The state of the art on the art of state building

Global Governance

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 369-385

  Wesley, Michael ^a,b  

^a Department of International Relations ^*

^b GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Development; Fragile states; Intervention; Sovereignty; State building; Transnational security

Indexed keywords

EID: 44449087024     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01403008     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Michael Ignatieff, Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan (London: Vintage, 2003).
2. James D. Fearon and David Laitin, "Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States," International Security 28, no. 4 (Spring 2004).
3. Robert I. Rotberg, ed., When States Fail: Causes and Consequences (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); "The Failed States Index," Foreign Policy 149 (July-August 2005).
4. The World Bank's work on low-income states under stress has begun to develop an impressive database; see http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ PROJECTS/STRATEGIES/EXTLICUS/0,,menuPK:511784-pagePK:64171540 ∼piPK:64171528∼theSitePK:511778,00.html; see also the University of Maryland's Polity Project, available at www.cidcm.umd.edu/polity/data.
5. Japanese, Chinese, and Russian approaches to development aid rarely engage with development aid forums or institutions; these states appear to have much less concern with the conditions of governance in the states to which they give aid.
6. Robert H Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
7. The exception being France, which considered itself bound by continuing responsibilities to its former colonies, especially in West Africa, and continued a pattern of interventions there.
8. Michael Wesley, "Towards a Realist Ethics of Intervention," Ethics and International Affairs 19, no. 2 (2005).
9. Michael Wesley, Casualties of the New World Order: The Causes of Failure of UN Missions to Civil Wars (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
10. See, for example, Nicholas J Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Matthew Perault, "Moving Beyond Kosovo: Envisioning a Coherent Theory of Humanitarian Intervention," Journal of Public and International Affairs 16 (Spring 2005); Clifford Orwin, "Humanitarian Military Intervention: Wars for the End of History?" Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 1 (Winter 2006).
11. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary-General (New York: United Nations, 1992); The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Develop- ment Research Centre for ICSS, 2001); Ramesh Thakur, "Intervention, Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: Experiences from ICSS," Security Dialogue 33, no. 3 (2002); Anne-Marie Slaughter, "Security, Solidarity and Sovereignty: The Grand Themes of UN Reform," American Journal of International Law 99, no. 3 (July 2005).
12. World Bank, World Development Report 1997 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997).
13. United Kingdom Department for International Development, Why We Need to Work More Effectively with Fragile States, DFID, January 2005, p. 5.
14. My thanks to an anonymous reviewer for this point.
15. US Agency for International Development (USAID), Fragile States Strategy (Washington, DC: USAID, January 2005), p. 1.
16. Morten Boas and Kathleen M. Jennings, "Insecurity and Development: The Rhetoric of the 'Failed State,'" European Journal of Development Research 17, no. 3 (September 2005).
17. Documents I have reviewed include those from the United States (USAID, Fragile States Strategy); the United Kingdom (United Kingdom Department for International Development, Why We Need to Work More Effectively with Fragile States); Canada (Canadian International Development Agency, On the Road to Recovery: Breaking the Cycle of Poverty and Fragility: Guidelines for Effective Development Cooperation in Fragile States, November 2005); and Australia (Ian Anderson, Fragile States: What Is International Experience Telling Us? AusAID, June 2005).
18. See, for example, the mandates contained in UN Security Council Resolutions 1244 (1999) on Kosovo; 1272 (1999) on East Timor; 1279 (1999) and 1565 (2004) on Democratic Republic of Congo; 1386 (2001) on Afghanistan; and 1497 (2003) on Liberia. On the Solomon Islands intervention, see Policy Statement on the Offer by the Government of Australia of Strengthened Assistance to Solomon Islands, 2003 (Honiara: Solomon Islands Government, 2003).
19. For measuring progress on governance in general, see, for example, www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/data.html; for security and law and order, see www.undp.org/governance/cd/documents/717.pdf, and www4.worldbank.org/ legal/legalr/access.html; for provision of services and infrastructure, see http:// devdata.worldbank.org/query/default.htm, http://unstats.un.org/unsd.mi/ mi_goals .asp, and www.adb.org/Statistics/default .asp; for a positive environment for market-led development, see www.doingbusiness.org, www.transparency.org/policy _research/surveys_indices/cpi, and www.heritage.org/research/features/index/ downloads.cfm#scores; for poverty relief, see www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/ CPR1 %20FINAL/CPRfinCH 11 stats.pdf.
20. Ignatieff, Empire Lite, p. 42.
21. Toby Dodge, "Iraq: The Contradictions of Exogenous State-Building in Historical Perspective," Third World Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2006).
22. Barnett R. Rubin, "Peace Building and State Building in Afghanistan: Constructing Sovereignty for Whose Security?" Third World Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2006).
23. Ignatieff, Empire Lite, p. 121.
24. Fearon and Laitin, "Neocolonialism and the Problem of Weak States," p. 13.
25. United Nations, Report of the Panel on Peace Operations (New York: United Nations, 21 August 2000).
26. Tarcisius Tara Kabutaulaka, "Australian Foreign Policy and the RAMSI Intervention in the Solomon Islands," Contemporary Pacific 17, no. 2 (2005).
27. See, for example, Nick Warner, "Operation Helpem Fren: Rebuilding the Nation of Solomon Islands," speech presented at the National Security Conference, 23 March 2004, Canberra.
28. For example, Simon Chesterman, "East Timor in Transition: Self-Determi-nation, State-Building and the United Nations," International Peacekeeping 9, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 62.
29. The OECD has set up a Fragile States secretariat within the Development Assistance Committee; the United States has appointed a special coordinator for reconstruction and stabilization; and Britain's Department for International Development and Australia's Agency for International Development have each set up Fragile States units.
30. See Jane Boulden, ed., Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The United Nations and Regional Organisations (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004); Michael Pugh and Waheguru Pal Singh Sidu, eds., The United Nations and Regional Security: Europe and Beyond (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003).
31. Fearon and Laitin, "Neocolonialism and the Problem of Weak States," p. 28.
32. See Cass R. Sunstein, "Paradoxes of the Regulatory State," University of Chicago Law Review 57, no. 2 (Spring 1990); Giandomenico Majone, "The Rise of the Regulatory State in Europe," West European Politics 17, no. 3 (1994); Martin Loughlin and Colin Scott, "The Regulatory State," in Patrick Dunleavy, Ian Holli-day, Andrew Gamble, and Gillian Peele, eds., Developments in British Politics, vol. 5 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997); Michael Moran, "The Rise of the Regulatory State in Britain," Parliamentary Affairs 54 (2001): 19-34.
33. Colin Scott, "Regulation in the Age of Governance: The Rise of the Post-Regulatory States," National Europe Centre Paper No. 100, Australian National University, 6 June 2003, p. 4.
34. Friedrich A Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1982), p. 52.
35. Commonwealth of Australia, Advancing the National Interest, Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy White Paper, Canberra, April 2003.
36. Thomas P. M. Barnett, The Pentagon's New Map (New York: Putnam, 2004).
37. Richard N. Haass, "The Changing Nature of Sovereignty," lecture to Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, Washington, DC, 14 January 2003.
38. Manuel Ennes Ferreira, "Development and the Peace Dividend Insecurity Paradox in Angola," European Journal of Development Research 17, no. 3 (September 2005).
39. Simon Chesterman, You, the People: United Nations, Transitional Administration and State Building (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
40. Francis Fukuyama, "The Imperative of State-Building," Journal of Democracy 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 22.
41. Australian Agency for International Development, Annual Report, 2003-2004 (Canberra: AusAID, 2004), p. 6.
42. Development Assistance Committee, "Piloting the Principles for Good Engagement in Fragile States," DAC Fragile States Concept Note, 17 June 2005.
43. My thanks to an anonymous reviewer for this point.
44. Development Assistance Committee, "Piloting the Principles for Good Engagement in Fragile States."
45. Fukuyama, "The Imperative of State-Building."
46. USAID, Fragile States Strategy, p. 3.
47. Robert Jackson, "International Engagement in War-Torn Countries," Global Governance 10, no.l (January-March 2004): 27.
48. Caplan, "International Authority and State Building," p. 54.
49. Mark Duffield, "Social Reconstruction: The Reuniting of Aid and Politics," Development 48, no. 3 (2005).
50. For example, Tanja Hohe, "The Clash of Paradigms: International Administration and Local Political Legitimacy in East Timor," Contemporary Southeast Asia 24, no. 3 (December 2002); Chesterman, You, the People.
51. Chandler, "Peace Without Politics?" p. 309.
52. See David Chandler, Constructing Global Civil Society: Morality and Power in International Relations (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004).
53. Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), pp. 49, 54, 59.