Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis in Lebanon

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

Volumn 270, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 88-93

  Yamout, B ^a   Barada, W ^a   Tohme, R A ^a   Mehio Sibai, A ^a   Khalifeh, R ^a   El Hajj, T ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

Arab countries; Epidemiology; Lebanon; Middle East; Multiple sclerosis; Natural history

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; OLIGOCLONAL BAND;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; EVOKED BRAIN STEM RESPONSE; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; LABORATORY; LEBANON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; ONSET AGE; PLEOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REMISSION; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SEX RATIO; VISUAL DISORDER;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DISABILITY EVALUATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LEBANON; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEURAL CONDUCTION; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 44649161456     PISSN: 0022510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.02.009     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Confavreux C., Vukusic S., Moreau T., and Adeleine P. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1430-1437
2. Kurtzke J.F., Beebe G.W., Nagler B., Auth T.L., Kurland L.T., and Nefzger M.D. Studies on the natural history of multiple sclerosis. 6. Clinical and laboratory findings at first diagnosis. Acta Neurol Scand 48 (1972) 19-46
3. Poser S., Raun N.E., and Poser W. Age at onset, initial symptomatology and the course of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 66 (1992) 355-362
4. Kira J. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet 2 (2003) 117-127
5. El-Salem K., Al-Shimmery E., Hourany K., Al-Refai A., Al-Hayk K., and Khader Y. Multiple sclerosis in Jordan: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Neurol 253 (2006) 1210-1216
6. Al-Din A.S. Multiple sclerosis in Kuwait: clinical and epidemiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49 (1986) 928-931
7. Daif A.K., Al-Rajeh S., Awada A., Al Bunyan M., Ogunniyi A., AbdulJabar M., and Al Tahan A.R. Pattern of presentation of multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: analysis based on clinical and paraclinical features. Eur Neurol 39 (1998) 182-186
8. Al-Araji A., and Mohammed A.I. Multiple sclerosis in Iraq: does it have the same features encountered in western countries?. J Neurol Sci 234 (2005) 67-71
9. McDonald W.L., Compston A., Edan G., et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 50 (2001) 121-127
10. Jacobs L.D., Beck R.W., Simon J.H., Kinkel R.P., Brownscheidle C.M., Murray T.J., et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med 343 13 (Sep 28 2000) 898-904
11. Kurtzke J.F. Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33 (1983) 1444-1452
12. Fazekas F., Offenbacher H., Fuchs S., Schmidt R., Niederkorn K., Horner S., and Lechner H. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis. Neurology 38 12 (Dec 1988) 1822-1825
13. Offenbacher H., Fazekas F., Schmidt R., Freidl W., Flooh E., Payer F., and Lechner H. Assessment of MRI criteria for a diagnosis of MS. Neurology 43 5 (May 1993) 905-909
14. Kidd D., Thorpe J.W., Thompson A.J., Kendall B.E., Moseley I.F., MacManus D.G., et al. Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 43 12 (Dec 1993) 2632-2637
15. Debouverie M., Lebrun C., Jeannin S., Pittion-Vouyovitch S., Roederer T., and Vespignani H. More severe disability of North Africans vs. Europeans with multiple sclerosis in France. Neurology 68 (2007) 29-32
16. Hammond S.R., McLeod J.G., Macaskill P., and English D.R. Multiple sclerosis in Australia: socioeconomic factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61 3 (Sep 1996) 311-313
17. Kremenchutzky M., Rice G.P.A., Baskerville J., Wingerchuk D.M., and Ebers G.C. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study.9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease. Brain 129 (2006) 584-594 16-
18. Tremlett H., Paty D., and Devonshire V. Disability progression in multiple sclerosis is slower than previously reported. Neurology 66 (2006) 172-177
19. Confavreux C., and Vukusic S. Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis. Brain 129 (2006) 595-605
20. Najim Al-Din A.S., Kurdi A., Mubaidin A., El-Khateeb M., Khalil R.W., and Wriekat A.L. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Arabs in Jordan: a comparative study between Jordanians and Palestinians. Neurol Sci 135 (1996) 162-167
21. AlShubaili A.F., Alramzy K., Ayyad Y.M., and Gerish Y. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Kuwait: new trends in incidence and prevalence. Eur Neurol 53 (2005) 125-131
22. Yaqub B.A., and Daif A.K. Multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia. Neurology 38 (1998) 182-186
23. Lee K.H., Hashimoto S.A., Hooge J.P., Kastrukoff L.F., Oger J.J., Li D.K., and Paty D.W. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a prospective 2 year follow-up with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligloclonal banding, and CT. Neurology 41 (1991) 657-660
24. Weinstock-Guttman B., Baier M., Stockton R., Weinstock A., Justinger T., Munschauer F., Brownscheidle C., Williams J., Fisher E., Miller D., and Rudick R. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials as a measure of visual pathway pathology in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 9 (2003) 529-534
25. Hans L., and Yu-Min H. Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness. J Neuroimmunol 180 (2006) 17-28
26. Keren D.F. Optimizing detection of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid by use of isoelectric focusing with IgG immunoblotting. Am J Clin Pathol 120 (2003) 649-651
27. Link H., and Laurenzi M.A. Immunoglobulin class and light chain type of oligoclonal bands in CSF in multiple sclerosis determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. Ann Neurol 6 2 (Aug 1979) 107-110
28. Lunding J., Midgard R., and Vedeler C.A. Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid: a comparative study of isoelectric focusing, agarose gel electrophoresis and IgG index. Acta Neurol Scand 102 5 (Nov 2000) 322-325
29. Fortini A.S., Sanders E.L., Weinshenker B.G., and Katzmann J.A. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Isoelectric focusing with IgG immunoblotting compared with high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis and cerebrospinal fluid IgG index. Am J Clin Pathol 120 5 (Nov 2003) 672-675
30. McLean B.N., luxton R.W., and Thompson E.J. A study of IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid of 1007 patients with suspected neurological disease using isoelectric focusing and the Log IgG-index. A comparison and diagnostic application. Brain 113 (1990) 1269-1289
31. Bednarova J., Stourac P., and Adam P. Relevance of immunological variables in neuroborreliosis and multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 112 (2005) 97-102
32. Sa M.J., Sequeira L., Rio M.E., and Thompson E.J. Oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF of Portuguese patients with MS. Arq Neuro-psiquiatr 63 (2005) 375-379
33. Lefvert A.K., and Link H. IgG production within the central nervous system: a critical review of proposed formulae. Ann Neurol 17 (1985) 13-20
34. Freedman M.S., Thompson E.J., Deisenhammer F., Giovannoni G., Grimsley G., Keir G., et al. Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Arch Neurol 62 6 (Jun 2005) 865-870