Ethnocentrism is an unacceptable rationale for health care policy: A critique of transplant tourism position statements

American Journal of Transplantation

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1089-1095

  Evans, R W ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Access to transplantation; Bioethics; China; Clinical transplantation; Commercial transplant; Comparative health policy; Deceased donor organs; Decision analysis; Donation; Ethics; Financial incentives; Health policy; Organ acquisition

Indexed keywords

HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; MEDICAL ETHICS; ORGAN DONOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY;

COMMERCE; CULTURAL COMPETENCY; CULTURE; ETHICS, MEDICAL; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POLITICS; TISSUE AND ORGAN PROCUREMENT; TISSUE DONORS; TRAVEL;

EID: 44449152607     PISSN: 16006135     EISSN: 16006143     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02213.x     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Herrick DM. Medical Tourism: Global Competition in Health Care. Dallas, TX : National Center for Policy Analysis, 2007.
2. Cortez N. Patients without borders: The emerging global market for patients and the evolution of modern health care. Accessed December 12, 2007, at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=982742#PaperDownload. Also see Indiana Law Journal 2007 83 (in press).
3. Bass D. Kidneys for cash and egg safaris-can we allow 'transplant tourism' to flourish in South Africa? S Afr Med J 2005 95 : 42 44.
4. Bramstedt KA, Xu J. Checklist: Passport, plane ticket, organ transplant. Am J Transplant 2007 7 : 1698 1701.
5. Marcus C. Spectre of commercialism dominates transplant symposium. Can Med Assoc J 1985 133 : 314 317.
6. Chugh KS, Jha V. Commerce in transplantation in Third World countries. Kidney Int 1996 49 : 1181 1186.
7. Tilney NL. The commercialization of transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003 35 : 1235 1237.
8. Ghods AJ, Savaj S. Live kidney organ donation: Is it time for a different approach? Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 1 : 1136 1145.
9. Hoyer PF. Commercial living non-related organ transplantation: A viewpoint from a developed country. Pediatr Nephrol 2006 21 : 1364 1368.
10. Batson A, Oster S. China reconsiders fairness of 'transplant tourism Wall Street Journal April 6, 2007 A1.
11. Batson A. China sets organ-transplant rules following medical, ethical criticism. Wall Street Journal April 7-8, 2007 A3.
12. Shimazono Y. The state of the international organ trade: A provisional picture based on integration of available information. Bull World Health Organ. Available from : http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/06.039370.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2007.
13. Tibell A. The Transplantation Society's policy on interactions with China. Transplantation 2007 84 : 292 294.
14. Council of The Transplantation Society. Commercialization in transplantation: The problems and some guidelines for practice. Transplantation 1986 41 : 1 3.
15. Ashton JR. Virchow misquoted, part-quoted, and the real McCoy. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006 60 : 671.
16. Transplants by donor type by year. Richmond, Virginia: United Network for Organ Sharing. Available from : http://www.optn.org/latestData/rptData.asp. Accessed December 17, 2007.
17. Ortner NJ. 2005 US Organ and Tissue Transplant Cost Estimates and Discussion. Brookfield, WI : Milliman USA, 2005.
18. Evans RW. Economic, actuarial, and contracting perspectives on liver transplantation. In : Maddrey WC, Schiff ER, Sorrell MF (eds Transplantation of the Liver. Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000 : 479 489.
19. Tsai M. Organs for sale: Where in the world can I buy a heart Wired Magazine issue 15.04, April 20, 2007 Available from : http://www.wired.com/ wired/archive/15.04/start_page7.html. Accessed May 28, 2007.
20. Salahudeen AK, Woods HF, Pingle A et al. High mortality among recipients of bought living-unrelated donor kidneys. Lancet 1990 22 : 725 728.
21. The Living Non-Related Renal Transplant Study Group. Commercially motivated renal transplantation: Results in 540 patients transplanted in India. Clin Transplant 1997 11 : 536 544.
22. Al-Wakeel J, Mitwall AH, Tarif N et al. Living unrelated renal transplantation: Outcome and issues. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2000 11 : 553 558.
23. Canales MT, Kasiske BL, Rosenberg ME. Transplant tourism: Outcomes of United States residents who undergo kidney transplantation overseas. Transplantation 2006 82 : 1658 1661.
24. Prasad GV, Shukla A, Huang M, D'A Honey RJ, Zaltman JS. Outcomes of commercial renal transplantation: A Canadian experience. Transplantation 2006 82 : 1130 1135.
25. Zargooshi J. Quality of life of Iranian kidney "donors J Urol 2001 166 : 1790 1799.
26. Goyal M, Mehta RL, Schneiderman LJ, Sehgal AR. Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. 2002 288 : 1589 1593.
27. Naqvi SA, Ali B, Mazhar F, Zafar MN, Rizvi SA. A socioeconomic survey of kidney vendors in Pakistan. Transpl Int 2007 20 : 934 939.
28. Benedict R. Patterns of Culture. Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1934.
29. Westermarck E. Ethical Relativity. New York : Harcourt Brace, 1932.
30. Chun KM, Organista PB, Marin G (eds). Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement and Applied Research. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, 2003.
31. Kottak CP. Windows on Humanity. New York : McGraw Hill, 2005.
32. Levine RA, Campbell DT. Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior. New York : John Wiley and Sons, 1972.
33. Forbes HD. Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and Personality. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press, 1985.
34. Reynolds V, Falger V, Vine I (eds). The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism. Athens, GA : University of Georgia Press, 1987.
35. Rothman DJ, Rose E, Awaya T et al. The Bellagio Task Force Report on transplantation, bodily integrity, and international traffic in organs. Transplant Proc 1997 29 : 2739 2745.
36. Scheper-Hughes N. Organs trafficking: The real, the unreal and the uncanny. Ann Transplant 2006 11 : 16 30.
37. van Eemeren FH, Grootendorst R, Henkemans FS et al. Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory: A Handbook of Historical Backgrounds and Contemporary Developments. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum, 1996.
38. Transplantation of non-resident aliens. Richmond, Virginia: United Network for Organ Sharing, June 24, 2005. Available from : http://www.unos.org/ policiesandbylaws/policies.asp?resources=true see Policy 6. Accessed September 17, 2007.
39. DeVos R. Hope from My Heart: Ten Lessons for Life. Nashville, TN : J. Countryman, 2000.
40. Adler RD, Summers M. Capital punishment works. Wall Street Journal November 2, 2007 : A13.
41. Capital Punishment. St. Petersburg, FL : Wikimedia Foundation, Available from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment. Accessed September 17, 2007.
42. Cheng IK, Lai KN, Au TC et al. Comparison of the mortality and morbidity rate between proper and unconventional renal transplantation using organs from executed prisoners. Transplant Proc 1991 23 : 2533 2536.
43. Guttmann R. On the use of organs from executed prisoners. Transpl Rev 1992 6 : 189 193.
44. Robinson RH, Johnson WL. The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. 4th ed. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth, 1997.
45. Zion D, Gillam L, Loff B. The Declaration of Helsinki, CIOMS and the ethics of research on vulnerable populations. Nat Med 2000 6 : 615 617.
46. Goodyear MDE, Krleza-Jeric K, Lemmens T. The Declaration of Helsinki: Mosaic tablet, dynamic document, or dinosaur? BMJ 2007 335 : 624 625.
47. Spumont D, Girardin S, Lemmens T. The Declaration of Helsinki and the law: An international and comparative analysis. In : Frewer A, Schmidt U (eds History and Theory of Experimentation: The Declaration of Helsinki and Modern Medical Ethics. Stuttgart, Germany : Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007.
48. Angell M. Ethical imperialism? Ethics in international collaborative clinical research. N Engl J Med 1988 319 : 1081 1083.
49. Timiraos N. Sorting out U.S.-China relations. Wall Street Journal May 26-27, 2007 : A7.
50. Wong J, Liu WT. The Mystery of China's Falun Gong: Its Rise and Its Sociological Implications. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing, 1999.
51. Chen K. Chinese dissidents take on Beijing via media empire. Wall Street Journal November 15, 2007 : A1.
52. Matas D, Kilgour D. An independent investigation into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. Released July 6, 2006. Available from : http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report0607/report060706- eng.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2007.
53. Matas D, Kilgour D. Bloody harvest: Revised Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. Released January 31, 2007. Available from : http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/ report20070131-eng.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2007.
54. Deutscher I. What We Say/What We Do. Glenview, IL : Scott Foresman, 1973.
55. Paulhus DL, Reid DB. Enhancement and denial in social desirable responding. J Personality Social Psychol 1991 60 : 307 317.
56. Winch P. The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.
57. Dreazen YJ, Shishkin P, Jaffe G. U.S. shifts Iraq focus as local tactics gain. Wall Street Journal September 4, 2007 : A1.
58. Jaffe G. To understand sheiks in Iraq, Marines ask 'Mac.' Wall Street Journal September 10, 2007 : A1.