Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography Evaluations of Patients With Central Motor Disorders

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 274-286

  Seibyl, John P ^a  

^a INSTITUTE FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 (2 AZETIDINYLMETHOXY)PYRIDINE I 125; [2 [[2 [[[3 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 8 METHYL 8 AZABICYCLO[3.2.1]OCT 2 YL]METHYL](2 MERCAPTOETHYL)AMINO]ETHYL]AMINO]ETHANETHIOLATO]OXOTECHNETIUM TC 99M; ALTROPANE I 123; AMPHETAMINE; BETA CIT I 123; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBIDOPA; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; CEP 1347; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ENTACAPONE; FLUORODOPA F 18; FP CIT I 123; LEVODOPA; N [(1 ETHYL 2 PYRROLIDINYL)METHYL] 3 IODO 6 METHOXYSALICYLAMIDE I 123; N SEC BUTYL 1 (2 CHLOROPHENYL) N METHYL 3 ISOQUINOLINECARBOXAMIDE C 11; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PRAMIPEXOLE; RACLOPRIDE C 11; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; REBOXETINE; ROPINIROLE; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER 2 C11;

BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SCINTISCANNING; CELL INCLUSION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY; ENCEPHALITIS; GLIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; NERVE CELL; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PHENOTYPE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SYMPTOM;

BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOISOTOPES; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON;

EID: 44249122184     PISSN: 00012998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Becker G., Muller A., Braune S., et al. Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 249 suppl 3 (2002) III40-III48
2. Doty R.L., Bromley S.M., and Stern M.B. Olfactory testing as an aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Development of optimal discrimination criteria. Neurodegeneration 4 (1995) 93-97
3. Sonies B.C. Patterns of care for dysphagic patients with degenerative neurological diseases. Semin Speech Lang 21 (2000) 333-344 quiz 334-335
4. Adler C.H. Nonmotor complications in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 20 suppl 11 (2005) S23-S29
5. Goetz C.G., Vogel C., Tanner C.M., et al. Early dopaminergic drug-induced hallucinations in parkinsonian patients. Neurology 51 (1998) 811-814
6. Albanese A., Colosimo C., Bentivoglio A.R., et al. Multiple system atrophy presenting as parkinsonism: Clinical features and diagnostic criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59 (1995) 144-151
7. Bergareche A., De La Puente E., Lopez de Munain A., et al. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease and other types of Parkinsonism. A door-to-door survey in Bidasoa, Spain. J Neurol 251 (2004) 340-345
8. Duvoisin R.C., Golbe L.I., and Lepore F.E. Progressive supranuclear palsy. Can J Neurol Sci 14 suppl 3 (1987) 547-554
9. Geldmacher D.S. Differential diagnosis of dementia syndromes. Clin Geriatr Med 20 (2004) 27-43
10. Jankovic J., Rajput A.H., McDermott M.P., et al. The evolution of diagnosis in early Parkinson disease. Parkinson Study Group. Arch Neurol 57 (2000) 369-372
11. Adler C.H. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Med Clin North Am 83 (1999) 349-367
12. Gelb D.J., Oliver E., and Gilman S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 56 (1999) 33-39
13. Breit S., Schulz J.B., and Benabid A.L. Deep brain stimulation. Cell Tissue Res 318 (2004) 275-288
14. Brundin P., Pogarell O., Hagell P., et al. Bilateral caudate and putamen grafts of embryonic mesencephalic tissue treated with lazaroids in Parkinson's disease. Brain 123 (2000) 1380-1390
15. Tuite P., and Riss J. Recent developments in the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin InvestDrugs 12 (2003) 1335-5132
16. Johnston T.H., and Brotchie J.M. Drugs in development for Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 5 (2004) 720-726
17. Holloway R.G., Shoulson I., Fahn S., et al. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: A 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 61 (2004) 1044-1053
18. Morrish P.K. How valid is dopamine transporter imaging as a surrogate marker in research trials in Parkinson's disease?. Mov Disord 18 suppl 7 (2003) S63-S70
19. Ohtake H., Limprasert P., Fan Y., et al. Beta-synuclein gene alterations in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 63 (2004) 805-811
20. Karlsson P., Farde L., Halldin C., et al. PET examination of [11C]NNC 687 and [11C]NNC 756 as new radioligands for the D1-dopamine receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 113 (1993) 149-156
21. Burghaus L., Schutz U., Krempel U., et al. Loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits alpha4 and alpha7 in the cerebral cortex of Parkinson patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 9 (2003) 243-246
22. Parain K., Hapdey C., Rousselet E., et al. Cigarette smoke and nicotine protect dopaminergic neurons against the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinsonian toxin. Brain Res 984 (2003) 224-232
23. Brooks D.J. PET and SPECT studies in Parkinson's disease. Baillieres Clin Neurol 6 (1997) 69-87
24. Frey K.A., Koeppe R.A., and Kilbourn M.R. Imaging the vesicular monoamine transporter. Adv Neurol 86 (2001) 237-247
25. Brucke T., Djamshidian S., Bencsits G., et al. SPECT and PET imaging of the dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 247 suppl 4 (2000) IV/2-7
26. Seibyl J.P., Marek K.L., Quinlan D., et al. Decreased single-photon emission computed tomographic [123I]beta-CIT striatal uptake correlates with symptom severity in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 38 (1995) 589-598
27. Marek K.L., Seibyl J.P., Zoghbi S.S., et al. [123I] beta-CIT/SPECT imaging demonstrates bilateral loss of dopamine transporters in hemi-Parkinson's disease. Neurology 46 (1996) 231-237
28. Asenbaum S., Brucke T., Pirker W., et al. Imaging of dopamine transporters with iodine-123-beta-CIT and SPECT in Parkinson's disease. J Nucl Med 38 (1997) 1-6
29. Antonini A., and DeNotaris R. PET and SPECT functional imaging in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med 5 (2004) 201-206
30. Au W.L., Adams J.R., Troiano A.R., et al. Parkinson's disease: in vivo assessment of disease progression using positron emission tomography. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 134 (2005) 24-33
31. Brooks D.J., Frey K.A., Marek K.L., et al. Assessment of neuroimaging techniques as biomarkers of the progression of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 184 suppl 1 (2003) S68-S79
32. Morrish P.K., Rakshi J.S., Bailey D.L., et al. Measuring the rate of progression and estimating the preclinical period of Parkinson's disease with [18F]dopa PET. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64 (1998) 314-319
33. Winogrodzka A., Bergmans P., Booij J., et al. [123I]FP-CIT SPECT is a useful method to monitor the rate of dopaminergic degeneration in early-stage Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 108 (2001) 1011-1019
34. Ravina B., Eidelberg D., Ahlskog J.E., et al. The role of radiotracer imaging in Parkinson disease. Neurology 64 (2005) 208-215
35. Booij J., Habraken J.B., Bergmans P., et al. Imaging of dopamine transporters with iodine-123-FP-CIT SPECT in healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease. J Nucl Med 39 (1998) 1879-1884
36. Covelli E.M., Brunetti A., Di Lauro A., et al. Clinical impact of correlative [123I]-FP-CIT brain imaging and neurological findings in suspect Parkinson's disease. Radiol Med (Torino) 108 (2004) 417-425
37. Marshall V., and Grosse D. Role of dopamine transporter imaging in routine clinical practice. Mov Disord 18 (2003) 1415-1423
38. Rinne O.J., Nurmi E., Ruottinen H.M., et al. [(18)F]FDOPA and [(18)F]CFT are both sensitive PET markers to detect presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in early Parkinson's disease. Synapse 40 (2001) 193-200
39. Tissingh G., Bergmans P., Winogrodzka A., et al. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic imaging with iodine-123-beta CIT-FP/SPECT and fluorine-18-FDOPA/PET. J Nucl Med 38 (1997) 1271-1272
40. Chou K.L., Hurtig H.I., Stern M.B., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10 (2004) 375-379
41. Frey K.A., Koeppe R.A., Kilbourn M.R., et al. Presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles in Parkinson's disease and normal aging. Ann Neurol 40 (1996) 873-884
42. Geng Y., Shi G.H., Jiang Y., et al. Investigating the role of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 6 1 (2005) 22-27
43. Seibyl J.P., Marek K., Sheff K., et al. Test/retest reproducibility of iodine-123-betaCIT SPECT brain measurement of dopamine transporters in Parkinson's patients. J Nucl Med 38 (1997) 1453-1459
44. Rusjan P., Mamo D., Ginovart N., et al. An automated method for the extraction of regional data from PET images. Psychiatry Res 147 (2006) 79-89
45. Chan G.L., Holden J.E., Stoessl A.J., et al. Reproducibility studies with 11C-DTBZ, a monoamine vesicular transporter inhibitor in healthy human subjects. J Nucl Med 40 (1999) 283-289
46. Hwang W.J., Yao W.J., Wey S.P., et al. Reproducibility of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT measurement of dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 207-213
47. Nurmi E., Bergman J., Eskola O., et al. Reproducibility and effect of levodopa on dopamine transporter function measurements: a [18F]CFT PET study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20 (2000) 1604-1609
48. Tsuchida T., Ballinger J.R., Vines D., et al. Reproducibility of dopamine transporter density measured with 123I-FPCIT SPECT in normal control and Parkinson's disease patients. Ann Nucl Med 18 (2004) 609-616
49. Zubal I.G., Early M., Yuan O., et al. Optimized, automated striatal uptake analysis applied to SPECT brain scans of Parkinson's disease patients. J Nucl Med 48 (2007) 857-864
50. Laruelle M., Wallace E., Seibyl J.P., et al. Graphical, kinetic, equilibrium analyses of in vivo [123I] beta-CIT binding to dopamine transporters in healthy human subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14 (1994) 982-994
51. Seibyl J., Jennings D., Tabamo R., et al. The role of neuroimaging in the early diagnosis and evaluation of Parkinson's disease. Minerva Med 96 (2005) 353-364
52. Booij J., Speelman J.D., Horstink M.W., et al. The clinical benefit of imaging striatal dopamine transporters with [123I]FP-CIT SPET in differentiating patients with presynaptic parkinsonism from those with other forms of parkinsonism. Eur J Nucl Med 28 (2001) 266-272
53. Brooks D.J. The early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 44 suppl 1 (1998) S10-S18
54. Emami-Avedon S.S., Ichise M., and Lang A.E. The use of SPECT in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Can Assoc Radiol J 51 (2000) 189-196
55. Meara J., Bhowmick B.K., and Hobson P. Accuracy of diagnosis in patients with presumed Parkinson's disease. Age Ageing 28 (1999) 99-102
56. Quinn N. Parkinsonism-recognition and differential diagnosis. BMJ 310 (1995) 447-452
57. Hughes A.J., Daniel S.E., Kilford L., et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 (1992) 181-184
58. Rajput D.R. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 8 (1993) 938-939
59. Parkinson Study Group. Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. JAMA 287 (2002) 1653-1661
60. Whone A.L., Watts R.L., Stoessl A.J., et al. Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole versus levodopa: The REAL-PET study. Ann Neurol 54 (2003) 93-101
61. Gerlach M., Double K., Reichmann H., et al. Arguments for the use of dopamine receptor agonists in clinical and preclinical Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 65 (2003) 167-183
62. Kostrzewa R.M., Kostrzewa J.P., and Brus R. Neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles of levodopa (L-DOPA) in neurodegenerative disorders relating to Parkinson's disease. Amino Acids 23 (2002) 57-63
63. Fernandez H.H., Friedman J.H., Fischman A.J., et al. Is altropane SPECT more sensitive to fluoroDOPA PET for detecting early Parkinson's disease?. Med Sci Monit 7 (2001) 1339-1343
64. Huang W.S., Lee M.S., Lin J.C., et al. Usefulness of brain 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPET for the evaluation of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31 (2004) 155-161
65. Lokkegaard A., Werdelin L.M., and Friberg L. Clinical impact of diagnostic SPET investigations with a dopamine re-uptake ligand. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 (2002) 1623-1629
66. Poewe W., and Scherfler C. Role of dopamine transporter imaging in investigation of parkinsonian syndromes in routine clinical practice. Mov Disord 18 suppl 7 (2003) S16-S21
67. Weng Y.H., Yen T.C., Chen M.C., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging in differentiating patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease from healthy subjects. J Nucl Med 45 (2004) 393-401
68. Jennings D.L., Seibyl J.P., Oakes D., et al. (123I) beta-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging vs clinical evaluation in Parkinsonian syndrome: Unmasking an early diagnosis. Arch Neurol 61 (2004) 1224-1229
69. Catafau A.M., and Tolosa E. Impact of dopamine transporter SPECT using 123I-Ioflupane on diagnosis and management of patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord 19 (2004) 1175-1182
70. Ceravolo R., Volterrani D., Gambaccini G., et al. Presynaptic nigro-striatal function in a group of Alzheimer's disease patients with parkinsonism: Evidence from a dopamine transporter imaging study. J Neural Transm 111 (2004) 1065-1073
71. Walker Z., Costa D.C., Walker R.W., et al. Striatal dopamine transporter in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease: a comparison. Neurology 62 (2004) 1568-1572
72. Litvan I., Maclntyre A., Goetz C.G., et al. Accuracy of the clinical diagnoses of Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies: a clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol 55 (1998) 969-978
73. Thobois S., Vingerhoets F., Fraix V., et al. Role of dopaminergic treatment in dopamine receptor down-regulation in advanced Parkinson disease: a positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol 61 (2004) 1705-1709
74. Wenning G.K., Donnemiller E., Granata R., et al. 123I-beta-CIT and 123I-IBZM-SPECT scanning in levodopa-naive Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 13 (1998) 438-445
75. Ichise M., Kim Y.J., Ballinger J.R., et al. SPECT imaging of pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic alterations in L-dopa-untreated PD. Neurology 52 (1999) 1206-1214
76. Kim Y.J., Ichise M., Ballinger J.R., et al. Combination of dopamine transporter and D2 receptor SPECT in the diagnostic evaluation of PD, MSA, PSP. Mov Disord 17 (2002) 303-312
77. Andrews R.J. Neuroprotection for the new millennium. Matchmaking pharmacology and technology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 939 (2001) 114-125
78. Clarke C.E. A "cure" for Parkinson's disease: Can neuroprotection be proven with current trial designs?. Mov Disord 19 (2004) 491-498
79. Drukarch B., and van Muiswinkel F.L. Neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease: A new approach for a new millennium. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 10 (2001) 1855-1868
80. Wolters E.C., Francot C., Bergmans P., et al. Preclinical (premotor) Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 24 suppl 2 (2000) II103-II109
81. Tissingh G., Berendse H.W., Bergmans P., et al. Loss of olfaction in de novo and treated Parkinson's disease: possible implications for early diagnosis. Mov Disord 16 (2001) 41-46
82. Guilloteau D., and Chalon S. PET and SPECT exploration of central monoaminergic transporters for the development of new drugs and treatments in brain disorders. Curr Pharm Des 11 (2005) 3237-3245
83. Seibyl J., Jennings D., Tabamo R., et al. Neuroimaging trials of Parkinson's disease progression. J Neurol 251 suppl 7 (2004) vII9-vII13
84. Vingerhoets F.J., Snow B.J., Lee C.S., et al. Longitudinal fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies of the evolution of idiopathic parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 36 (1994) 759-764
85. Parkinson Study Group PRECEPT Investigators. Mixed lineage kinase inhibitor CEP-1347 fails to delay disability in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 69 (2007) 1480-1490
86. Laruelle M., D'Souza C.D., Baldwin R.M., et al. Imaging D2 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 17 (1997) 162-174
87. Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A., van Dyck C.H., et al. Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (1996) 9235-9340
88. Pavese N., Evans A.H., Tai Y.F., et al. Clinical correlates of levodopa-induced dopamine release in Parkinson disease: A PET study. Neurology 67 (2006) 1612-1617
89. Nakagawa M., Kuwabara Y., Taniwaki T., et al. PET evaluation of the relationship between D2 receptor binding and glucose metabolism in patients with parkinsonism. Ann Nucl Med 19 (2005) 267-275
90. de la Fuente-Fernandez R., Sossi V., Huang Z., et al. Levodopa-induced changes in synaptic dopamine levels increase with progression of Parkinson's disease: Implications for dyskinesias. Brain 127 (2004) 2747-2754
91. Dentresangle C., Veyre L., Le Bars D., et al. Striatal D2 dopamine receptor status in Parkinson's disease: An [18F]dopa and [11C]raclopride PET study. Mov Disord 14 (1999) 1025-1030
92. Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rub U., et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 24 (2003) 197-211
93. Braak H., Ghebremedhin E., Rub U., et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res 318 (2004) 121-134
94. Braak H., Muller C.M., Rub U., et al. Pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease-where does it end?. J Neural Transm Suppl 70 (2006) 89-97
95. Di Paola R., and Uitti R.J. Early detection of Parkinson's disease. Implications for treatment. Drugs Aging 9 (1996) 159-168
96. Brooks D.J., and Piccini P. Imaging in Parkinson's disease: the role of monoamines in behavior. Biol Psychiatry 59 (2006) 908-918
97. Aarsland D., and Karlsen K. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease. Curr Psychiatry Rep 1 (1999) 61-68
98. Sawabini K.A., and Watts R.L. Treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10 suppl 1 (2004) S37-S41
99. Haapaniemi T.H., Ahonen A., Torniainen P., et al. [123I]beta-CIT SPECT demonstrates decreased brain dopamine and serotonin transporter levels in untreated parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord 16 (2001) 124-130
100. Berding G., Brucke T., Odin P., et al. [123I]beta-CIT SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Nuklearmedizin 42 (2003) 31-38
101. Guttman M., Boileau I., Warsh J., et al. Brain serotonin transporter binding in non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 14 (2007) 523-528
102. Schou M., Sóvágó J., Pike V.W., et al. Synthesis and positron emission tomography evaluation of three norepinephrine transporter radioligands: [C-11]desipramine, [C-11]talopram and [C-11]talsupram. Mol Imaging Biol 8 (2006) 1-8
103. Tamagnan G.D., Brenner E., Alagille D., et al. Development of SPECT imaging agents for the norepinephrine transporters: [123I]INER. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17 (2007) 533-537
104. Braak H., Rub U., and Del Tredici K. Cognitive decline correlates with neuropathological stage in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 248 (2006) 255-258
105. Caviness J.N., Driver-Dunckley E., Connor D.J., et al. Defining mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22 (2007) 1272-1277
106. Dujardin K., Defebvre L., Duhamel A., et al. Cognitive and SPECT characteristics predict progression of Parkinson's disease in newly diagnosed patients. J Neurol 251 (2004) 1383-1392
107. Elias J.W., and Treland J.E. Executive function in Parkinson's disease and subcortical disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 4 (1999) 34-40
108. Green J., McDonald W.M., Vitek J.L., et al. Cognitive impairments in advanced PD without dementia. Neurology 59 (2002) 1320-1324
109. Hughes T.A., Ross H.F., Musa S., et al. A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 54 (2000) 1596-1602
110. Mayeux R., Stern Y., Rosenstein R., et al. An estimate of the prevalence of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 45 (1988) 260-262
111. McFadden L., Mohr E., Sampson M., et al. A profile analysis of demented and nondemented Parkinson's disease patients. Adv Neurol 69 (1996) 339-341
112. Poewe W.H., and Wenning G.K. The natural history of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 44 suppl 1 (1998) S1-S9
113. Press D.Z. Parkinson's disease dementia-a first step?. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 2547-2549
114. Belluardo N., Mudo G., Blum M., et al. Central nicotinic receptors, neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection. Behav Brain Res 113 (2000) 21-34
115. Kelton M.C., Kahn H.J., Conrath C.L., et al. The effects of nicotine on Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 43 (2000) 274-282
116. Mihailescu S., and Drucker-Colin R. Nicotine and brain disorders. Acta Pharmacol Sin 21 (2000) 97-104
117. Saji H., Watanabe A., Magata Y., et al. Evaluation of radioiodinated 5-iodo-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine as a ligand for SPECT investigations of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Ann Nucl Med 16 (2002) 189-200
118. Mitsis E.M., Cosgrove K.P., Staley J.K., et al. [123I]5-IA-85380 SPECT imaging of beta2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in the aging human brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1097 (2007) 168-170
119. McGeer P.L., Itagaki S., Akiyama H., et al. Rate of cell death in parkinsonism indicates active neuropathological process. Ann Neurol 24 (1988) 57457-6
120. Dawson V.L., Dawson T.M., Bartley D.A., et al. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J Neurosci 13 (1993) 2651-2661
121. Ebadi M., and Sharma S.K. Peroxynitrite and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 5 (2003) 319-335
122. Ihara Y., Chuda M., Kuroda S., et al. Hydroxyl radical and superoxide dismutase in blood of patients with Parkinson's disease: relationship to clinical data. J Neurol Sci 170 (1999) 90-95
123. Jenner P., Dexter D.T., Sian J., et al. Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. The Royal Kings and Queens Parkinson's Disease Research Group. Ann Neurol 32 suppl (1992) S82-S87
124. Vitte J., Michel B.F., Bongrand P., et al. Oxidative stress level in circulating neutrophils is linked to neurodegenerative diseases. J Clin Immunol 24 (2004) 683-692
125. Banati R.B. Visualising microglial activation in vivo. Glia 40 (2002) 206-217
126. Banati R.B., Egensperger R., Maassen A., et al. Mitochondria in activated microglia in vitro. J Neurocytol 33 (2004) 535-541