Gender and ethnicity differences in the prevalence of traumatic events: Evidence from a New Zealand community sample

Stress and Health

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 149-157

  Flett, Ross A ^a   Kazantzis, Nikolaos ^a   Long, Nigel R ^a   MacDonald, Carol ^a   Millar, Michelle ^a,b  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b Human Factors International   (Australia)

Author keywords

New Zealand; Prevalence; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD ABUSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIFESPAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MAORI; MOTOR VEHICLE; NEW ZEALAND; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL CRIME; SHORT SURVEY; SOCIAL ASPECT; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT;

EID: 4444308031     PISSN: 15323005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/smi.1014     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Ai, A., Peterson, C., & Ubelhor, D. (2002). War-related trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult Kosovar refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 157-160.
2. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
3. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: APA.
4. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
5. Beal, A.L. (1995). Post-traumatic stress disorder in prisoners of war and combat veterans of the Dieppe Raid: a 50-year follow-up. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 177-184.
6. Bernat, J.A., Ronfeldt, H.M., Calhoun, K.S., & Arias, I. (1998). Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 645-664.
7. Bhui, K., Abdi, A., & Abdi, M. (2003). Traumatic events, migration characteristics and psychiatric symptoms among Somali refugees: preliminary communication. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 35-43.
8. Blakely, T., & Robson, B. (2003). Decades of disparity. Otago: University of Otago.
9. Breslau, N., Davis, G., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 216-222.
10. Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Peterson, E., & Schultz, L. (1997). Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 81-87.
11. Breslau, N., Kessler, R.C., Chilcoat, H.D., Schultz, L.R., Davis, G.C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 626-632.
12. Brewin, C., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
13. Cardenas, J., Williams, K., & Wilson, J. (2003). PTSD, major depressive symptoms and substance abuse following September 11, 2001, in a midwestern university population. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 5, 15-28.
14. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Crescenzi, A., Ketzer, E., & Van ommeren, M. (2002). Effect of political imprisonment and trauma history on recent Tibetan refugees in India. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 369-375.
16. Davidson, J.R.T., Hughes, D., Blazer, D.G., & George, L.K. (1991). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychological Medicine, 21, 713-721.
17. Durie, M.H. (1994). Whaiora. Maori health development. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
18. Edmonds, L., Williams, S., & Walsh, A. (2000). Trends in Maori mental health in Otago. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 677-683.
19. Eidelson, R., D'Alessio, G., & Eidelson, J. (2003). The impact of September 11 on psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 34, 144-150.
20. Fauerbach, J.A., Lawrence, J., Haythornthwaite, J., & Richter, D. (1997). Preburn psychiatric history affects post-trauma morbidity. Psychosomatics, 38, 374-385.
21. Flett, R.A., Millar, M.A., Long, N.R., & MacDonald, C. (1998). Community survey of trauma. Report to the Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Corporation, New Zealand.
22. Freedman, S., Gluck, N., & Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2002). Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: a prospective study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 407-413.
23. Frueh, B.C., Brady, K.L., & de Arellano, M.A. (1998). Racial differences in combat-related PTSD: empirical findings and conceptual issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 287-305.
24. Gershuny, B.S., & Thayer, J.F. (1999). Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and trauma-related distress: a review and integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 631-657.
25. Gill, A. (2002). Risk factors for pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder after traumatic injury. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 16, 168-175.
26. Golding, J.M. (1994). Sexual assault history and physical health in randomly selected Los Angeles women. Health Psychology, 13, 130-138.
27. Grayson, D., Dobson, M., & Marshall, R. (1998). Current combat-related disorders in the absence of PTSD among Australian Vietnam veterans. Social Psychiatry, 33, 186-192.
28. Hirini, P.R., Flett, R.A., Kazantzis, N., Long, N.R., MacDonald, C., & Millar, M. (1999). Health care needs for older Maori: a study of Kaumatua and Kuia. Social Policy Journal, 13, 136-153.
29. Hornblow, A.R., Bushnell, J.A., Wells, J.E., Joyce, P.R., & Oakley-Browne, M.A. (1990). Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study: use of mental health services. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 103, 415-417.
30. Hull, L., David, A., & Hyams, K. (2002). Self-reported health of Persian Gulf war veterans: a comparison of help-seeking and randomly ascertained cases. Military Medicine, 167, 747-752.
31. Jankovic, S., Stivicevic, V., & Dodig, G. (1998). Psychological characteristics of wounded and disabled Croatian war veterans. Military Medicine, 163, 331-336.
32. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
33. King, A., & Turia, T. (2002). He Korowai Oranga Maori health strategy. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
34. Lipson, J.G., Omidian, P.A., & Paul, S.M. (1995). Afghan health education project: a community survey. Public Health Nursing, 12, 143-150.
35. Long, N., Chamberlain, K., & Vincent, C. (1992). The health and mental health of New Zealand Vietnam war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. New Zealand Medical Journal, 195, 417-419.
36. Lloyd, D.A., & Turner, R.J. (2003). Cumulative adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from a diverse community sample of young adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 381-391.
37. Marusic, A., Kozaric-Kovacic, D., Folnegovic-Smalc, V., & Ljubin, T. (1995). Use of two PTSD scales in assessing posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees and displaced persons from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Psychologische Beitraege, 37, 209-214.
38. Meston, C.M., Heiman, J.R., Trapnell, P.D., & Carlin, A.S. (1999). Ethnicity, desirable responding, and self-reports of abuse: a comparison of European- and Asian-Ancestry undergraduates. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 139-144.
39. MacDonald, C., Chamberlain, K., & Long, N. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder and interpersonal functioning in Vietnam War veterans: a mediational model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 701-707.
40. McFarlane, A.C., & Papay, P. (1992). Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of a natural disaster. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 498-504.
41. Ministry of Maori Development. (2000). Fact Sheet 8: The Maori language and education. Wellington: Monitoring and Evaluation Branch.
42. Momartin, S., Silove, D., & Manicavasagar, V. (2002). Range and dimensions of trauma experienced by Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Australian Psychologist, 37, 149-155.
43. Norris, F.H. (1990). Screening for traumatic stress: a scale for use in the general population. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 408-418.
44. Norris, F.H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 409-418.
45. Op den Velde, W., Hovens, J.E., Aarts, P.G.H., & Frey-Wouters, E. (1996). Prevalence and course of posttraumatic stress disorder in Dutch veterans of the civilian resistance during World War II: an overview. Psychological Reports, 78, 519-529.
46. Pfefferbaum, B., North, C., & Doughty, D. (2003). Posttraumatic stress and functional impairment in Kenyan children following the 1998 American embassy bombing. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 133-140.
47. Pimlott-Kubiak, S., & Cortina, L. (2003). Gender, victimization, and outcomes: reconceptualizing risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 528-539.
48. Reppesgaard, H.O. (1997). Studies on psychosocial problems among displaced people in Sri Lanka. European Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 223-234.
49. Resnick, H.I., Kilpatrick, D.G., & Lipovsky, J.A. (1991). Assessment of rape related posttraumatic stress disorder: stressor and symptom dimensions. Psychological assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 561-572.
50. Roodenrijs, T.C., Scherpenzeel, R.P., & de Jong, J.T.V.M. (1998). Traumatic experiences and psychopathology among Somalian refugees in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 40, 132-142.
51. Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M., & Livanou, M. (2003). Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 191, 154-160.
52. Servan-Schreiber, D., Lin, B.L., & Birmaher, B. (1998). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder in Tibetan refugee children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 874-879.
53. Skodol, A.E., Schwartz, S., Dohrenwend, B.P., & Levav, I. (1996). PTSD symptoms and comorbid mental disorders in Israeli war veterans. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 717-725.
54. Statistics New Zealand, (1999). Demographic trends: 1998. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
55. Statistics New Zealand (2003). Maori population summary, 1858-2001. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
56. Stein, M.B., Walker, J.R., Hazen, A.L., & Forde, D.R. (1997). Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1114-1119.
57. Stretch, R.H., Knudson, K.H., & Durand, D. (1998). Effects of premilitary and military trauma on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in female and male active duty soldiers. Military Medicine, 163, 466-470.
58. Sungur, M., Surmeli, B.A., & Ozcubukcuoglu, A. (1995). Common features of PTSD cases amongst a group of military staff referred from the southeast region of Turkey. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 9, 279-286.
59. Taft, C.T., Stern, A.S., King, L.A., & King, D.W. (1999). Modeling physical health and functional health status: the role of combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and personal resource attributes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 3-23.
60. Tonelli, K. (2002). Are there gender differences in self-report symptomatology of children and adolescents exposed to domestic violence? Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 63, 2609.
61. Ullman, S.E., & Siegel, J.M. (1996). Traumatic events and physical health in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 703-720.
62. Watson, C.G., Barnett, M., Nikunen, L., Schultz, C., Randolph-Elgin, T., & Mendez, C.M. (1997). Lifetime prevalences of nine common psychiatric/personality disorders in female domestic abuse survivors. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 185, 645-647.
63. Wheaton, B. (1994). Sampling the stress universe. In W.R. Avison, & I.H. Gotlib (Eds), Stress and mental health: contemporary issues and prospects for the future (pp. 77-104). New York: Plenum Press.
64. Wilkie, S. (2001). The traumatic effects of wife-beating: an ecological perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 62, 2251.
65. Williams, D.R., Spencer, M.J., & Jackson, J. (1999). Race, stress, and physical health: The role of group identity. In R.J. Contrada, & R.D. Ashmore (Eds), Self and identity: fundamental issues (pp. 71-100). New York: Oxford University Press.
66. Zelenova, M., Lazebnaia, E., & Tarabrina, N. (2001). Psychological characteristics of post-traumatic stress states in Afghan war veterans. Journal of Russian & East European Psychology, 39, 3-28.