메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 303-331

A human rights critique of European judicial review: Counter-terrorism sanctions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 43549119554     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020589308000195     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (174)
  • 1
    • 43549119215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNSC, 8 March, UN Doe S/2007/ 132, annex 1, 38-40
    • UNSC, 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' (8 March 2007) UN Doe S/2007/ 132, annex 1, 38-40.
    • (2007) Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team
  • 2
    • 43549114952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020;
    • Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020;
  • 3
    • 43549091529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KNK v Council
    • Case T-206/02, ECR II-00523;
    • Case T-206/02 KNK v Council [2005] ECR II-00523;
    • (2005)
  • 4
    • 43549097493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PKK and KNK v Council
    • Case T-229/02, ECR II-00539;
    • Case T-229/02 PKK and KNK v Council [2005] ECR II-00539;
    • (2005)
  • 5
    • 43549090577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council
    • Case T-333/02, OJ C 228, 0040;
    • Case T-333/02 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2004] OJ C 228, 0040;
    • (2004)
  • 6
    • 43549108092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segi v Council
    • Case T-338/02, ECR II-01647;
    • Case T-338/02 Segi v Council [2004] ECR II-01647;
    • (2004)
  • 7
    • 43549104833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sison v Council
    • Case T-47/03, ECR II-02047;
    • Case T-47/03 Sison v Council [2003] ECR II-02047;
    • (2003)
  • 8
    • 43549124491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-306/01 Aden and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2002] ECR II-02387;
    • Case T-306/01 Aden and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2002] ECR II-02387;
  • 9
    • 43549097971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and T-318/01 AJ Othman v Council and Commission (27 October 2006) (legal aid).
    • and T-318/01 AJ Othman v Council and Commission (27 October 2006) (legal aid).
  • 10
    • 43549091760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sison v
    • Case T-47/03 Council 11 Jul, Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council [2006] OJ C 331, 28;
    • Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 Jul 2007), Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council [2006] OJ C 331, 28;
    • (2007)
  • 11
    • 34547616709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ayadi v Council
    • Case T-253/02, ECR II-02139;
    • Case T-253/02 Ayadi v Council [2006] ECR II-02139;
    • (2006)
  • 12
    • 43549101636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-49/04 Hassan v Council and Commission [2006] ECR-II-00052;
    • Case T-49/04 Hassan v Council and Commission [2006] ECR-II-00052;
  • 13
    • 43549104170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533;
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533;
  • 14
    • 43549112482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649;
  • 15
    • 43549119930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Joined Cases T-110/03, T-150/03 and T-405/03 Sison v Council [2005] ECR II-01429.
    • and Joined Cases T-110/03, T-150/03 and T-405/03 Sison v Council [2005] ECR II-01429.
  • 16
    • 43549116981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council
    • Case C-354/04, OJ C 95;
    • Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95;
    • (2007)
  • 17
    • 43549115396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segi v Council
    • Case C-355/04, OJ C 95, 4;
    • Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, 4;
    • (2007)
  • 18
    • 43549104833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sison v Council
    • Case C-266/05, OJ C 82, 4-5;
    • Case C-266/05 Sison v Council [2007] OJ C 82, 4-5;
    • (2007)
  • 19
    • 43549084720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7
    • and Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7.
  • 20
    • 43549090575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also reference from a German court for preliminary ruling: C-117/06 Gerda Möllendorf and Christiane Möllendorf-Niehuus [2006] OJ C 108, 6.
    • See also reference from a German court for preliminary ruling: C-117/06 Gerda Möllendorf and Christiane Möllendorf-Niehuus [2006] OJ C 108, 6.
  • 21
    • 43549100811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-Faqih v Council
    • Case T-135/06, OJ C 165;
    • Case T-135/06 Al-Faqih v Council [2006] OJ C 165;
    • (2006)
  • 22
    • 43549119704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thaer Nasuf v Council
    • Case T-138/06, OJ C 165, 30-31;
    • Case T-138/06 Thaer Nasuf v Council [2006] OJ C 165, 30-31;
    • (2006)
  • 23
    • 43549086346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sanabel Agency v Council
    • Case T-136/06, OJ C 165, 30;
    • Case T-136/06 Sanabel Agency v Council [2006] OJ C 165, 30;
    • (2006)
  • 24
    • 43549108091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Morabit v Council
    • Case T-37/07, OJ C 82, 44;
    • Case T-37/07 El Morabit v Council [2007] OJ C 82, 44;
    • (2007)
  • 25
    • 43549088244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fahas v Council
    • Case T-49/07, OJ C 95, 43-44;
    • Case T-49/07 Fahas v Council [2007] OJ C 95, 43-44;
    • (2007)
  • 26
    • 43549114697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-75/07 Hamdi v Council [2007] OJ C 117, 22-22;
    • T-75/07 Hamdi v Council [2007] OJ C 117, 22-22;
  • 27
    • 43549110661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case T-76/07 El Fatmi v Council [2007] OJ C 117, 22-23. The first three actions concern SC listing decisions and the rest CEU's own listing decisions
    • and Case T-76/07 El Fatmi v Council [2007] OJ C 117, 22-23. The first three actions concern SC listing decisions and the rest CEU's own listing decisions.
  • 28
    • 43549123229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-402/05 P Kadi v Council and Commission [2006] OJ C 36, 19-20: Case C-415/05 P Ysuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2006] OJ C 48, 11-12;
    • Case C-402/05 P Kadi v Council and Commission [2006] OJ C 36, 19-20: Case C-415/05 P Ysuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2006] OJ C 48, 11-12;
  • 29
    • 43549093444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and C-399/06 Hassan v Council and Commission [2006] OJ C 294, 30-31.
    • and C-399/06 Hassan v Council and Commission [2006] OJ C 294, 30-31.
  • 30
    • 43549117870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a comment on the ease with which the CFI has admitted individual applications on this matter ie accepted the legal standing of the applicants, see C Tomuschat, Case T-306/01, Ahmed Ali Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission, judgment of the Court of First Instance of 21 September 2005;
    • For a comment on the ease with which the CFI has admitted individual applications on this matter (ie accepted the legal standing of the applicants), see C Tomuschat, Case T-306/01, Ahmed Ali Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission, judgment of the Court of First Instance of 21 September 2005;
  • 31
    • 42949111759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yassin Abdullah Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, judgment of the Court of First Instance of 21 September, 2006 43 CMLR 537, 539
    • Case T-315/01, Yassin Abdullah Kadi v Council and Commission, judgment of the Court of First Instance of 21 September 2005 (2006) 43 CMLR 537, 539.
    • (2005)
  • 32
    • 43549090576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The exceptions are Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) and Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission [2007] OJ C 331, 28. But note also Case C-229/ 05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7 in which the ECJ refers the case back to the CFI for judgment on the merits as well as Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, in which the ECJ recognizes a right to preliminary ruling.
    • The exceptions are Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) and Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission [2007] OJ C 331, 28. But note also Case C-229/ 05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7 in which the ECJ refers the case back to the CFI for judgment on the merits as well as Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, in which the ECJ recognizes a right to preliminary ruling.
  • 33
    • 43549097249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T Andersson, I Cameron and K Nordback, 'EU Blacklisting: The Renaissance of imperial Power, but on a Global Scale' [2003] EBLR 111, 127 ('...the blacklisting technique risks emptying the right of access to court of substance...' (emphasis added)).
    • T Andersson, I Cameron and K Nordback, 'EU Blacklisting: The Renaissance of imperial Power, but on a Global Scale' [2003] EBLR 111, 127 ('...the blacklisting technique risks emptying the right of access to court of substance...' (emphasis added)).
  • 34
    • 43549092781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See international counter-terrorism conventions, eg the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1971, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971, International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988, International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997, and International Convention for the Suppressing of the Financing of Terrorism 1999, But note that the Security Council has acted under Chapter VII in response to terrorism prior to 9/11; however, these responses have been restricted to condemnation of particular events or the adoption of economic sanctions against speci.c states. Its actions were never based on the claim that any act of international terrorism is an international security threat
    • See international counter-terrorism conventions, eg the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1971); Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971); International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (1979); Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988); International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997); and International Convention for the Suppressing of the Financing of Terrorism (1999). But note that the Security Council has acted under Chapter VII in response to terrorism prior to 9/11; however, these responses have been restricted to condemnation of particular events or the adoption of economic sanctions against speci.c states. Its actions were never based on the claim that any act of international terrorism is an international security threat.
  • 35
    • 43549092209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See eg UNGA, 'Report of the Secretary General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility' (2004) A/59/656; UNGA, 'Report of the Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Security, Development and Human Rights for All' (2005) A/59/2005; and UNGA, 2005 World Summit Outcome (2005) A/RES/ 60/1, para 90.
    • See eg UNGA, 'Report of the Secretary General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility' (2004) A/59/656; UNGA, 'Report of the Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Security, Development and Human Rights for All' (2005) A/59/2005; and UNGA, 2005 World Summit Outcome (2005) A/RES/ 60/1, para 90.
  • 36
    • 16644364092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an analysis of the changing perception of the nature of terrorism since 9/11, see eg W Enders and T Sandler, 'After 9/11: Is it All Different Now?' (2005) 49 JCR 259.
    • For an analysis of the changing perception of the nature of terrorism since 9/11, see eg W Enders and T Sandler, 'After 9/11: Is it All Different Now?' (2005) 49 JCR 259.
  • 38
    • 0036823260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PC Szasz, 'The Security Council Starts Legislating' (2002) 96 AJIL 901.
    • PC Szasz, 'The Security Council Starts Legislating' (2002) 96 AJIL 901.
  • 39
    • 43549111542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But note that the idea about the need for broad executive powers may be traced to the initial US reaction to the attacks of 9/11 as its Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks, or harbored such organizations, Authorization for Use of Military Force, Pub L 107-40, §§ 1-2, 115 Stat 224
    • But note that the idea about the need for broad executive powers may be traced to the initial US reaction to the attacks of 9/11 as its Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks... or harbored such organizations'. Authorization for Use of Military Force, Pub L 107-40, §§ 1-2, 115 Stat 224.
  • 40
    • 33846605435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Security Council's Anti-terrorism Measures: The Quest for Legitimacy and Cohesion
    • See eg, 17 EJIL 881, 882;
    • See eg A Bianchi, 'Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Security Council's Anti-terrorism Measures: The Quest for Legitimacy and Cohesion' (2006) 17 EJIL 881, 882;
    • (2006)
    • Bianchi, A.1
  • 41
    • 43549102588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Targeted Sanctions, Legal Safeguards and the European Convention on Human Rights
    • 72 NJIL 159, 164
    • and I Cameron, 'UN Targeted Sanctions, Legal Safeguards and the European Convention on Human Rights' (2003) 72 NJIL 159, 164.
    • (2003)
    • Cameron, I.1
  • 42
    • 43549116278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNSC Res 1373 (28 September 2001) art 1 (c). Furthermore, all States are obliged to: 'prohibit their nationals or any persons and entities within their territories from making any funds, financial assets or economic resources or financial or other related services available, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of persons who commit or attempt to commit or facilitate or participate in the commission of terrorist acts, of entities owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by such persons and of persons and entities acting on behalf of or at the direction of such persons' (art 1(d)).
    • UNSC Res 1373 (28 September 2001) art 1 (c). Furthermore, all States are obliged to: 'prohibit their nationals or any persons and entities within their territories from making any funds, financial assets or economic resources or financial or other related services available, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of persons who commit or attempt to commit or facilitate or participate in the commission of terrorist acts, of entities owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by such persons and of persons and entities acting on behalf of or at the direction of such persons' (art 1(d)).
  • 43
    • 43549100381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNSC Res 1267 (15 October 1999) UN Doc S/RES/1267. See also Rosand (n 14).
    • UNSC Res 1267 (15 October 1999) UN Doc S/RES/1267. See also Rosand (n 14).
  • 44
    • 43549125937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Consolidated List established and maintained by the 1267 Committee with respect to Al-Qaida, Usama Bin Laden, and the Taliban and other individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with them, last updated 14 March 2008 accessed 30 March 2008.
    • The Consolidated List established and maintained by the 1267 Committee with respect to Al-Qaida, Usama Bin Laden, and the Taliban and other individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with them, last updated 14 March 2008 accessed 30 March 2008.
  • 45
    • 43549105303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team was appointed pursuant to UNSC Res 1564 (30 January 2004) UN Doc S/RES/1564 and extended by UNSC Res 1617 (2005) (25 January 2005) UN Doc S/RES/1617 and UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1735.
    • The Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team was appointed pursuant to UNSC Res 1564 (30 January 2004) UN Doc S/RES/1564 and extended by UNSC Res 1617 (2005) (25 January 2005) UN Doc S/RES/1617 and UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1735.
  • 46
    • 43549119215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNSC, 8 March, UN Doc S/2007/ 132, para 8
    • UNSC, 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' (8 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/ 132, para 8.
    • (2007) Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team
  • 47
    • 43549099221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, at the moment, certain well-known names are absent from the Consolidated List while others appear on the list even though they are dead or cannot be identi.ed. See 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' ibid paras 16 and 18
    • For example, at the moment, certain well-known names are absent from the Consolidated List while others appear on the list even though they are dead or cannot be identi.ed. See 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' ibid paras 16 and 18.
  • 48
    • 43549093672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note that human rights criticism in this context is rarely, if ever, directed against 'targeted' sanctions as such, but against the manner in which such sanctions are implemented. In selecting specific targets, these sanctions are meant to protect innocent civilian populations from harmful effects stemming from collective forms of economic punishment (such as trade embargoes against countries), and in this sense are seen both as more efficient ('smarter') and more legitimate ('humane'). Still, whether the use of 'targeted sanctions' in the global fight against terrorism, in fact, serves these objectives is open to debate.
    • Note that human rights criticism in this context is rarely, if ever, directed against 'targeted' sanctions as such, but against the manner in which such sanctions are implemented. In selecting specific targets, these sanctions are meant to protect innocent civilian populations from harmful effects stemming from collective forms of economic punishment (such as trade embargoes against countries), and in this sense are seen both as more efficient ('smarter') and more legitimate ('humane'). Still, whether the use of 'targeted sanctions' in the global fight against terrorism, in fact, serves these objectives is open to debate.
  • 49
    • 43549101875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See UNGA, 'Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility' (4 December 2004) UN Doc A/59/565, para 152;
    • See UNGA, 'Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility' (4 December 2004) UN Doc A/59/565, para 152;
  • 50
    • 43549083417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and UNGA 2005 World Summit Outcome (2005) A/RES/60/1, para 109.
    • and UNGA 2005 World Summit Outcome (2005) A/RES/60/1, para 109.
  • 51
    • 43549124971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also 'Report of Watson Institute of International Studies at Brown University, Strengthening Targeted Sanctions Through Fair and Clear Procedures' (2006). The report was commissioned by the Governments of Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.
    • See also 'Report of Watson Institute of International Studies at Brown University, Strengthening Targeted Sanctions Through Fair and Clear Procedures' (2006). The report was commissioned by the Governments of Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.
  • 52
    • 43549117420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See UNSC Res 1452 (20 December 2002) UN Doc S/RES/1452. For a critical comment on its limited implementation, UNHCR, 'Report of Special Rapporteur on Counter-terrorism' (2006) UN Doc A/61/267, paras 30-41.
    • See UNSC Res 1452 (20 December 2002) UN Doc S/RES/1452. For a critical comment on its limited implementation, UNHCR, 'Report of Special Rapporteur on Counter-terrorism' (2006) UN Doc A/61/267, paras 30-41.
  • 53
    • 43549116279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compare eg the UNSC Res 1267 (15 October 2002) UN Doc S/RES/1267, para 5(d) with UNSC Res 1617 (2005) (25 January 2005) UN Doc S/RES/1617, para 2;
    • Compare eg the UNSC Res 1267 (15 October 2002) UN Doc S/RES/1267, para 5(d) with UNSC Res 1617 (2005) (25 January 2005) UN Doc S/RES/1617, para 2;
  • 54
    • 43549118554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006), UN Doc S/RES/1735, para 5. For a comprehensive overview of improvements in terms of guidance since 1999,
    • and UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006), UN Doc S/RES/1735, para 5. For a comprehensive overview of improvements in terms of guidance since 1999,
  • 55
    • 43549092324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Doc S/2006/154, para 41. But also note that the Monitoring Team believes that more needs to be done in this field. See UNSC
    • see UNSC, Third Report of the Monitoring Team, 9 September, 8 March 2007 UN Doc S/2007/132, para 15
    • see UNSC, 'Third Report of the Monitoring Team' (9 September 2005) UN Doc S/2006/154, para 41. But also note that the Monitoring Team believes that more needs to be done in this field. See UNSC, 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' (8 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/132, para 15.
    • (2005) Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team
  • 56
    • 43549088709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Doc S/RES/1735, paras 6 and 11, 22 December
    • UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1735, paras 6 and 11.
    • (2006) UNSC Res , vol.1735
  • 57
    • 43549084498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNSC Res 1617 (2005) (25 January 2005) UN Doc S/RES/1617, para 6; and UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006), UN Doc S/RES/1735, para 6.
    • UNSC Res 1617 (2005) (25 January 2005) UN Doc S/RES/1617, para 6; and UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006), UN Doc S/RES/1735, para 6.
  • 58
    • 43549115830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Doc S/RES/1735, paras 13 and 14, 22 December
    • UNSC Res 1735 (22 December 2006), UN Doc S/RES/1735, paras 13 and 14.
    • (2006) UNSC Res , vol.1735
  • 59
    • 43549115395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See UNHCR, 'Report of Special Rapporteur on Counter-terrorism' (2006) UN Doc A/61/267, para 40: 'For those organizations which have been wrongly placed on the lists, either because the intelligence on which the placement was based was incorrect or because the name on the list is an acronym or wrongly spelt, compensation or restitution needs to be made available, in line with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (General Assembly resolution 40/ 34 of 29 November 1985, annex) which provides that States should provide redress for victims of crime and abuse of power.'
    • See UNHCR, 'Report of Special Rapporteur on Counter-terrorism' (2006) UN Doc A/61/267, para 40: 'For those organizations which have been wrongly placed on the lists, either because the intelligence on which the placement was based was incorrect or because the name on the list is an acronym or wrongly spelt, compensation or restitution needs to be made available, in line with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (General Assembly resolution 40/ 34 of 29 November 1985, annex) which provides that States should provide redress for victims of crime and abuse of power.'
  • 60
    • 43549112850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Still, the importance of international justice in the global security context has been felt before. In the last decade, the SC has come to regard international criminal justice as a response to threats against international security
    • Still, the importance of international justice in the global security context has been felt before. In the last decade, the SC has come to regard international criminal justice as a response to threats against international security.
  • 61
    • 43549118829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNSC, 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' (8 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/ 132, para 1: 'all appear to agree ... that the problem will be with us for some time to come'.
    • UNSC, 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' (8 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/ 132, para 1: 'all appear to agree ... that the problem will be with us for some time to come'.
  • 63
    • 43549104833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sison v Council
    • Case T-47/03, 11 July, para 194 and Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7, para 110
    • Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) para 194 and Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7, para 110.
    • (2007)
  • 64
    • 43549088243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • n 32 para 36
    • (n 32) para 36.
  • 65
    • 43549096584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See eg UNSCR, 'Report submitted by France Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1455 (2003) Concerning Sanctions against Al-Qá idah' (2003) UN Doc S/AC.37/2003(1455) 37, 3.
    • See eg UNSCR, 'Report submitted by France Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1455 (2003) Concerning Sanctions against Al-Qá idah' (2003) UN Doc S/AC.37/2003(1455) 37, 3.
  • 66
    • 43549121873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Consolidated List (n 18).
    • See Consolidated List (n 18).
  • 67
    • 43549106727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The legal basis for Community actions in focus is Articles 11, 15 and 29 of the Treaty of the European Union, and Articles 60, 301 and 308 of the EC Treaty. For a detailed overview of the relevant provisions, see I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacklisting' (2003) 3 HRLR 2, 225. For a more general human rights-based re.ection on the European response to terrorism, see eg C Warbrick, 'The European Response to Terrorism in an Age of Human Rights' (2004) 15 EJIL 5, 1018.
    • The legal basis for Community actions in focus is Articles 11, 15 and 29 of the Treaty of the European Union, and Articles 60, 301 and 308 of the EC Treaty. For a detailed overview of the relevant provisions, see I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacklisting' (2003) 3 HRLR 2, 225. For a more general human rights-based re.ection on the European response to terrorism, see eg C Warbrick, 'The European Response to Terrorism in an Age of Human Rights' (2004) 15 EJIL 5, 1018.
  • 69
    • 43549114214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See eg Council Regulation (EC) 467 of 6 March 2001, para 4.
    • See eg Council Regulation (EC) 467 of 6 March 2001, para 4.
  • 70
    • 43549106969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Common Position of 27 December 2001 (2001/936/CFSP), annex. For the most recent update of the EU listing see Council Common Position of 28 June 2007 (2007/445/EC), annex.
    • Council Common Position of 27 December 2001 (2001/936/CFSP), annex. For the most recent update of the EU listing see Council Common Position of 28 June 2007 (2007/445/EC), annex.
  • 71
    • 43549118093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is now new agreement on a de-listing procedure. See Council of the European Union, 'Terrorist List - Adoption of New Consolidated List', Brussels, 29 June 2007 (11309/07(Presse 158)). But also note that some de-listing procedure existed before. Compare the listing of 29 May 2006 which does not include nineteen persons reported as ETA members who listed in that of 20 March 2006 (Council Common Position 2006/231/CFSP of 20 March 2006 (2005/936/CFSP), annex).
    • There is now new agreement on a de-listing procedure. See Council of the European Union, 'Terrorist List - Adoption of New Consolidated List', Brussels, 29 June 2007 (11309/07(Presse 158)). But also note that some de-listing procedure existed before. Compare the listing of 29 May 2006 which does not include nineteen persons reported as ETA members who listed in that of 20 March 2006 (Council Common Position 2006/231/CFSP of 20 March 2006 (2005/936/CFSP), annex).
  • 72
    • 43549091038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Declaration concerning the Right to Compensation, annexed to the minutes of the meeting at the time of adopting Council Common Position 2001/931 and Council Regulation (EC) 2580/2001 of 27 December 2001 according to which: 'in the event of any error in respect of the persons, groups or entities referred to, the injured party shall have the right to seek judicial redress'. But see Case C-355/04 Segi v Council (27 February 2007) para 60 ('... such a declaration is insufficient to create a legal remedy not provided for by the applicable texts...').
    • Council Declaration concerning the Right to Compensation, annexed to the minutes of the meeting at the time of adopting Council Common Position 2001/931 and Council Regulation (EC) 2580/2001 of 27 December 2001 according to which: 'in the event of any error in respect of the persons, groups or entities referred to, the injured party shall have the right to seek judicial redress'. But see Case C-355/04 Segi v Council (27 February 2007) para 60 ('... such a declaration is insufficient to create a legal remedy not provided for by the applicable texts...').
  • 73
    • 43549093005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 1(2) of Council Common Position 2001/931 of 27 December 2001 (2001/931/CFSP, persons who commit, or attempt to commit, terrorist acts or who participate in, or facilitate, the commission of terrorist acts; groups and entities owned or controlled directly or indirectly by such persons and persons, groups and entities acting on behalf of, or under the direction of, such persons, groups and entities, including funds derived or generated from property owned or controlled directly or indirectly by such persons and associated persons, groups and entities, Article 1(3) de.nes 'terrorist group' as: 'a structured group of more than two persons, established over a period of time and acting in concert to commit terrorist acts, Structured group' means a group that is not randomly formed for the immediate commission of a terrorist act and that does not need to have formally de.ned roles for its members, continuity of its membership or a developed structure
    • Article 1(2) of Council Common Position 2001/931 of 27 December 2001 (2001/931/CFSP): 'persons who commit, or attempt to commit, terrorist acts or who participate in, or facilitate, the commission of terrorist acts; groups and entities owned or controlled directly or indirectly by such persons and persons, groups and entities acting on behalf of, or under the direction of, such persons, groups and entities, including funds derived or generated from property owned or controlled directly or indirectly by such persons and associated persons, groups and entities'. Article 1(3) de.nes 'terrorist group' as: 'a structured group of more than two persons, established over a period of time and acting in concert to commit terrorist acts. 'Structured group' means a group that is not randomly formed for the immediate commission of a terrorist act and that does not need to have formally de.ned roles for its members, continuity of its membership or a developed structure'.
  • 74
    • 43549084286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a more detailed overview of the EU procedure, see I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacklisting' (2003) 3 HRLR 2, 225, 234-35.
    • For a more detailed overview of the EU procedure, see I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacklisting' (2003) 3 HRLR 2, 225, 234-35.
  • 75
    • 43549090807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission
    • Case T-228/02, OJ C 331, 28
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission, [2006] OJ C 331, 28.
    • (2006)
  • 76
    • 43549100588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Notice 2007/C144/01 of 29 June 2007. But see Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) in which the Court of First Instance annuls a Council decision on asset freeze on the basis that the Council has failed to provide a 'statement of reasons' and guarantee rights to defence and fair hearing
    • Council Notice 2007/C144/01 of 29 June 2007. But see Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) in which the Court of First Instance annuls a Council decision on asset freeze on the basis that the Council has failed to provide a 'statement of reasons' and guarantee rights to defence and fair hearing.
  • 77
    • 43549106261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Notice 2007/C144/01 of 29 June
    • Council Notice 2007/C144/01 of 29 June 2007.
    • (2007)
  • 79
    • 43549102358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid. 'The persons, groups and entities concerned may submit a request to obtain the Council's statement of reasons for maintaining them on the above-mentioned lists (unless the statement of reasons has already been communicated to them). In this respect, the attention of the persons, groups and entities concerned is drawn to the forthcoming review by the Council of the list, according to Article 1(6) of Common Position 2001/ 931/CFSP of the Council.'
    • ibid. 'The persons, groups and entities concerned may submit a request to obtain the Council's statement of reasons for maintaining them on the above-mentioned lists (unless the statement of reasons has already been communicated to them). In this respect, the attention of the persons, groups and entities concerned is drawn to the forthcoming review by the Council of the list, according to Article 1(6) of Common Position 2001/ 931/CFSP of the Council.'
  • 80
    • 43549112007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The persons, groups and entities concerned may also submit a request to the Council, together with supporting documentation, that the decision to include them on the above-mentioned lists should be reconsidered. Any such request should be submitted within one month from the date of publication of this notice
    • Brussels
    • ibid. 'The persons, groups and entities concerned may also submit a request to the Council, together with supporting documentation, that the decision to include them on the above-mentioned lists should be reconsidered. Any such request should be submitted within one month from the date of publication of this notice. Any such request should be sent to the following address: Council of the European Union (Attn: UNSCR1373 designations), Rue de la Loi 175, B-1048 Brussels.'
    • Any such request should be sent to the following address: Council of the European Union (Attn: UNSCR1373 designations), Rue de la Loi , vol.175
  • 81
    • 43549121872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council of the European Union, 'Terrorist List_Adoption of New Consolidated List', Brussels, 29 June 2007 (11309/07(Presse 158)).
    • Council of the European Union, 'Terrorist List_Adoption of New Consolidated List', Brussels, 29 June 2007 (11309/07(Presse 158)).
  • 82
    • 43549104833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sison v Council
    • Case C-266/05, OJ C 82, 4-5
    • Case C-266/05 Sison v Council [2007] OJ C 82, 4-5.
    • (2007)
  • 83
    • 43549119929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joined Cases T-110/03, T-150/03 and T-405/03 Sison v Council [2005] ECR II-01429.
    • Joined Cases T-110/03, T-150/03 and T-405/03 Sison v Council [2005] ECR II-01429.
  • 84
    • 43549103474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Case C-266//05 Sison v Council [2007] OJ C 82, 4-5, paras 43, 48-51
    • See also Case C-266//05 Sison v Council [2007] OJ C 82, 4-5, paras 43, 48-51.
  • 85
    • 43549113762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020, paras 60-64, 74-75.
    • Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020, paras 60-64, 74-75.
  • 86
    • 43549105057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Case T-206/02 KNK v Council [2005] ECR II-00523
    • See Case T-206/02 KNK v Council [2005] ECR II-00523.
  • 87
    • 43549118312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But see also Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7, in which the ECJ refers the case back to the CFI for judgment on the merits on the basis of the finding that the PKK retains certain existence albeit in reorganized form and under another name KNK, paras 37-54
    • But see also Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7, in which the ECJ refers the case back to the CFI for judgment on the merits on the basis of the finding that the PKK retains certain existence albeit in reorganized form and under another name (KNK) (paras 37-54).
  • 88
    • 43549120687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, at the time of writing, the Commission has amended Council Regulation (EC) 882/2002 of 27 May 2002 imposing certain restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban about 80 times.
    • For example, at the time of writing, the Commission has amended Council Regulation (EC) 882/2002 of 27 May 2002 imposing certain restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban about 80 times.
  • 89
    • 43549092208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But see art 6 of Reform Treaty amending the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (CIG 1/1/07) (5 October 2007) (at the time of writing not in force) according to which the Charter 'shall have the same legal value as the Treaties'.
    • But see art 6 of Reform Treaty amending the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (CIG 1/1/07) (5 October 2007) (at the time of writing not in force) according to which the Charter 'shall have the same legal value as the Treaties'.
  • 91
    • 43549110874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See eg Case T-338/02 Segi v Council [2004] ECR II-01647, para 46;
    • See eg Case T-338/02 Segi v Council [2004] ECR II-01647, para 46;
  • 92
    • 43549092782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía a v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 46
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía a v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 46.
  • 93
    • 43549120419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020, para 54
    • See also Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020, para 54.
  • 94
    • 43549090577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council
    • Case T-333/02, OJ C 228, 0040, para 40 ff;
    • Case T-333/02 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2004] OJ C 228, 0040, para 40 ff;
    • (2004)
  • 95
    • 43549105304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020, para 56
    • and Case T-299/04 Selmani v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-00020, para 56.
  • 96
    • 43549105058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PKK and KNK v Council
    • Case C-229/05, OJ C 56, 6-7, para 111
    • Case C-229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] OJ C 56, 6-7, para 111.
    • (2007)
  • 97
    • 43549115396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segi v Council
    • Case C-355/04, OJ C 95, para 56;
    • Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 56;
    • (2007)
  • 98
    • 43549124271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 56
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 56.
  • 99
    • 43549115396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segi v Council
    • Case C-355/04, OJ C 95, para 52;
    • Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 52;
    • (2007)
  • 100
    • 43549088956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 56
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 56.
  • 101
    • 43549115396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segi v Council
    • Case C-355/04, OJ C 95, para 54;
    • Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 54;
    • (2007)
  • 102
    • 43549099903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 54
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 54.
  • 103
    • 43549100810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid (emphasis added) (identical phrasing in both cases).
    • ibid (emphasis added) (identical phrasing in both cases).
  • 104
    • 43549088951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission, [2006] OJ C 331, 28, para 55. Furthermore, 'it follows from Articles 35 EU and 46 EU that, under Title VI of the EU Treaty, legal remedies seeking a ruling as to the validity or annulment are available only as against framework decisions, decisions and the measures implementing conventions provided for by Article 34(2)(b), (c) and (d) EU, with the exception of the common positions provided for in Article 34(2)(a) EU' (para 52 of the same judgment).
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission, [2006] OJ C 331, 28, para 55. Furthermore, 'it follows from Articles 35 EU and 46 EU that, under Title VI of the EU Treaty, legal remedies seeking a ruling as to the validity or annulment are available only as against framework decisions, decisions and the measures implementing conventions provided for by Article 34(2)(b), (c) and (d) EU, with the exception of the common positions provided for in Article 34(2)(a) EU' (para 52 of the same judgment).
  • 105
    • 43549090807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission
    • Case T-228/02, OJ C 331, 28, para 154
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission, [2006] OJ C 331, 28, para 154.
    • (2006)
  • 106
    • 43549106263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) para 201.
    • See also T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007) para 201.
  • 107
    • 43549090807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission
    • Case T-228/02, OJ C 331, 28, para 154
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission, [2006] OJ C 331, 28, para 154.
    • (2006)
  • 108
    • 43549117201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 159.
    • ibid para 159.
  • 109
    • 43549088016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid.
  • 110
    • 43549105565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid.
  • 111
    • 43549096349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid paras 175-81.
    • ibid paras 175-81.
  • 112
    • 43549105564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an overview of European human rights obligations of ECHR contracting States to grant access to court in relation to antiterrorist sanctions, see I Cameron, The European Convention on Human Rights, Due Process and United Nations Security Council Counter-terrorism Sanctions Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2006
    • For an overview of European human rights obligations of ECHR contracting States to grant access to court in relation to antiterrorist sanctions, see I Cameron, The European Convention on Human Rights, Due Process and United Nations Security Council Counter-terrorism Sanctions (Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2006).
  • 113
    • 32144460461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in Respect of the Common Foreign and Security Policy
    • 55 ICLQ 77, 80
    • M-G G Ketvel, 'The Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in Respect of the Common Foreign and Security Policy' (2006) 55 ICLQ 77, 80.
    • (2006)
    • Ketvel, M.-G.G.1
  • 114
    • 43549115396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segi v Council
    • Case C-355/04, OJ C 95, para 50;
    • Case C-355/04 Segi v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 50;
    • (2007)
  • 115
    • 43549090108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 50
    • and Case C-354/04 Gestoras Pro Amnistía v Council [2007] OJ C 95, para 50.
  • 116
    • 43549085445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neither the draft European Constitution nor the Reform Treaty entail provisions that, if entering into force, would extend the competences of the Community Courts on these matters
    • Neither the draft European Constitution nor the Reform Treaty entail provisions that, if entering into force, would extend the competences of the Community Courts on these matters.
  • 117
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 181
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 181.
    • (2005)
  • 118
    • 43549096585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 184.
    • ibid para 184.
  • 119
    • 43549098967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 189.
    • ibid para 189.
  • 120
    • 43549084719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 202.
    • ibid para 202.
  • 121
    • 43549113063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 184
    • ibid para 184
  • 122
    • 43549095638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 207.
    • ibid para 207.
  • 123
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 214
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 214.
    • (2005)
  • 124
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 219;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 219;
    • (2005)
  • 125
    • 43549088707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat international Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECK II-03533, para 270
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat international Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECK II-03533, para 270.
  • 126
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 225;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 225;
    • (2005)
  • 127
    • 43549111781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, para 276
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, para 276.
  • 128
    • 43549101633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an eloquent discussion of the basis for CFI competence to check SC resolutions, see Tomuschat (n 7) 545 ff.
    • For an eloquent discussion of the basis for CFI competence to check SC resolutions, see Tomuschat (n 7) 545 ff.
  • 129
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 229
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 229.
    • (2005)
  • 130
    • 43549088242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, also eg Legal Consequences for States on the Continued Presence South Africa in Nomibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276(1970) (Advisory Opinion) [1971] ICJ Rep 16, 53, para 115.
    • See, also eg Legal Consequences for States on the Continued Presence South Africa in Nomibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276(1970) (Advisory Opinion) [1971] ICJ Rep 16, 53, para 115.
  • 131
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v council and Commission
    • Case T-316/01, ECR II-03649, para 226 and 828
    • Case T-316/01 Kadi v council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 226 and 828.
    • (2005)
  • 132
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 284;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 284;
    • (2005)
  • 133
    • 33846076923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yusuf and Al Barakaat international Foundation v Council and Commission
    • Case T-306/01, ECK II-03533, para 339
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat international Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECK II-03533, para 339.
    • (2005)
  • 134
    • 43549121167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, paras 285-86;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, paras 285-86;
  • 135
    • 43549110659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, paras 339.
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, paras 339.
  • 136
    • 43549093227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, paras 285-86;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, paras 285-86;
  • 137
    • 43549102134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, paras 340-41.
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, paras 340-41.
  • 138
    • 43549117639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomuschat (n 7) 548
    • Tomuschat (n 7) 548.
  • 139
    • 33645944997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See eg DF Donovan and A Roberts, 'The Emerging Recognition ot Universal Civil Jurisdiction' (2006) 100 AJIL 142.
    • See eg DF Donovan and A Roberts, 'The Emerging Recognition ot Universal Civil Jurisdiction' (2006) 100 AJIL 142.
  • 140
    • 43549112849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomuschat(n 7) 548
    • Tomuschat(n 7) 548.
  • 141
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 288;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 288;
    • (2005)
  • 142
    • 33750200428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yusuf and Al Barakaat international v Foundation v Council and Commission
    • Case T-306/01, ECR II-03533, para 340
    • Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat international v Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, para 340.
    • (2005)
  • 143
    • 43549087772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNHRC, General Comment no 29. States of Emergency Article 4, 2001] CCPR/C/21/Rev. 1/Add 11, paras 14 and 15: 'It is inherent in the protection of rights explicitly recognized as non-derogable in Article 4, paragraph 2, that they must be secured by procedural guarantees, including, often, judicial guarantees. The provisions of the Covenant relating to procedural safeguards may never be made subject to measures that would circumvent the protection of non-derogable, rights. Article 4 may not be resorted to in a way tbat would result in derogation from non-derogable rights. Thus, for example, as Article 6 of the Covenant is non-derogable in its entirety, any trial leading to the imposition of the death penalty during a state of emergency must conform to the provisions of the Covenant, including all the requirements of articles 14 and 15
    • UNHRC, 'General Comment no 29. States of Emergency (Article 4)' [2001] CCPR/C/21/Rev. 1/Add 11, paras 14 and 15: 'It is inherent in the protection of rights explicitly recognized as non-derogable in Article 4, paragraph 2, that they must be secured by procedural guarantees, including, often, judicial guarantees. The provisions of the Covenant relating to procedural safeguards may never be made subject to measures that would circumvent the protection of non-derogable, rights. Article 4 may not be resorted to in a way tbat would result in derogation from non-derogable rights. Thus, for example, as Article 6 of the Covenant is non-derogable in its entirety, any trial leading to the imposition of the death penalty during a state of emergency must conform to the provisions of the Covenant, including all the requirements of articles 14 and 15.'
  • 144
    • 43549089678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 11: 'The category of peremptory norms extends beyond the list of non-derogabble piovisions as given in article 4, paragraph 2. States parties may in no circumstance invoke article 4 of the Covenant as justification for acting in violation of humanitarian law or peremptory norms of international law, for instance by ... deviating from fundamental principles of fair trial, including the presumption of innocence'.
    • ibid para 11: 'The category of peremptory norms extends beyond the list of non-derogabble piovisions as given in article 4, paragraph 2. States parties may in no circumstance invoke article 4 of the Covenant as justification for acting in violation of humanitarian law or peremptory norms of international law, for instance by ... deviating from fundamental principles of fair trial, including the presumption of innocence'.
  • 145
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Caouncil and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 285;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Caouncil and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 285;
    • (2005)
  • 146
    • 43549088954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat Internation Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, para 340
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat Internation Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03533, para 340.
  • 147
    • 34447561697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EG Flynn, 'The Security Council's Counter-terrorism Committee and Human Rights' (2007) 7 HRLR 371.
    • EG Flynn, 'The Security Council's Counter-terrorism Committee and Human Rights' (2007) 7 HRLR 371.
  • 148
    • 43549088708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See eg UNSC Res 1456 (20 January 2003) UN Doe S/RES/1456, para 6, and UNSC Res 1566 (8 October 2004) UN Doe S/RES/1566, preamble.
    • See eg UNSC Res 1456 (20 January 2003) UN Doe S/RES/1456, para 6, and UNSC Res 1566 (8 October 2004) UN Doe S/RES/1566, preamble.
  • 150
    • 43549091276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But see Report of Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (A/61/267) (August 2006.), para 39.
    • But see Report of Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (A/61/267) (August 2006.), para 39.
  • 151
    • 33750201015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a recent account of the unsatisfactory state of affairs with respect to human rights protection in the Euiopcan Union, see T Ahmed and I de Jésus Butler, The European Union and Human Rights: An International Law Prerspective, 2006 17 EJIL 771
    • For a recent account of the unsatisfactory state of affairs with respect to human rights protection in the Euiopcan Union, see T Ahmed and I de Jésus Butler, 'The European Union and Human Rights: An International Law Prerspective' (2006) 17 EJIL 771.
  • 152
    • 33845712234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Gosalbo Bono, 'Some Reflections on the CFSP Legal Order, (2006) 43 CMLR 337, 371-72.
    • R Gosalbo Bono, 'Some Reflections on the CFSP Legal Order, (2006) 43 CMLR 337, 371-72.
  • 153
    • 43549099222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomuschat (n 7) 544-45
    • Tomuschat (n 7) 544-45.
  • 154
    • 43549114950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundesverfassungsgericht, judgment of 22 October 1986, 2 BvR, 197/83, English translation (1987) 3 CMLR.
    • Bundesverfassungsgericht, judgment of 22 October 1986, 2 BvR, 197/83, English translation (1987) 3 CMLR.
  • 155
    • 43549099902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eg UNSC Res 1390 (28 January 2002) UN Doc S/RES/1390, para 2, which only refers to the list.
    • Eg UNSC Res 1390 (28 January 2002) UN Doc S/RES/1390, para 2, which only refers to the list.
  • 156
    • 0004273196 scopus 로고
    • See eg, revised edn, Yale University Press, New Haven
    • See eg L Fuller, The Morality of Law (revised edn, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1964), 46-47, 209-10.
    • (1964) The Morality of Law , vol.46-47 , pp. 209-210
    • Fuller, L.1
  • 157
  • 158
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 289;
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 289;
    • (2005)
  • 159
    • 43549098402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat international Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECK II-03533, para 344
    • and Case T-306/01 Yusuf and Al Barakaat international Foundation v Council and Commission [2005] ECK II-03533, para 344.
  • 160
    • 43549107851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aden and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
    • Case T-306/01, ECR II-02397, para 76. Similar difficulties were experienced in the Swedish national courts. For example, the applicants mention 'difficulties in asserting their rights before the National courts. A proposed legal action againts the banks could not be brought because insurance companies refused to provide legal protection in two instances, para 75
    • Case T-306/01 Aden and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2002] ECR II-02397, para 76. Similar difficulties were experienced in the Swedish national courts. For example, the applicants mention 'difficulties in asserting their rights before the National courts. A proposed legal action againts the banks could not be brought because insurance companies refused to provide legal protection in two instances' (para 75).
    • (2002)
  • 161
    • 43549090807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission
    • Case T-228/02, OJC 331, 28, para 141
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission [2006] OJC 331, 28, para 141.
    • (2006)
  • 162
    • 43549087301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 155.
    • ibid para 155.
  • 163
    • 33645568105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kadi v Council and Commission
    • Case T-315/01, ECR II-03649, para 294
    • Case T-315/01 Kadi v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II-03649, para 294
    • (2005)
  • 164
    • 43549119215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A summary of the case is found in UNSC, 8 March, UN Doe S/2007/132, para 8
    • A summary of the case is found in UNSC, 'Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team' (8 March 2007) UN Doe S/2007/132, para 8.
    • (2007) Sixth Report of the Monitoring Team
  • 165
    • 43549097729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacklisting
    • 3 HRLR 225, 249
    • I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacklisting' (2003) 3 HRLR 225, 249.
    • (2003)
    • Cameron, I.1
  • 167
    • 43549095639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Report of Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (A/61/267) (August 2006), para 39.
    • See Report of Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (A/61/267) (August 2006), para 39.
  • 168
    • 43549090807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission
    • Case T-228/02, OJC 331, 28, para 159
    • Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du people d'Iran v Council and Commission [2006] OJC 331, 28, para 159.
    • (2006)
  • 169
    • 43549104833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sison v Council
    • Case T-47/03, 11 July
    • Case T-47/03 Sison v Council (11 July 2007).
    • (2007)
  • 170
    • 43549111543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 205.
    • ibid para 205.
  • 171
    • 43549119216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 224.
    • ibid para 224.
  • 172
    • 43549090110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid para 227.
    • ibid para 227.
  • 173
    • 43549089902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacking' (2003) 3 HRLR 225, 249: '... the CFI. the ECJ and EctHR [European Court of Human Rights] do not have such expert knowledge or such security sensitive procedures, and their composition and function as international courts make them inappropriate for such matters'.
    • I Cameron, 'European Union Anti-Terrorist Blacking' (2003) 3 HRLR 225, 249: '... the CFI. the ECJ and EctHR [European Court of Human Rights] do not have such expert knowledge or such security sensitive procedures, and their composition and function as international courts make them inappropriate for such matters'.
  • 174
    • 43549088955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EU Action Plan on Combating Terrorism
    • Council of the European Union, 13 February, 5771/1/06 Rev 1, para 1.3.1
    • Council of the European Union, Presidency and CT Coordinator, 'EU Action Plan on Combating Terrorism' (13 February 2006) 5771/1/06 Rev 1, para 1.3.1.
    • (2006)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.