Chapter 3 Metal ions speciation in the environment: Distribution, toxicities and analyses

Developments in Environmental Science

Volumn 5, Issue , 2007, Pages 33-56

  Gupta, V K ^a   Ali, Imran ^a   Aboul Enein, Hassan Y ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 44349088218     PISSN: 14748177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-8177(07)05003-6     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Adams F.C., Heisterkamp M., Candelone J.P., Laturnus F., van de Velde K., and Boutron C.F. Speciation of organometal and organohalogen compounds in relation to global environmental pollution. Analyst 123 (1998) 767-772
2. Adler T. Botanical cleanup crews-Using plants to tackle polluted water and soil. Sci. News 150 (1996) 42-43
3. Agarwal A. Homicides by pesticides-What pollution does to our bodies (1997), Center for Science & Environment, Excellent Printing Press, New Delhi
4. Andreae M.O. Organoarsenic compounds in the environment. In: Craig P.J. (Ed). Organometallic Compounds in the Environment, Principles and Reactions (1986), Wiley, New York
5. Antonovics J. Heavy metal tolerance in plants. Adv. Ecol. Res. 7 (1971) 1-85
6. Antonovics, J., 1975. Metal tolerance in plants: Perfecting an evolutionary paradigm. International conference on heavy metals in the environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp. 169-186.
7. Alexandrine E., Jean-Marie M., and Thevenot D.R. Urban runoff impacts on particulate metal concentrations in river Seine. Water Air Soil Pollut. 108 (1998) 83-105
8. Arar F.J., and Pfaff J.D. Determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in industrial wastewater effluents by ion chromatography and post-column derivatization with diphenylcarbazide. J. Chromatogr. A 546 (1991) 335-340
9. Bantan T., Milacic R., Mitrovic B., and Pihlar B. Combination of various analytical techniques for speciation of low molecular weight aluminium complexes in plant sap. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 365 (1999) 545-552
10. Baraj B., Niencheski L.F., Soares J.A., and Martinez M. Comparison of chromium speciation by CZE and ion exchange followed by AAS. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 367 (2000) 12-16
11. Barak H., and Kress N. Particulate metals contamination in the Kishon river estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34 (1997) 706-711
12. Benramdane L., Bressolle F., and Vallon J.J. Arsenic speciation in humans and food products: A review. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 37 (1999) 330-344
13. Berger T.A. In: Smith R.M. (Ed). Packed Column SFC (1995), The Royal Society of Chemistry, Chromatography Monographs, Cambridge
14. Berman E. Toxic Metals and Their Analysis (1980), Heyden & Sons, London
15. Bogdanova, V.I., 1984. The choice of optimal conditions for the determination of arsenic in the form of molybdenum blue. Microkimica Acta II, 317-330.
16. Botana J.C., Pereiro I.R., and Torrijos R.C. Rapid determination of butyltin species in water samples by multicapillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection following headspace solid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 963 (2002) 195-203
17. Bowen H.J.M. Environmental Chemistry of the Elements (1979), Academic Press, London, UK
18. Boyland E., Dukes C.E., and Grover P.L. The introduction of renal tumors by feeding lead acetate to rats. Br. J. Cancer 16 (1962) 283-288
19. Bradshaw, A.D., Trans, P., 1991. The croonian lecture, 1991. Genostasis and the limits to evolution. Royal Society (London), Biol. Sci. 333, 289-305.
20. Cagniant D. Complexation chromatography (1992), Marcel Dekker, New York
21. Cai Y., Rapsomanikis S., and Andreae M.O. Determination of butyltin compounds in sediment using gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry: Comparison of sodium tetrahydroborate and sodium tetraethylborate derivatization methods. Anal. Chim. Acta 274 (1993) 243-251
22. Carro A.M., Lorenzo R.A., and Cela R. Comparative study of speciation techniques for the determination of methylmercury in biological and sediment samples. LC-GC 16 (1998) 926-936
23. Carro A.M., and Mejuto M.C. Application of chromatographic and electrophoretic methodology to the speciation of organomercury compounds in food analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 882 (2000) 283-307
24. Caruso, J.A., Sutton, K.L., Ackley, K.L. (Eds.), 2000. Elemental speciation, comprehensive analytical chemistry, Vol. XXXIII, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
25. Cassidy D.R., and Furr A. Toxicity of inorganic mercury compounds in animals. In: Oehme F.W. (Ed). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment - Part I (1978), Marcel Dekker, New York
26. Ceulemans M., and Adams F.C. Evaluation of sample preparation methods for organotin speciation analysis in sediments-Focus on monobutyltin extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 317 (1995) 161-170
27. Chankvetadze B. Capillary Electrophoresis in Chiral Analysis (1997), Wiley, New York
28. Chatterjee A., Das D., Mandal B.K., Chowdhury T.R., Samanta G., and Chakraborty D. Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part I. Arsenic species in drinking water and urine of the affected people. Analyst 120 (1995) 643-650
29. Cornelis R. Use of radiochemical methods as tools for speciation purposes in environmental and biological sciences. Analyst 117 (1992) 583-588
30. Crews H.M., Dean J.R., Ebdon L., and Massey R.C. Use of radiochemical methods as tools for speciation purposes in environmental and biological sciences. Analyst 114 (1989) 895-900
31. Cronin J.R., and Pizarello S. Enantiometric excesses in meteoritic amino acids. Science 275 (1997) 951-955
32. Cutter G.A. Kinetic controls on the speciation of metalloids in seawater. Mar. Chem. 40 (1992) 65-80
33. Dabek-Zlotorzynska E., and Dlouhy J.F. Application of capillary electrophoresis in atmospheric aerosols analysis: Determination of inorganic and organic anions, J. Chromatogr. A 671 (1994) 389-395
34. Dabek-Zlotorzynska E., and Dlouhy J.F. Application of capillary electrophoresis in atmospheric aerosol analysis: Determination of cations. J. Chromatogr. A 706 (1995) 527-534
35. Dabek-Zlotorzynska E., Dlouhy J.F., Houle N., Piechowski M., and Ritchie S. Comparison of capillary zone electrophoresis with ion chromatography and standard photometric methods for the determination of inorganic anions in atmospheric aerosols. J. Chromatogr. A 706 (1995) 469-478
36. Dabek-Zlotorzynskaa E., Lai E.P.C., and Timerbaev A.R. Capillary electrophoresis. The state-of-the-art in metal speciation studies. Anal. Chim. Acta 359 (1998) 1-26
37. Das A.K., Chakraborty R., Cervera M.L., and Delaguardia M. Metal speciation in solid matrices. Talanta 42 (1995) 1007-1030
38. Das D., Chatterjee A., Mandal B.K., Samanta G., Chakroborty D., and Chanda B. Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part 2. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people. Analyst 120 (1995) 917-924
39. Doudoroff P., and Katz M. Critical review of literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes and their components to fish. Sewage Ind. Wastes 25 (1953) 802-839
40. Dwivedi S.K., and Dey S. Medicinal herbs: A potential source of toxic metal exposure for man and animals in India. Arch. Environ. Health 57 (2002) 229-231
41. EPA, Ambient water quality criteria for mercury, 1980. US EPA Washington, DC (EPA 440/5-80-058).
42. Feng Y.L., and Narasaki H. Speciation of organotin compounds in marine sediments by capillary column gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride generation. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372 (2002) 382-386
43. Ferguson J.F., and Gavis J. A review of the arsenic cycle in natural water. Water Res. 6 (1972) 1259-1274
44. Flandysz J., Brzostowski A., Szpunar J., and Rodriguez-Pereiro I. Butyltins in sediments and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the marinas of the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 37 (2002) 353-363
45. Florence T.M. Electrochemical approaches to trace element speciation in waters: A review. Analyst 111 (1986) 489-506
46. Förstner, U., Wittmann, G.T.W. (Eds.), 1983. Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Springer, Berlin.
47. Francesconi K.A., Edmonds J.S., and Morita M. Biotransformation of arsenic in the marine environment. In: Nriagu J.O. (Ed). Arsenic in the Environment Part I, Cycling and Characterization (1994), Wiley, New York
48. Freitas, A.S.W., de Qadri, S.U., Case, B.E., 1974. Origins and fate of mercury compounds in fish. Proc. Int. Conf. Transp. Persist. Chem. Aquatic Ecosys, Ottawa, pp. 31-36.
49. Fung Y.S., Lau K.M., and Tung H.S. Analysis of leachable and total trace metals in air particulate matters by capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 45 (1998) 619-629
50. Furst A. Relationship of toxicological effects to chemical forms of inorganic compounds. In: Brown S.S., and Kodama Y. (Eds). Toxicology of Metals, Clinical and Experimental Research (1987), Ellis Horwood, Chichester 17
51. Furst A., Schlauder M., and Sasmore D.P. Tumorigenic activity of lead chromate. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 1779-1783
52. Gareil P. Capillary zone electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography. II. Experimental aspects and applications. Analusis 18 (1990) 447-468
53. Gesamp, 1986. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHOIAEA/UN/UNEP Joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine pollution) review of potentially harmful substances-Arsenic, mercury and selenium. Rept. Stud. GESAMP 28.
54. Goldberg. Marine geochemistry 1. Chemical scavengers of the sea E.D. J. Geol. 62 (1954) 249-265
55. Goldschmidt, V.M., 1937. Principles of distribution of chemical elements in minerals and rocks. J. Chem. Soc. (London), Part 1, 655-673.
56. Göttlein A., and Blasek R. Analysis of small volumes of soil solution by capillary electrophoresis. Soil Sci. 161 (1996) 705-715
57. Hasselrot, T.B., Göthberg, A., 1974. Ways of transport of mercury to fish. Proc. Int. Conf. Persist. Chem., Aquatic Ecosystem, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 37-47.
58. He B., Jiang G.B., and Xu X. Arsenic speciation based on ion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with hydride generation atomic fluorescence and on-line UV photo oxidation. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 368 (2000) 803-808
59. Hempel M., Wilken R.D., Miess R., Hertutich J., and Beyer K. Mercury contaminated sites-Behaviour of mercury and its species in lysimeter experiments. Water Air Soil Pollut. 80 (1995) 1089-1098
60. Hirner A.V., Grüter U.M., and Kresimon J. Metal(loid) organic compounds in contaminated soil. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 368 (2000) 263-267
61. Houba C., Remacle J., Dubois D., and Thorez J. Factors affecting the concentrations of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in the sediments of the Vesdre. Water Res. 17 (1983) 1281-1286
62. Illmer P., and Mutschlechner W. Effect of temperature and pH on the toxicity of aluminium towards two new, soil born species of Arthrobacter sp. J. Basic Microbiol. 44 (2004) 98-105
63. Jain C.K., and Ali I. Arsenic: Occurrence, toxicity and speciation techniques. Water Res. 34 (2000) 4304-4312
64. Jiang G.J., Zhou Q., and He B. Speciation of organotin compounds, total tin, and major trace metal elements in poisoned human organs by gas chromatography-flame photometric detector and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 2697-2702
65. Jung M.C., Thornton I., and Chon H.T. Arsenic, Sb and Bi contamination of soils, plants, waters and sediments in the vicinity of the Dalsung Cu-W mine in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 259 (2002) 81-89
66. Kaise T., and Fukui S. The chemical form and acute toxicity of arsenic compounds in marine organisms. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 6 (1992) 155-160
67. Kanisawa M., and Schroeder H.A. Life term studies on the effect of trace elements on spontaneous tumors in mice and rats. Cancer Res. 29 (1969) 892-895
68. Kiping, M.D., 1977. In: Lenihan, J., Fletcher, W.W. (Eds.), Arsenic, The Chemical Environment, Environment and Man, Vol. 6. Blackie, Glassgow.
69. Knauer G.A., and Martin J.H. Seasonal variations of cadmium, copper, manganese, lead, and zinc in water and phytoplankton in Monterey Bay, California. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18 (1973) 597-604
70. Krajnc M., Stupar J., and Milicev S. Characterization of chromium and copper complexes with fulvic acids isolated from soils in Slovenia. Sci. Total Environ. 159 (1995) 23-31
71. Kresimon J., Grüter U.M., and Hirner A.V. HG/LT-GC/ICP-MS coupling for identification of metal(loid) species in human urine after fish consumption. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 371 (2001) 586-590
72. Krull I.S. Trace Metal Analysis and Speciation (1991), Elsevier, Amsterdam
73. Kungolos A., Aoyma I., and Muramoto S. Ecotoxicolo & Environ Safety 43, Speciation. Anal. Meth. Problems (1989), CRC Press, London
74. Lai E.P.C., Zhang W., Trier X., Georgi A., Kowalski S., Kennedy S., Muslim T., and Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Speciation of mercury at ng/ml concentration levels by capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 364 (1998) 63-74
75. Lande E. Heavy metal pollution in Trondheimsfjorden, Norway, and the recorded effects on the fauna and flora. Environ. Pollut. 12 (1977) 187-198
76. Larsen E.H., Pritz G., and Hansen S.H. Arsenic speciation in seafood samples with emphasis on minor constituents: An investigation using high-performance liquid chromatography with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 8 (1993) 1075-1084
77. Liang L.N., Jiang G.B., Liu J.F., and Hu J.T. Speciation analysis of mercury in seafood by using high-performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled with cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry via a post column microwave digestion. Anal. Chim. Acta 477 (2003) 131-137
78. Liu W., and Lee H.K. Chemical modification of analytes in speciation analysis by capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 834 (1999) 45-63
79. Logar M., Horvat M., Falnoga I., and Stibilj V. A methodological study of mercury speciation using Dogfish liver CRM (DOLT-2). Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 366 (2000) 453-460
80. Luque de Castro M.D. Speciation studies by flow-injection analysis. Talanta 33 (1986) 45-50
81. MacKay N.J., Kazacos M.N., Williams R.J., and Leedowq M.I. Selenium and heavy metals in black marlin. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 6 (1975) 57-61
82. Martin J.H., and Broenkow W.W. Cadmium in plankton. Elevated concentrations off Baja California. Science 190 (1975) 884-885
83. Matschullat J. Arsenic in the geosphere-a review. Sci. Total Environ. 249 (2000) 297-312
84. Matsubara C., Yamamoto Y., and Takamura K. Rapid determination of trace amounts of phosphate and arsenate in water by spectrophotometric detection of their heteropoly acid-malachite green aggregates following pre-concentration by membrane filtration. Analyst 112 (1987) 1257-1260
85. Merian E. Metal and their compounds in the environment (1991), VCH, Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim
86. Michalke B., Lusting S., and Schramel P. Analysis for the stability of platinum-containing species in soil samples using capillary electrophoresis interfaced online with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 18 (1997) 196-201
87. Mitrovic B., and Milacic M. Speciation of aluminum in forest soil extracts by size exclusion chromatography with UV and ICP-AES detection and cation exchange fast protein liquid chromatography with ETAAS detection. Sci. Total Environ. 258 (2000) 183-194
88. Mohammed J., and Hayat S. Planktonic productivity of river water as a bioindicator of freshwater contamination by metals. Proc. Pak. Conf. Zool. 16 (1996) 283-298
89. Montes-Bayon M., Yanes E.G., Ponce D., Jayasimhulu K., Stalcup A., Shann J., and Caruso J.A. Initial studies of selenium speciation in brassica juncea by LC with ICP-MS and ES-MS detection: An approach for phytoremediation studies. Anal. Chem. 74 (2002) 107-113
90. Morris A.W. Trace metal variations in sea water of the Menai straits caused by a bloom of phaeocystis. Nature 233 (1971) 427-428
91. Mulyani, I., Levina A., Lay, P.A., 2004. Biomimetic oxidation of chromium(III), does the antidiabetic activity of chromium(iii) involve carcinogenic chromium(VI)? Ang. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 4504-4507.
92. Murozumi M., Chow T.J., and Patterson C.C. Chemical concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts, and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33 (1969) 1247-1294
93. Nasu T., and Kan R. Determination of phosphate, arsenate and arsenite in natural water by flotation-spectrophotometry and extraction-indirect atomic absorption spectrometry using Malachite Green as an ion-pair reagent. Analyst 113 (1988) 1683-1686
94. Neff J.M. Ecotoxicology of arsenic in marine environment. Environ.Toxicol. Chem. 16 (1997) 917-927
95. Nerin C., Pons B., and Zufiaurre R. Extraction, clean-up and determination of ionic alkyllead compounds in road dust by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 120 (1995) 751-754
96. Ng A., and Patterson C.C. Natural concentrations of lead in ancient Arctic and Antarctic ice. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45 (1981) 2109-2121
97. Nielen M.W.F., Frei R.W., and Brinkmann U.A.Th. Selective Sample Handling and Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1998), Elsevier, Amsterdam
98. Palanivelu K., Balasubramaniam N., and Ramakrishna T.V. A chemical enhancement method for the spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of arsenic. Talanta 39 (1992) 555-561
99. Pantsar-Kallio M., and Manninen P.K.G. Speciation of chromium in wastewaters by coupled column ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 750 (1996) 89-95
100. Pantsar-Kallio M., and Manninen P.K.G. Simultaneous determination of toxic arsenic and chromium species in water samples by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 779 (1997) 139-146
101. Papadopoulou C., Kanias G.D., and Elli M.K. Zinc content in otoliths of mackerel from the Aegean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9 (1978) 106-108
102. Penrose W.R. Arsenic in the marine and aquatic environments. Analysis, occurrence, and significance. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 4 (1974) 465-482
103. Pereiro I.R., and Diaz A.C. Speciation of mercury, tin, and lead compounds by gas chromatography with microwave-induced plasma and atomic-emission detection (GC-MIP-AED). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372 (2002) 74-90
104. Pershagen G. In: Fowler B.A. (Ed). The Epidemiology of Human Arsenic Exposure (1983), Elsevier, Amsterdam
105. Pleßow A., and Heinrichs H. Speciation of trace elements in acidic pore waters from waste rock dumps by ultrafiltration and ion exchange combined with ICPMS and ICPOES. Aqua. Geochem. 6 (2000) 347-366
106. Ponce de Leon C., Montes-Bayon M., and Caruso J.A. Elemental speciation by chromatographic separation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. J. Chromatogr. A 974 (2002) 1-21
107. Pons B., Carrera A., and Nerin C. Speciation of ionic alkyllead compounds in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after butylation through a Grignard reaction. J. Chromatogr. B 716 (1998) 139-145
108. Prebha S., and Selvapathy P. Heavy metal pollution in Indian rivers. Ind. J. Environ. Pollut. 17 (1997) 641-649
109. Pretorius V., Hopkins B.J., and Schieke J.D. Electroosmosis. New concept for high speed liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 99 (1974) 23-30
110. Pretty J.R., Blubaugh E.A., and Caruso J.A. Determination of arsenic(III) and selenium(IV) using an on-line anodic stripping voltammetry flow cell with detection by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) 3396-3406
111. Pretty J.R., Blubaugh E.A., Evans E.H., Caruso J.A., and Davidson T.M. Determination of copper and cadmium using an online anodic stripping voltammetry flow cell with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 7 (1992) 1131-1137
112. Pretty J.R., Evans E.H., Blubaugh E.A., Shen W.L., Caruso J.A., and Davidson T.M. Minimization of sample matrix effects and signal enhancement for trace analytes using anodic stripping voltammetry with detection by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 5 (1990) 437-443
113. Prohaska T., Pfeffer M., Tulipan M., Stingeder G., Mentler A., and Wenzel W.W. Speciation of arsenic of liquid and gaseous emissions from soil in a microcosmos experiment by liquid and gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) detection. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 364 (1999) 467-470
114. Quevauviller Ph. Improvement of quality control of speciation analysis using hyphenated techniques: A decade of progress within the European Community. J. Chromatogr. A 750 (1996) 25-33
115. Rajeshwar K., and Ibanez J.G. Environmental Electrochemistry, Fundamentals and Application is Pollution Abatement (1997), Academic Press, New York
116. Regan F.B., Meaney M.P., and Lunte S.M. Determination of metal ions by capillary electrophoresis using on-column complexation with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol following trace enrichment by peak stacking. J. Chromatogr. B 657 (1994) 409-417
117. Robarts K., Starr P., and Patsalides E. Metal determination and metal speciation by liquid chromatography: A review. Analyst 116 (1991) 1247-1274
118. Rosenberg E. The potential of organic (electrospray- and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) mass spectrometric techniques coupled to liquid-phase separation for speciation analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1000 (2003) 841-889
119. Sakai H., Kojima Y., and Saito K. Distribution of heavy metals in water and sieved sediments in the Toyohira river. Water Res. 20 (1986) 559-567
120. Sakai K., Okazaki M., and Matsumoto S. The chemical phase changes in heavy metals with drying and oxidation of the lake sediments. Water Res. 27 (1993) 1243-1251
121. Salt D.E. Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biol. Technol. 13 (1995) 468-474
122. Sarzanini C., and Mentasti E. Determination and speciation of metals by liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 789 (1997) 301-321
123. Sarzanini C., and Mentasti E. Liquid chromatography: A tool for the analysis of metal species. J. Chromatogr. A 850 (1999) 213-228
124. Schoenmakers P.J. In: Smith R.M. (Ed). Packed Column SFC (1988), The Royal Society of Chemistry, Chromatography Monographs, Cambridge
125. Skei J.M., Saunders M., and Price N.B. Mercury in plankton from a polluted Norwegian Fjord. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7 (1976) 34-36
126. Stenner R.D., and Nickless G. Absorption of cadmium, copper, and zinc by dog whelks in the Bristol Channel. Nature 247 (1974) 198-199
127. Stenner R.D., and Nickless G. Heavy metals in organisms of the Atlantic coast of S.W. Spain and Portugal. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 6 (1975) 89-92
128. Stoeppler M. Hazardous Metals in the Environment (1992), Elsevier, Amsterdam
129. Stugeron R.E., Siu K.W.M., Willie S.N., and Bermann S. Quantification of arsenic species in a river water reference material for trace metals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric techniques. Analyst 114 (1989) 1393-1396
130. Tack F.M.G., and Verloo M.G. Chemical speciation and fractionation in soil and sediment heavy metal analysis: A review. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 59 (1995) 225-238
131. Tamari Y., Yamamoto N., Tsuji H., and Kasuka Y. Thorium co-precipitation method for spectrophotometric determination of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) in groundwaters. Anal. Sci. 5 (1989) 481-484
132. Taylor M.J.C., and van Staden J.F. Spectrophotometric determination of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) in each other's presence. Rev. Anal. 119 (1994) 1263-1276
133. Terabe S., Otsuka K., Ichikawa K., Tsuchiya A., and Ando T. Electrokinetic separations with micellar solutions and open-tubular capillaries. Anal. Chem. 56 (1984) 111-113
134. Tessier, A., Turner, D.R. (Eds.), 1996. Metal Speciation and Bioavailabilty in Aquatic Systems. Wiley, New York.
135. Timerbaev A.R. Recent advances and trends in capillary electrophoresis of inorganic ions. Elerctrophoresis 23 (2002) 3884-3906
136. Timerbaev A.R., Dabek-Zlotorzynska E., and van den Hoop M.A.G.T. Inorganic environmental analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 124 (1999) 811-826
137. Tripathi R.M., Mahapatra S., Raghunath R., Kumar A.V., and Sadasivan S. Daily intake of aluminium by adult population of Mumbai, India. Sci.Total Environ. 299 (2002) 73-77
138. Tsuda T., Nomura K., and Nagakawa G. Open-tubular microcapillary liquid chromatography with electroosmosis flow using a UV detector. J. Chromatogr. 248 (1982) 241-247
139. van Esch G.J., and Kroes R. The induction of renal tumours by feeding basic lead acetate to mice and hamsters. Br. J. Cancer 23 (1969) 765-771
140. van Esch G.J., van Genderen H., and Vivik H.H. The induction of renal tumours by feeding of basic lead acetate to rats. Br. J. Cancer 16 (1962) 289-297
141. Wang Q., Huang B., Guan Z., Yang L., and Li B. Speciation of rare earth elements in soil by sequential extraction then HPLC coupled with visible and ICP-MS detection. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 370 (2001) 1041-1047
142. Whang K.S., and Whang C.W. Capillary electrophoresis of organotin compounds with indirect UV detection. Electrophoresis 18 (1997) 241-246
143. Weast, R.C. (Ed.), 1973. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 54th ed. CRC Press, Cleveland.
144. Weber G., Neumann G., and Romheld V. Speciation of iron coordinated by phytosiderophores by use of HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection and AAS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373 (2002) 767-771
145. Williams G., and D'Silva C. Field-based heavy metal analyser for the simultaneous determination of multiple cations on-site. Analyst 119 (1994) 2337-2342
146. World Health Organisation. Environmental health criteria, 18, Arsenic (1981), World Health Organisation, Geneva
147. Wrobel K., Gonzalez E.B., Wrobel K., and Sanz-Medel A. Aluminum and silicon speciation in human serum by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and gel electrophoresis. Analyst 120 (1995) 809-816
148. Yamamura Y., and Yamauchi H. Arsenic metabolites in hair, blood and urine in workers exposed to arsenic trioxide. Industr. Health 18 (1980) 203-210
149. Yang H.J., Jiang S.J., Yang Y.J., and Hwang C.J. Speciation of tin by reversed phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 312 (1995) 141-148
150. Yang Q., Hartmann C., Smeyers-Verbeke J., and Massart D.L. Method development and validation for the determination of mineral elements in food and botanical materials by capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 717 (1995) 415-425
151. Yin X., Frech W., Hoffmann E., Lüdke C., and Skole J. Mercury speciation by coupling cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry with flow injection on-line pre-concentration and liquid chromatographic separation. Br. J. Cancer 361 (1998) 761-766
152. Yin X., Hoffmann E., and Ludke C. Differential determination of arsenic(III) and total arsenic with L-cysteine as prereductant using a flow injection non-dispersive atomic absorption device. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 355 (1996) 324-326
153. Zhang J., and Huang W.W. Dissolved trace metals in the Huanghe: The most turbid large river in the world. Water Res. 27 (1993) 1-8
154. Zhang Y., and Frankenberger Jr. W.T. Speciation of selenium in plant water extracts by ion exchange chromatography-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ. 26 (2001) 39-47
155. Zufiaurre R., Pons B., and Nerin C. Speciation of trimethyllead in rainwater by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after ethylation with sodium tetraethylborate comparison with other alkylation methods. J. Chromatogr. A 779 (1997) 299-306