Obesity and intermediate clinical outcomes in diabetes: Evidence of a differential relationship across ethnic groups

Diabetic Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 685-691

  Millett, C ^a,b,d   Khunti, K ^c   Gray, J ^a   Saxena, S ^b   Netuveli, G ^b   Majeed, A ^b  

^a Wandsworth Primary Care Trust   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^d IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Diabetes; Ethnicity; Intermediate clinical outcomes; Obesity

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; INSULIN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY MASS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY MASS INDEX; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LONDON; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 44649085582     PISSN: 07423071     EISSN: 14645491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02452.x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 894. Available at http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/en/index.html Geneva: WHO. Last accessed 8 September 2006.
2. Mokdad A, Bowman B, Ford E, Vinicor F, Marks J, Koplan J. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 2001 286 : 1195 200.
3. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas - Prevalence Estimates of Diabetes Mellitus. Brussels : International Diabetes Federation. Available at http://www.eatlas.idf.org/prevalence. Last accessed 6 June 2006.
4. Mokdad A, Ford E, Bowman B, Dietz W, Vinicor F, Bales V et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003 289 : 76 79.
5. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991 14 : 173 194.
6. Abraham W. Preventing cardiovascular events in patients with diabtes mellitus. Am J Med 2004 116 (5 Suppl. 1 39 46.
7. Ridderstrale M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Eliasson B, Nilsson P, Cederholm J. Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: results from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. J Intern Med 2006 259 : 314 322.
8. Tseng C-H. Body mass index and blood pressure in adult type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan. Circ J 2007 71 : 1749 1754.
9. Millett C, Gray J, Saxena S, Netuveli G, Khunti K, Majeed A. Ethnic disparities in diabetes management and pay for performance in the UK. PLoS Medicine 2007 4 : e191. doi
10. Forouhi N, Sattar N, Tillin T, McKeigue P, Chaturvedi N. Do known risk factors explain the higher coronary heart disease mortality in South Asian compared with European men? Prospective follow-up of the Southall and Brent studies, UK. Diabetologia 2006 49 : 2580 2588.
11. Gray J, Orr D, Majeed A. Use of Read codes in diabetes management in a South London primary care group: implications for establishing disease registers. BMJ 2003 326 : 1130 1133.
12. Clinical Terms (The Read Codes) Version 3 Reference Manual. Leeds : Connecting for Health. Available at http://www.connectingforhealth.nhs.uk/ terminology/readcodes/publications. Last accessed 23 February 2007.
13. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2007. Diabetes Care 2007 30 : S4 S41
14. UK 2001 Census. Available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census/. Last accessed 24 April 2007.
15. Department of Communities Local Government. Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004. Available at http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id1128444. Last accessed 24 April 2007.
16. Simmons D, Powell M. Metabolic and clinical characteristics of south Asians and Europeans in Coventry. Diabet Med 1993 10 : 751 758.
17. Harris M. Racial and ethnic differences in health care access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001 24 : 454 459.
18. Palaniappan L, Carnethon P, Fortmann S. Heterogeneity in the relationship between ethnicity, BMI, and fasting insulin. Diabetes Care 2002 25 : 1351 1357.
19. Leibson CL, Williamson DF, Melton LJ III, Palumbo PJ, Smith SA, Ransom JE et al. Temporal trends in BMI among adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001 24 : 1584 1589.
20. Tseng C-H, Tseng C-P, Chong C-K, Huang TP, Song YM, Chou CW et al. Increasing incidence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Taiwan: analysis of data from a national cohort. Diabetologia 2006 49 : 1755 1760.
21. Saydah S, Fradkin J, Cowie C. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes. JAMA 2004 291 : 335 342.
22. Greenberg J, Tiwari A, Rajan M, Miller D, Natarajan S, Pogach L. Determinants of sustained uncontrolled blood pressure in a national cohort of persons with diabetes. Am J Hypertens 2006 19 : 161 169.
23. Ridderstrale M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Eliasson B, Nilsson P, Cederholm J. Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: results from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. J Intern Med 2006 259 : 314 322.
24. Harris M, Eastman R, Cowie C, Flegal K, Eberhardt M. Racial and ethnic differences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999 22 : 403 408.
25. Koro C, Bowlin S, Bourgeois N, Fedder D. Glycemic control from 1988 to 2000 among US adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 27 : 17 20.
26. El Kebbi IM, Cook CB, Ziemer DC, Miller CD, Gallina DL, Phillips LS et al. Association of younger age with poor glycemic control and obesity in urban african americans with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 : 69 75.
27. Saxena S, Ambler G, Cole T, Majeed A. Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children and young people in England: cross sectional survey. Arch Dis Child 2004 89 : 30 36.
28. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Ogden CL, Dietz WH. Racial and ethnic differences in secular trends for childhood BMI, weight, and height. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006 14 : 301 308.
29. Harding S, Teyhan A, Maynard MJ, Cruickshank JK. Ethnic differences in overweight and obesity in early adolescence in the MRC DASH study: the role of adolescent and parental lifestyle. Int J Epidemiol 2008 37 : 162 172.
30. WHO expert consultation. Appropriate body mass index for Asian populations and it's implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004 363 : 157 163.
31. World Health Organisation, Western Pacific Region. The International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and it's Treatment. Sydney, Australia: WHO. Available at http://www.diabetes.com.au/pdf/obesity_report.pdf. Last accessed 24 May 2007.
32. McKeigue P, Shah B, Marmot M. Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in south Asians. Lancet 1991 337 : 382 386.
33. Diaz V, Mainous A, Baker R, Carnemolla M, Majeed A. How does ethnicity affect the association between obesity and diabetes. Diabet Med 2007 24 : 1199 1204.
34. Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ. Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study. Diabetes Care 2004 27 : 1570 1576.
35. Williamson D, Thompson T, Thun M, Flanders D, Pamuk E, Byers T. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000 23 : 1499 1504.
36. Vijan S, Hayward R. Treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: blood pressure goals, choice of agents, and setting priorities in diabetes care. Ann Intern Med 2003 138 : 593 602.
37. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HAW, Yudkin JS, Matthews DR, Cull CA et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000 321 : 412 419
38. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998 351 : 1755 1762.