Assessment of playfulness in children with autistic disorder: A comparison of the Children's Playfulness Scale and the Test of Playfulness

OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 159-170

  Muys, Varnia ^a   Rodger, Sylvia ^a   Bundy, Anita C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Autism; Observational assessment; Rasch measurement model

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; CHILD PLAYFULNESS SCALE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DATA ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST; PARENT; PLAY; RATING SCALE; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TEST OF PLAYFULNESS;

EID: 44649095674     PISSN: 15394492     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/153944920602600406     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. Text Revised). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Barnett, L. (1990). Playfulness: Definition, design and measurement. Play and Culture, 3, 319-336.
3. Barnett, L. (1991a). Characterizing playfulness: Correlates with individual attributes and personality traits. Play and Culture, 4, 371-393.
4. Barnett, L. (1991b). The playful child: Measurement of a disposition to play. Play and Culture, 4, 51-74.
5. Barnett, L. (1998). The adaptive powers of being playful. In M. C. Duncan, G. Chick, & A. Aycock (Eds.), Play and culture studies, volume 1: Diversions and divergences infields of play (pp. 37-47). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
6. Baron-Cohen, S. (1987). Autism and symbolic play. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 139-148.
7. Bateson, G. (1971). The message, "this is play." In R. E. Herron & B. Sutton-Smith (Eds.), Child's play (pp. 261-269). New York: Wiley & Sons.
8. Beyer, J., & Gammeltoft, L. (2000). Autism and play. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
9. Bundy, A. C. (1991). Play theory and sensory integration. In A. G. Fisher, E. A. Murray, & A. C. Bundy (Eds.), Sensory integration, theory and practice (pp. 46-67). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
10. Bundy, A. C. (1993). Assessment of play and leisure: Delineation of the problem. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 47, 217-222.
11. Bundy, A. C. (1997). Play and playfulness: What to look for. In L. D. Parham & L. S. Fazio (Eds.), Play in occupational therapy for children (pp. 52-66). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book Inc.
12. Bundy, A. C. (2003). Test of Playfulness (ToP), version 4. Sydney, Australia: School of Occupation and Leisure Sciences, The University of Sydney.
13. Bundy, A. C., & Clifton, J. (1998). Construct validity of the Children's Playfulness Scale. In M. C. Duncan, G. Chick, & A. Aycock (Eds.), Play and culture studies, volume 1: Diversions and divergences in fields of play (pp. 37-47). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
14. Bundy, A. C., Nelson, L., Metzger, M., & Bingaman, K. (2001). Validity and reliability of a test of playfulness. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 21, 276-293.
15. Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (1997). Enabling occupation: An occupational perspective. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: CAOT Publications ACE.
16. Chandler, B. (1997). Where do you want to play? Play environments: An occupational therapy perspective. In B. E. Chandler (Ed.), The essence of play: A child's occupation (pp. 159-175). Bethesda, MD: The American Occupational Therapy Association Inc.
17. Cooper, R. (2000). The impact of intra-familial child abuse and neglect on preschool children's play. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Department of Occupational Therapy, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
18. Desha, L., Ziviani, J., & Rodger, S. (2003). Play preferences and behavior of preschool children with autistic spectrum disorder in the clinical environment. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23(1), 21-42.
19. Fischer, G. H., & Molenaar, I. W. (Eds.). (1995). Rasch models: Foundations, recent developments and applications. New York: Springer-Verlag.
20. Harkness, L., & Bundy, A. C. (2001). Test of playfulness and children with physical disabilities. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 21, 73-87.
21. Holmes, R. (2001). Parental notions about their children's playfulness and children's notions of play in the United States and Hong Kong. In S. Reifel (Ed.), Play and culture studies, Volume 3: Theory in context and out (pp. 291-314). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
22. Kok, A. J., Kong, T. Y., & Bernard-Opitz, V. (2002). A comparison of the effects of structured play and facilitated play approaches on preschoolers with autism. Autism, 6, 181-196.
23. Kooij, R. V., & Vrijhof, H. J. (1981). Play and development. Topics in Learning Disabilities, 1, 57-67.
24. Larson, R. W., & Verma, S. (1999). How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play and developmental opportunities. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 701-736.
25. Leipold, E. E., & Bundy, A. C. (2000). Playfulness in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 20, 62-83.
26. Li, W., Bundy, A., & Beer, D. (1995). Taiwanese parental values toward an American evaluation of playfulness. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 15, 237-258.
27. Lieberman, J. N. (1977). Playfulness: Its relationship to imagination and creativity. New York: Academic Press.
28. Linacre, J. M. (1989). FACETS: Computer program for many-faceted Rasch measurement. Chicago: MESA.
29. Miller, S., Monhal, M., & Mee, L. (1991). Parental beliefs, parental accuracy and children's cognitive performance: A search for causal relations. Developmental Psychology, 27, 267-276.
30. Morrison, C., Bundy, A., & Fisher, A. (1991). The contribution of motor skills and playfulness to the play performance of preschoolers. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 687-694.
31. Neumann, E. A. (1971). The elements of play. New York: MSS Information.
32. Okimoto, A., Bundy, A., & Hanzlik, J. (2000). Playfulness in children with and without disability: Measurement and intervention. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 54, 73-82.
33. Porter, C., & Bundy, A. (2000). Validity of three tests of playfulness with African American children and their parents and relationships among parental beliefs and values and children's observed playfulness. In S. Reifel (Ed.), Play and culture studies, volume 3: Theory in context and out (pp. 315-334). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
34. Reed, C. N., Dunbar, S. B., & Bundy, A. C. (2000). The effects of an inclusive preschool experience on the playfulness of children with and without autism. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 19 (3/4), 73-89.
35. Restall, G., & Magill-Evans, J. (1994). Play and preschool children with autism. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 113-120.
36. Rigby, P., & Huggins, L. (2003). Enabling young children to play by creating supportive environments. In L. Letts, P. Rigby, & D. Stewart (Eds.), Using environments to enable occupational performance (pp. 155-175). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.
37. Rodger, S., Ziviani, J., & Boyle, M. (2001, September 2). Play characteristics of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder in a clinical play environment. Paper presented at the Inaugural National Conference Singapore Occupational Therapy Conference, Singapore.
38. Rodger, S., Ziviani, J., Boyle, M., & Peters, S. (2002, November 10-14). Play assessment of young children with Autistic Disorder in a clinical environment. Paper presented at the Inaugural World Autism Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
39. Skaines, N., Rodger, S., & Bundy, A. (2003). Playfulness in children with Autistic Disorder and their typically developing peers. Unpublished manuscript, The University of Queensland, Australia.
40. Smith, P., Takhvar, M., Gore, N., & Vollstedt, R. (1986). Play in young children: Problems of definition, categorization and measurement. In P. Smith (Ed.), Child's play: Research developments and practical applications (pp. 37-54). New York: Gordon and Breach.
41. Sturgess, J. (2003). A model describing play as a child chosen activity - is this still valid in contemporary Australia? Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 50, 104-108.
42. Sutton-Smith, B. (1970). A descriptive account of children's play between one and five years. New York: Teacher's College.
43. Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
44. Tsao, L. (2002). How much do we know about the importance of play in child development? Childhood Education, 78, 230-234.
45. Wing, L., Gould, J., Yeates, S. R., & Brierley, L. M. (1997). Symbolic play in severely mentally retarded and in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 167-178.
46. Wolfberg, P. (1999). Play and imagination in children with autism. Columbia University: Teachers College Press.
47. Wright, B. D., & Linacre, J. M. (1995). BIGSTEPS Computer program (version 2.56). Chicago: MESA.
48. Ziviani, J., Boyle, M., & Rodger, S. (2001). An introduction to play and the preschool child with autistic spectrum disorder. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64, 17-22.