Neurosarcoidosis

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 475-492

  Lower, Elyse E ^a   Weiss, Kenneth L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PREDNISONE; THALIDOMIDE;

BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN DISEASE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; HEMIFACIAL SPASM; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SARCOIDOSIS; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SPINAL CORD LESION; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRIGEMINUS NEURALGIA;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SARCOIDOSIS;

EID: 44649101998     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.03.016     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Sharma O.P. Neurosarcoidosis: a personal perspective based on the study of 37 patients. Chest 112 (1997) 220-228
2. Stern B.J. Neurological complications of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Neurol 17 3 (2004) 311-316
3. Stern B.J., Krumholz A., Johns C., et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol 42 (1985) 909-917
4. Hoitsma E., Faber C.G., Drent M., et al. Neurosarcoidosis: a clinical dilemma. Lancet Neurol 3 7 (2004) 397-407
5. Baughman R.P., du Bois R.M., and Lower E.E. Sarcoidosis. Lancet 361 (2003) 1111-1118
6. Gullapalli D., and Phillips L.H. Neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis. Neurol Clin 20 1 (2002) 59-83 vi
7. Burns T.M. Neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 60 8 (2003) 1166-1168
8. Delaney P. Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis: review of the literature, with a report of 23 cases. Ann Intern Med 87 3 (1977) 336-345
9. Allen R.K., Sellars R.E., and Sandstrom P.A. A prospective study of 32 patients with neurosarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 20 2 (2003) 118-125
10. Baughman R.P., Teirstein A.S., Judson M.A., et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 1885-1889
11. Ferriby D., de Seze J., Stojkovic T., et al. Long-term follow-up of neurosarcoidosis. Neurology 57 5 (2001) 927-929
12. Chapelon C., Ziza J.M., Piette J.C., et al. Neurosarcoidosis: signs, course and treatment in 35 confirmed cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 69 (1990) 261-276
13. Winget D., O'Brien G.M., Lower E.E., et al. Bell's palsy as an unrecognized presentation for sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 11 (1994) S368-S370
14. Nowak D.A., and Widenka D.C. Neurosarcoidosis: a review of its intracranial manifestation. J Neurol 248 5 (2001) 363-372
15. Palacios E., Rigby P.L., and Smith D.L. Cranial neuropathy in neurosarcoidosis. Ear Nose Throat J 82 4 (2003) 251-252
16. Lower E.E., Broderick J.P., Brott T.G., et al. Diagnosis and management of neurologic sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 157 (1997) 1864-1868
17. Zajicek J.P., Scolding N.J., Foster O., et al. Central nervous system sarcoidosis: diagnosis and management. QJM 92 2 (1999) 103-117
18. Plotkin G.R., and Patel B.R. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as chronic lymphocytic meningitis. Pa Med 89 7 (1986) 36-37
19. Mayer S.A., Yim G.K., Onesti S.T., et al. Biopsy-proven isolated sarcoid meningitis: case report. J Neurosurg 78 (1993) 994-996
20. Akhondi H., Barochia S., Holmstrom B., et al. Hydrocephalus as a presenting manifestation of neurosarcoidosis. South Med J 96 4 (2003) 403-406
21. Murialdo G., and Tamagno G. Endocrine aspects of neurosarcoidosis. J Endocrinol Invest 25 7 (2002) 650-662
22. Veres L., Utz J.P., and Houser O.W. Sarcoidosis presenting as a central nervous system mass lesion. Chest 111 2 (1997) 518-521
23. Powers W.J., and Miller E.M. Sarcoidosis mimicking glioma: case report and review of intracranial sarcoid mass lesions. Neurology 31 (1981) 907-910
24. Willigers H., and Koehler P.J. Amnesic syndrome caused by neurosarcoidosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 95 (1993) 131-135
25. O'Brien G.M., Baughman R.P., Broderick J.P., et al. Paranoid psychosis due to neurosarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 11 (1994) 34-36
26. Friedman S.H., and Gould D.J. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as psychosis and dementia: a case report. Int J Psychiatry Med 32 4 (2002) 401-403
27. Bona J.R., Fackler S.M., Fendley M.J., et al. Neurosarcoidosis as a cause of refractory psychosis: a complicated case report. Am J Psychiatry 155 8 (1998) 1106-1108
28. Sabaawi M., Gutierrez-Nunez J., and Fragala M.R. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as schizophreniform disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med 22 3 (1992) 269-274
29. Krumholz A., Stern B.J., and Stern E.G. Clinical implications of seizures in neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 48 (1991) 842-844
30. Konrad D., Gartenmann M., Martin E., et al. Central diabetes insipidus as the first manifestation of neurosarcoidosis in a 10-year-old girl. Horm Res 54 2 (2000) 98-100
31. Tamagno G., and Murialdo G. Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome as an uncommon manifestation of isolated neurosarcoidosis. Ann Ital Med Int 16 4 (2001) 260-266
32. Bullmann C., Faust M., Hoffmann A., et al. Five cases with central diabetes insipidus and hypogonadism as first presentation of neurosarcoidosis. Eur J Endocrinol 142 4 (2000) 365-372
33. Guoth M.S., Kim J., de Lotbiniere A.C., et al. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as hypopituitarism and a cystic pituitary mass. Am J Med Sci 315 3 (1998) 220-224
34. Gleckman A.M., Patalas E.D., and Joseph J.T. Sudden unexpected death resulting from hypothalamic sarcoidosis. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 23 1 (2002) 48-51
35. Day A.L., and Sypert G.W. Spinal cord sarcoidosis. Ann Neurol 1 1 (1977) 79-85
36. Baruah J.K., Glasauer F.E., Sil R., et al. Sarcoidosis of the cervical spinal canal: case report. Neurosurgery 3 2 (1978) 216-218
37. Oksanen V. Neurosarcoidosis: clinical presentations and course in 50 patients. Acta Neurol Scand 73 (1986) 283-290
38. Bradley D.A., Lower E.E., and Baughman R.P. Diagnosis and management of spinal cord sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 23 1 (2006) 58-65
39. Ayala L., Barber D.B., Lomba M.R., et al. Intramedullary sarcoidosis presenting as incomplete paraplegia: case report and literature review. J Spinal Cord Med 23 2 (2000) 96-99
40. Jallo G.I., Zagzag D., Lee M., et al. Intraspinal sarcoidosis: diagnosis and management. Surg Neurol 48 5 (1997) 514-520
41. Rieger J., and Hosten N. Spinal cord sarcoidosis. Neuroradiology 36 8 (1994) 627-628
42. Hayat G.R., Walton T.P., Smith Jr. K.R., et al. Solitary intramedullary neurosarcoidosis: role of MRI in early detection. J Neuroimaging 11 1 (2001) 66-70
43. Hashmi M., and Kyritsis A.P. Diagnosis and treatment of intramedullary spinal cord sarcoidosis. J Neurol 245 3 (1998) 178-180
44. Junger S.S., Stern B.J., Levine S.R., et al. Intramedullary spinal sarcoidosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. Neurology 43 2 (1993) 333-337
45. Connor S.E., Marshman L., Al Sarraj S., et al. MRI of a spinal intradural extramedullary sarcoid mass. Neuroradiology 43 12 (2001) 1079-1083
46. Prelog K., Blome S., and Dennis C. Neurosarcoidosis of the conus medullaris and cauda equina. Australas Radiol 47 3 (2003) 295-297
47. Shah J.R., and Lewis R.A. Sarcoidosis of the cauda equina mimicking guillain-barre syndrome. J Neurol Sci 208 1-2 (2003) 113-117
48. Abrey L.E., Rosenblum M.K., and DeAngelis L.M. Sarcoidosis of the cauda equina mimicking leptomeningeal malignancy. J Neurooncol 39 3 (1998) 261-265
49. Ku A., Lachmann E., Tunkel R., et al. Neurosarcoidosis of the conus medullaris and cauda equina presenting as paraparesis: case report and literature review. Paraplegia 34 2 (1996) 116-120
50. Kaiboriboon K., Olsen T.J., and Hayat G.R. Cauda equina and conus medullaris syndrome in sarcoidosis. Neurologist 11 3 (2005) 179-183
51. Schaller B., Kruschat T., Schmidt H., et al. Intradural, extramedullary spinal sarcoidosis: report of a rare case and review of the literature. Spine J 6 2 (2006) 204-210
52. Colvin I.B. Audiovestibular manifestations of sarcoidosis: a review of the literature. Laryngoscope 116 1 (2006) 75-82
53. Galassi G., Gibertoni M., Mancini A., et al. Sarcoidosis of the peripheral nerve: clinical, electrophysiological and histological study of two cases. Eur Neurol 23 6 (1984) 459-465
54. Said G., Lacroix C., Plante-Bordeneuve V., et al. Nerve granulomas and vasculitis in sarcoid peripheral neuropathy: a clinicopathological study of 11 patients. Brain 125 Pt 2 (2002) 264-275
55. Hoitsma E., Marziniak M., Faber C.G., et al. Small fibre neuropathy in sarcoidosis. Lancet 359 9323 (2002) 2085-2086
56. Berger C., Sommer C., and Meinck H.M. Isolated sarcoid myopathy. Muscle Nerve 26 4 (2002) 553-556
57. Judson M.A., Baughman R.P., Teirstein A.S., et al. Defining organ involvement in sarcoidosis: the ACCESS proposed instrument. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 16 (1999) 75-86
58. Marangoni S., Argentiero V., and Tavolato B. Neurosarcoidosis: clinical description of 7 cases with a proposal for a new diagnostic strategy. J Neurol 253 4 (2006) 488-495
59. Baughman R.P., and Lower E.E. Novel therapies for sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28 1 (2007) 128-133
60. Baughman R.P., and Lower E.E. Fungal infections as a complication of therapy for sarcoidosis. QJM 98 (2005) 451-456
61. Trojano M., and Paolicelli D. The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: classification and clinical features of relapsing and progressive neurological syndromes. Neurol Sci 22 Suppl 2 (2001) S98-S102
62. Spencer T.S., Campellone J.V., Maldonado I., et al. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34 4 (2005) 649-661
63. Teirstein A.S., Machac J., Almeida O., et al. Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 132 6 (2007) 1949-1953
64. Lury K.M., Smith J.K., Matheus M.G., et al. Neurosarcoidosis: review of imaging findings. Semin Roentgenol 39 4 (2004) 495-504
65. Urbach H., Kristof R., Zentner J., et al. Sarcoidosis presenting as an intra- or extra-axial cranial mass: report of two cases. Neuroradiology 39 7 (1997) 516-519
66. Krejchi D., Caldemeyer K.S., Vakili S.T., et al. Neurosarcoidosis resembling meningioma: MRI characteristics and pathologic correlation. J Neuroimaging 8 3 (1998) 177-179
67. Scott T.F., and Brillman J. Shunt-responsive dementia in sarcoid meningitis: role of magnetic resonance imaging and cisternography. J Neuroimaging 10 3 (2000) 185-186
68. Smith J.K., Matheus M.G., and Castillo M. Imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 2 (2004) 289-295
69. Pickuth D., and Heywang-Kobrunner S.H. Neurosarcoidosis: evaluation with MRI. J Neuroradiol 27 3 (2000) 185-188
70. Hayes W.S., Sherman J.L., Stern B.J., et al. MR and CT evaluation of intracranial sarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149 5 (1987) 1043-1049
71. Aide N., Benayoun M., Kerrou K., et al. Impact of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) imaging in sarcoidosis: unsuspected neurosarcoidosis discovered by [18F]-FDG PET and early metabolic response to corticosteroid therapy. Br J Radiol 80 951 (2007) e67-e71
72. Dubey N., Miletich R.S., Wasay M., et al. Role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. J Neurol Sci 205 1 (2002) 77-81
73. Ng D., Jacobs M., and Mantil J. Combined C-11 methionine and F-18 FDG PET imaging in a case of neurosarcoidosis. Clin Nucl Med 31 7 (2006) 373-375
74. Reske D., Petereit H.F., and Heiss W.D. Difficulties in the differentiation of chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system: value of cerebrospinal fluid analysis and immunological abnormalities in the diagnosis. Acta Neurol Scand 112 4 (2005) 207-213
75. Dale J.C., and O'Brien J.F. Determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme levels in cerebrospinal fluid is not a useful test for the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Mayo Clin Proc 74 5 (1999) 535
76. Tahmoush A.J., Amir M.S., Connor W.W., et al. CSF-ACE activity in probable CNS neurosarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 19 3 (2002) 191-197
77. Scott T.F., Seay A.R., and Goust J.M. Pattern and concentration of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid in neurosarcoidosis. Neurology 39 12 (1989) 1637-1639
78. Oksanen V., Fyhrquist F., Somer H., et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme in cerebrospinal fluid: a new assay. Neurology 35 8 (1985) 1220-1223
79. Oksanen V., Fyhrquist F., Gronhagen-Riska C., et al. CSF angiotensin-converting enzyme in neurosarcoidosis. Lancet 1 (1985) 1050-1051
80. Juozevicius J.L., and Rynes R.I. Increased helper/suppressor T-lymphocyte ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with neurosarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 104 (1986) 807-808
81. Stern B.J., Griffin D.E., Luke R.A., et al. Neurosarcoidosis: cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte subpopulations. Neurology 37 (1987) 878-881
82. Luke R.A., Stern B.J., Krumholz A., et al. Neurosarcoidosis: the long-term clinical course. Neurology 37 3 (1987) 461-463
83. Scott T.F., Yandora K., Valeri A., et al. Aggressive therapy for neurosarcoidosis: long-term follow-up of 48 treated patients. Arch Neurol 64 5 (2007) 691-696
84. Hunninghake G.W., Costabel U., Ando M., et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American thoracic society/European respiratory society/world association of sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 16 Sep (1999) 149-173
85. Agbogu B.N., Stern B.J., Sewell C., et al. Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 52 (1995) 875-879
86. Patel A.V., Stickler D.E., and Tyor W.R. Neurosarcoidosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 9 3 (2007) 161-168
87. Doty J.D., Mazur J.E., and Judson M.A. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 124 5 (2003) 2023-2026
88. Kouba D.J., Mimouni D., Rencic A., et al. Mycophenolate mofetil may serve as a steroid-sparing agent for sarcoidosis. Br J Dermatol 148 1 (2003) 147-148
89. Stern B.J., Schonfeld S.A., Sewell C., et al. The treatment of neurosarcoidosis with cyclosporine. Arch Neurol 49 (1992) 1065-1072
90. Sharma O.P. Effectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating selected patients with sarcoidosis with neurologic involvement. Arch Neurol 55 (1998) 1248-1254
91. Zuber M., Defer G., Cesaro P., et al. Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in sarcoid radiculomyelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 2 (1992) 166-167
92. Baughman R.P., and Lower E.E. Infliximab for refractory sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 18 (2001) 70-74
93. Baughman R.P., Drent M., Kavuru M., et al. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 7 (2006) 795-802
94. Doty J.D., Mazur J.E., and Judson M.A. Treatment of sarcoidosis with infliximab. Chest 127 3 (2005) 1064-1071
95. Baughman R.P., Judson M.A., Teirstein A.S., et al. Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Chest 122 (2002) 227-232
96. Baughman R.P., Bradley D.A., and Lower E.E. Infliximab for chronic ocular inflammation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 43 (2005) 7-11
97. Pettersen J.A., Zochodne D.W., Bell R.B., et al. Refractory neurosarcoidosis responding to infliximab. Neurology 59 10 (2002) 1660-1661
98. Toth C., Martin L., Morrish W., et al. Dramatic MRI improvement with refractory neurosarcoidosis treated with infliximab. Acta Neurol Scand 116 4 (2007) 259-262
99. Hammond E.R., Kaplin A.I., and Kerr D.A. Thalidomide for acute treatment of neurosarcoidosis. Spinal Cord 45 12 (2007) 802-803
100. Scott T.F. Cerebral herniation after lumbar puncture in sarcoid meningitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 102 1 (2000) 26-28
101. Benzagmout M., Boujraf S., Gongora-Rivera F., et al. Neurosarcoidosis which manifested as acute hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment. Intern Med 46 18 (2007) 1601-1604
102. Maniker A.H., Cho E.S., and Schulder M. Neurosarcoid infiltration of the ventricular catheter causing shunt failure: a case report. Surg Neurol 48 5 (1997) 527-529
103. Tabuena R.P., Nagai S., Handa T., et al. Diabetes insipidus from neurosarcoidosis: long-term follow-up for more than eight years. Intern Med 43 10 (2004) 960-966
104. Kang S., and Suh J.H. Radiation therapy for neurosarcoidosis: report of three cases from a single institution. Radiat Oncol Investig 7 5 (1999) 309-312
105. Menninger M.D., Amdur R.J., and Marcus Jr. R.B. Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of neurosarcoidosis. Am J Clin Oncol 26 4 (2003) e115-e118
106. Bejar J.M., Kerby G.R., Ziegler D.K., et al. Treatment of central nervous system sarcoidosis with radiotherapy. Ann Neurol 18 2 (1985) 258-260
107. Rubinstein I., Gray T.A., Moldofsky H., et al. Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation. Chest 94 1 (1988) 205-206
108. Frei K., Truong D.D., and Dressler D. Botulinum toxin therapy of hemifacial spasm: comparing different therapeutic preparations. Eur J Neurol 13 Suppl 1 (2006) 30-35
109. Lexa F.J., and Grossman R.I. MR of sarcoidosis in the head and spine: spectrum of manifestations and radiographic response to steroid therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15 5 (1994) 973-982
110. Koike H., Misu K., Yasui K., et al. Differential response to corticosteroid therapy of MRI findings and clinical manifestations in spinal cord sarcoidosis. J Neurol 247 7 (2000) 544-549
111. Christoforidis G.A., Spickler E.M., Recio M.V., et al. MR of CNS sarcoidosis: correlation of imaging features to clinical symptoms and response to treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 4 (1999) 655-669
112. Gottlieb J.E., Israel H.L., Steiner R.M., et al. Outcome in sarcoidosis: the relationship of relapse to corticosteroid therapy. Chest 111 3 (1997) 623-631