Driving under the influence of central stimulant amines: Age and gender differences in concentrations of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy in blood

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

Volumn 69, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 202-208

  Jones, Alan Wayne ^a   Holmgren, Anita ^a   Kugelberg, Fredrik C ^a  

^a Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; AMINE; AMPHETAMINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; METHAMPHETAMINE; RECREATIONAL DRUG;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CONCENTRATION; DRUNKEN DRIVING; FEMALE; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREVALENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; URINALYSIS; AGE; BLOOD; CAR DRIVING; DRUG ABUSE; FACTUAL DATABASE; MIDDLE AGED; STATISTICS; SWEDEN;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE-RELATED DISORDERS; AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; DATABASES, FACTUAL; FEMALE; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; HUMANS; MALE; METHAMPHETAMINE; MIDDLE AGED; N-METHYL-3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE; PREVALENCE; SEX FACTORS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; SWEDEN;

EID: 44249084026     PISSN: 19371888     EISSN: 19384114     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2008.69.202     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. ANGGARD, E., GUNNE, L.M., AND JONSSON, L.E. Relationships between phar-macokinetic and clinical parameters in chronic amphetamine abuse. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 28: 92, 1970.
2. ANGGARD, E., JONSSON, L.E., HOGMARK, A.L., AND GUNNE, L.M. Amphetamine metabolism in amphetamine psychosis. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 14: 870-880, 1973.
3. ASGHAR, S.J., TANAY, V.A., BAKER, G.B., GREENSHAW, A., AND SILVERSTONE, P.H. Relationship of plasma amphetamine levels to physiological, subjective, cognitive and biochemical measures in healthy volunteers. Human Psychopharmacol. 18: 291-299, 2003.
4. AUGSBURGER, M, DONZE, N., MENFTKEY, A., BROSSARD, C., SPORKERT, F., GIROUD, C., AND MANGIN, P. Concentration of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers. Forensic Sci. Int. 153: 11-15, 2005.
5. BYQVIST, S. Patterns of drug use among drug misusers in Sweden: Gender differences. Subst. Use Misuse 41: 1817-1835, 2006.
6. CALDWELL, J. AND SEVER, P.S. The biochemical pharmacology of abused drugs: I. Amphetamines, cocaine, and LSD. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 16: 625-638, 1974.
7. CHRISTOPHERSEN, A.S., CEDER, G., KRISTINSSON, J., LILLSUNDE, P., AND STEENTOFT, A. Drugged driving in the Nordic countries: A comparative study between five countries. Forensic Sci. Int. 106: 173-190, 1999.
8. CODY, J.T. Precursor medications as a source of methamphetamine and/or amphetamine positive drug testing results. J. Occupat. Environ. Med. 44: 435-450, 2002.
9. GJERDE, H., CHRISTOPHERSEN, A.S., AND MORLAND, J. Amphetamine and drugged driving. J. Traffic Med. 20: 21-26, 1992.
10. GOLDBERG, L. Drug abuse in Sweden. Bull. Narcotics 20 (1): 1-31, 1968.
11. GUSTAVSEN, I., MORLAND, J., AND BRAMNESS, J.G. Impairment related to blood amphetamine and/or methamphetamine concentrations in suspected drugged drivers. Accid. Anal. Prev. 38: 490-495, 2006.
12. HALL, A.P. AND HENRY, J.A. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: Overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Brit. J. Anaesth. 96: 678-685, 2006.
13. HARTELIUS, J. AND JONES, A.W. Sweden, drug abuse in. In: JAFPE, J.J. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol, Vol. 3, New York: Macmillian, 1995, pp. 1009-1011.
14. HAUSKEN, A.M., SKURTVEIT, S., AND CHRISTOPHERSEN, A.S. Characteristics of drivers testing positive for heroin or ecstasy in Norway. Traffic Injury Prev. 5: 107-111, 2004.
15. HOLMGREN, A., HOLMGREN, P., KAJGELBERG, F.C., JONES, A.W., AND AHLNER, J. Predominance of illicit drugs and poly-drug use among drug-impaired drivers in Sweden. Traffic Injury Prev. 8: 361-367, 2007.
16. HOLMGREN, A., HOLMGREN, P., KUGELBFRG, F.C., JONES, A.W., AND AHLNER, J. High re-arrest rates among drug-impaired drivers despite zero-tolerance legislation. Accid. Anal. Prev. 40: in press.
17. HURST, P.M. The effects of d-amphetamine on risk taking. Psycho-pharmacologia 3: 283-290, 1962.
18. HURST, P.M. Amphetamines and driving. Alcohol Drugs Driv. 3: 13-17, 1987.
19. JONES, A.W. Driving under the influence of drugs in Sweden with zero concentration limits in blood for controlled substances. Traffic Injury Prev. 6: 317-322, 2005.
20. JONES, A.W. Age- and gender-related differences in blood amphetamine concentrations in apprehended drivers: Lack of association with clinical evidence of impairment. Addiction 102: 1085-1091, 2007.
21. JONES, A.W. AND HOLMGREN, A. Abnormally high concentrations of amphetamine in blood of impaired drivers. J. Forensic Sci. 50: 1215-1220, 2005.
22. JONES, A.W. AND KARLSSON, L. Relation between blood- and urine-amphetamine concentrations in impaired drivers as influenced by urinary pH and creatinine. Human Exp. Toxicol. 24: 615-622, 2005.
23. KALANT, H. The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 165: 917-928, 2001.
24. KARCH, S.B., STEPHENS, B.G., AND HO, C.-H. Methamphetamine-related deaths in San Francisco: Demographic, pathologic, and toxicologic profiles. J. Forensic Sci. 44: 359-368, 1999.
25. KRONSTRAND, R. AND JONES, A.W. Drugs of abuse - analysis. In: SIEGFL, J.A., SAUKKO, P.J., AND KNUPFER, G.C. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 2, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000, pp. 598-610.
26. LOGAN, B.K. Methamphetamine and driving impairment. J. Forensic Sci. 41: 457-464, 1996.
27. LOGAN, B.K. Amphetamines: An update on forensic issues. J. Analyt. Toxicol. 25: 400-404, 2001.
28. LOGAN, B.K. Methamphetamine - effects on human performance and behavior. Forensic Sci. Rev. 14: 133-151, 2002.
29. MARTINSSON, L., YANG, X., BECK, O., WAHLGREN, N.G., AND EKSBORG, S. Pharmacokinetics of dexamphetamine in acute stroke. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 26: 270-276, 2003.
30. MOELLER, M.R. AND HARTUNG, M. Ecstasy and related substances: Serum levels in impaired drivers. J. Analyt. Toxicol. 21: 591, 1997.
31. MUSSHOFF, F. Illegal or legitimate use? Precursor compounds to amphetamine and methamphetamine. Drug Metab. Rev. 32: 15-44, 2000.
32. SMINK, B.E., RUITER, B., LUSTHOE, K.J., AND ZWEIPFENNING, P.G. Driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the Netherlands 1995-1998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation. Forensic Sci. Int. 120: 195-203, 2001.
33. STOOPS, W.W., LILE, J.A., ROBBINS, C.G., MARTIN, C.A., RUSH, C.R., AND KELLY, T.H. The reinforcing, subject-rated, performance, and cardiovascular effects of d-amphetamine: Influence of sensation-seeking status. Addict. Behav. 32: 1177-1188, 2007.
34. WACHTEL, S.R. AND DE WIT, H. Subjective and behavioral effects of repeated d-amphetamine in humans. Behav. Pharmacol. 10: 271-281, 1999.