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The Public Order Act 1986 has been taken elsewhere as 'an appropriate baseline for discussion of contemporary offence regulation', that is, a milestone in the development of the contemporary trends in the regulation of offensive behaviour discussed here: E. Burney, '"No Spitting": Regulation of Offensive Behaviour in England and Wales' in Incivilities: Regulating Offensive Behaviour, eds. A. von Hirsch and A.P. Simester (2006). T. Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (1998).
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The concept of the 'law-abiding majority' has become a very popular political reference point, the term appearing most recently in New Labour's commitment to 'deliver a justice system which focuses on meeting the needs of victims and the decent law-abiding majority': Labour Party, Labour in Government: Labour's Policies on Crime and Justice (2008) at < >. A. Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities and the Communitarian Agenda (1995). E. Burney, Making People Behave: Anti-social Behaviour, Politics and Policy (2005). A phrase coined in respect of a different target by A. Maclntyre, After Virtue: a Study in Moral Theory (1981) 10. S. Hale, Blair's Community: Communitarian Thought and New Labour (2006) is a good source for collected examples of this.
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A.E. Bottoms, 'The Philosophy and Politics of Punishment and Sentencing' in The Politics of Sentencing Reform, eds. C.M.V. Clarkson and R. Morgan (1995). Garland, op. cit. (1996) and (2001), n. 24. N. Fairclough, New Labour, New Language? (2000). Rose, op. cit., n. 14, p. 200. Crawford, op. cit., n. 2, p. 479.
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and. As Richard Ericson and colleagues have shown, the insurance industry exerts considerable behavioural influence over its customers and others through the contractual mechanism: R.V. Ericson, A. Doyle, and D. Barry, Insurance as Governance (2003). S.M. Low, Behind the Gates: Life, Security and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America (2003). Crawford, op. cit., n. 2, p. 492, referring to I. Macneil, The New Social Contract: an Inquiry into Modern Contractual Relations (1980) 48. D. Nelken, 'The Use of "Contracts" as a Social Work Technique' in Current Legal Problems, eds. R. Rideout and J. Jowell (1987) 207-32; D. Nelken, 'Social Work Contracts and Social Control' in Informal Justice?, ed. R. Matthews (1988);
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R.A. Duff, Punishment, Communication and Community (2000). The present analysis is therefore also a pragmatic critique of Duff s doctrinal support, with Marshall, for the specification of some categories of offensive conduct by way of injunctions such as warning notices under the Noise Act 1996. While such injunctions, in achieving the quasi-contractual effect discussed here, may add clarity to the prohibitions of the criminal law, unless these formalities can reasonably be argued to affect behaviour, their effects will accord with the second-chance punitivism raised here; R.A. Duff and S.E. Marshall, 'How Offensive Can You Get?' in von Hirsch and Simester, op. cit, n. 3.
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