Hayward A.R., and Bishop D.A. Degeneration of aortic valve allografts in young recipients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105 5 (1993) 934-941
61. Yap C.H., and Yii M. Allograft aortic valve replacement in the adult: a review. Heart Lung Circ 13 1 (2004) 41-51
62. Lund O., Chandrasekaran V., Grocott-Mason R., Elwidaa H., Mazhar R., Khaghani A., Mitchell A., Ilsley C., and Yacoub M.H. Primary aortic valve replacement with allografts over twenty-five years: valve related and procedure related determinants of outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 1 (1999) 77-90 [discussion 90-1]
63. Kejiriwal N.K., Tan J.T., Vasudevan A., Ong M., Newman M.A., and Alvarez J.M. Follow-up of Australian Aboriginal patients following open-heart surgery in Western Australia. Heart Lung Circ 13 1 (2004) 70-73
64. Fihn S.D. Aiming for safe anticoagulation. New Engl J Med 333 1 (1995) 54-55
65. Cannegieter S.C., Rosendaal F.R., Wintzen A.R., van der Meer F.J., Vandenbroucke J.P., and Briet E. Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. New Engl J Med 333 1 (1995) 11-17
66. McDonald M., and Currie B. Outcomes of cardiac surgery in Aboriginal Australians: what are the problems and what's to be done?. Heart Lung Circ 13 2 (2004) 129-131
67. Carr J.F., and Savage E.B. Aortic valve repair for aortic insufficiency in adults: a contemporary review and comparison with replacement techniques. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25 1 (2004) 6-15
68. Grinda J.M., Latremouille C., Berrebi A.J., Zegdi R., Chauvaud S., Carpentier A.F., Fabiani J.N., and Deloche A. Aortic cusp extension valvuloplasty for rheumatic aortic valve disease: midterm results. Ann Thorac Surg 74 2 (2002) 438-443
69. Gerosa G., Ross D.N., Brucke P.E., Dziatkowiak A., Mohammad S., Norman D., Davies J., Sbarbati A., and Casarotto D. Aortic valve replacement with pulmonary homografts; early experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107 2 (1994) 424-436
70. Aklog L., Carr-White G.S., Birks E.J., and Yacoub M.H. Pulmonary autograft versus aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement: interim results form a prospective randomized trial. J Heart Valve Dis 9 2 (2000) 176-188
71. Kouchoukos N.T., Masetti P., Nickerson N.J., Castner C.F., Shannon W.D., and Davila-Roman V.G. The Ross procedure: long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 78 3 (2005) 773-781
72. Feier H., Collart F., Ghez O., Riberi A., Caus T., Kreitmann B., and Metras D. Factors, dynamics and cutoff values for homograft stenosis after the Ross procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 79 5 (2005) 1669-1675
73. Matsumura T., Ohtaki E., Misu K., Tohbaru T., Asano R., Nagayama M., Kitahara K., Umemura J., Sumiyoshi T., Kawase M., Ida T., Kasegawa H., and Hosoda S. Etiology of aortic valve disease and recent changes in Japan: a study of 600 valve replacement cases. Int J Cardiol 86 2-3 (2000) 217-223
74. Lester S.J., Heilbron B., Gin K., Dodek A., and Jue J. The natural history and rate of progression of aortic stenosis. Chest 113 4 (1998) 1109-1114
75. Munt B., Legget M.E., Kraft C.D., Miyake-Hull C.Y., Fujioka M., and Otto C.M. Physical examination in valvular aortic stenosis: correlation with stenosis severity and prediction of clinical outcome. Am Heart J 137 2 (1999) 298-306
76. Lieberman E.B., Bashore T.M., Hermiller J.B., Wilson J.S., Pieper K.S., Keeler G.P., Pierce C.H., Kisslo K.B., Harrison J.K., and Davidson C.J. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in adults: failure of procedure to improve long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 6 (1995) 1522-1528
77. Carabello B.A. Timing of valve replacement in aortic stenosis: moving closer to perfection. Circulation 95 9 (1997) 2241-2243
78. Vaturi M., Porter A., Adler Y., Shapira Y., Sahar G., Vidne B., and Sagie A. The natural history of aortic valve disease after mitral valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 7 (1999) 2003-2008
79. Skudicky D., Essop M.R., and Sareli P. Time-related changes in left ventricular function after double valve replacement for combined aortic and mitral regurgitation in a young rheumatic population. Circulation 95 4 (1997) 899-904
80. Reimold S.C., and Rutherford J.D. Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. New Engl J Med 349 1 (2003) 52-59
81. Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases During Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology. Expert consensus document on management or cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 24 8 (2003) 761-781
82. Elkayam U., and Bitar F. Valvular heart disease and pregnancy part I: native valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 2 (2005) 223-230
83. De Souza J.A., Martinez Jr. E.E., Ambrose J.A., Alves C.M., Born D., Buffolo E., and Carvalho A.C. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in comparison with open mitral valve commissurotomy for mitral stenosis during pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 3 (2001) 900-903
84. Martinez-Reding J., Cordero A., Kuri J., Martinez-Rios M.A., and Salazar E. Treatment of severe mitral stenosis with percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in pregnant patients. J Clin Cardiol 21 9 (1998) 659-663
85. Routray S.N., Mishra T.K., Swain S., Patnaik U.K., and Behera M. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 85 1 (2004) 18-23
86. Ginsberg J.S., Chan W.S., Bates S.M., and Kaatz S. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. Arch Int Med 163 6 (2003) 694-698
87. Elkayam U., Singh H., Irani A., and Akhter M.W. Anticoagulation in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves. J Cardiovasc Pharmaco Therapeut 9 2 (2004) 107-115
88. Hung L., and Rahimtoola S.H. Prosthetic heart valves and pregnancy. Circulation 107 9 (2003) 1240-1246
89. Elkayam U., and Bitar F. Valvular heart disease and pregnancy part II: prosthetic valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 3 (2005) 403-410
90. Sadler L., McCowan L., White H., Stewart A., Bracken M., and North R. Pregnancy outcomes and cardiac complications in women with mechanical, bioprosthetic and homograft valves. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 107 2 (2000) 245-253
91. Rowan J.A., McCowan L.M., Raudkivi P.J., and North R.A. Enoxaparin treatment in women with mechanical valves during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185 3 (2001) 663-667
92. Leyh R.G., Fischer S., Ruhparwar A., and Haverich A. Anticoagulation for prosthetic heart valves during pregnancy: is low-molecular-weight heparin an alternative?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21 3 (2002) 577-579
93. Salazar E., Izaguirre R., Verdejo J., and Mutchinick O. Failure of adjusted doses of subcutaneous heparin to prevent thromboembolic phenomena in pregnant patients with mechanical cardiac valve prostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 7 (1996) 698-703
94. Butchart E.G., Gohlke-Barwolf C., Antunes M.J., Tornos P., De Caterina R., Cormier B., Prendergast B., Lung B., Bjornstad H., Leport C., Hall R.J., Vahanian A., Working Groups on Valvular Heart Disease, Thrombosis, and and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology. European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for the management of patients after heart valve surgery. Eur Heart J 26 22 (2005) 2463-2471